i oe : ir d e Par = ercthary oe Bins only ene independent Vomninbh © — portal be Since 2 independent vaxicbles The highest derivative involved in the Called order f- pe- @ dees + The highest power of highest dew We is called degrees “af 0€ (provided! the derivatives, Sf the dependent variable shoo fre from vacibals €@ fractions) - aS af gr tee arden 2 degree. He @ & «(© +coee) do rel dy = @+CEsO ode=> Formation of ardinory BE * a Fix.y,a.b) =o —O stiff O wrt x. eno eaten) iain ao d= diff @ wrt x ye) a a.) Bea Bw eo) eliminsting agb from obove 3 aaa aye m vege oe gd - xdy £0, a ® Oo e(e-oy cis aybrtraxy canst todas eae @O Y= ae yp ES See er —— ws 2 7_ @ 08 fF family of circtes @ BSE 1 Gf the gin aq” SF the. form yo afte) +8 then the “vesoltiig be is g +090 gy Ff ¢ y" fig f =e yg" gt t =o Ya) -1 Cony) “eZ Cay! yl) = 0° Wn) ay) ay £8. ys et Kase + .84inx) =O y= eX (Casio Lweasx) te (rcose + Soins) ylie eXCasine + Geese) + y- yl + 2% (crces® Spain) + yt os et (rene F cos). ‘ re PAB Bd y =O * oA e woke df. then giver ep Of He FO gee . . cH ESP ah % t+ fee ** ee ‘yee eh_@ @-a(o-wle-oy =o oad ald ax | re sox ys Ae + Be (@-2)Co+ a) = O° (f +o-dyr y ry’ ey O° - e ge ae Hae + cge™ (+ Cor2) (D4 Dy =e (07+ sot2) (oray y= O° g(t + sport 4 Vee peazsesy MAD ny! sy £0! fu sg ylad=o ae SY sgt ale a ge te eat eg HO =O PF g& =O yitoye6 > Sy see s)y O° : 4 giCo) so=> 1% order st wed ase ISS degree ee eS = F(x. y) @ M( 2.4) de 4 BCEY) dy so Variable ~ Seperable = methos + a vee @ = Be Fy yet = et CetexD) fos ay = flex x?) de. : eS et be. : ° tog) = ae + OH @aH. £ = Se pay dy eto M- Goes ye “ye @ te gt ene 2 YEN A" cae 4 ay goinx =) Feet mee = :as ceoae He ~vee Oo co yoox = ay | e zz? 3x 2s Passes through UU then \ find og & y when *= 5 fey = [ sae 7 ye eae be WD od ee yw 2x7 4 when aes SHS tL Bio Honsformotion. of: Gn ,,OTANIE, compound showing cane: x? “cam. be. “modetat “ v8itg pg Si eke™ = O° ae AE eto. the ems (te 'e" then, the san. iS a LR a : “ 4 gu. =. ~kKfde- fre if = —ke +e eo ce “Ya: fh dy > [ex sin 7 ax Losec <0 ae de > [r3eex +c y= ton(%tc). @ Find the owe passing through the pot (o.1) © sattefying sine ) -6b Ho. sintb a 1 fow = [sib de y s(sitb)e we ©» fem y = Ginx +1- eS ettd given tat for ety ST we findiy . shen ~ 7 feta, lee . =. wot ret te 9 * Ce! +e) ; 2 ie -ibe: -t @ YL Weegee” due ved dv. = fie ee gy eee = tanlexte) . Wty tl Pare =e 2ban(2x+q). gety +emogences differentigk 97 dy = &(.4) dx = 73 said to be bomagenous ef Fee 5 be a homegenoos fn of degree ‘0’ ei omdk 4ndy =O ts sa to be — homegenous if al the beeia of M & 4 Shovid be sawe degree for variable ~ separable © sub y a¥e @*AYY: 2 9Y 2 yf logy —loge +! # { tay — leg +f gained gov He deo +x ae S - fo yaw * Re BS 10g teg(logy) tegx leg © » ox = xe* logy = xe ea VTe Pe ge hR eanyt) we + @] + sr*y)oy 20 won - homoagenoos © Oe f+ pn et of the for ly ax + by +e ae bay +o® Greasy ae = @ substitution eohich, Wariabie —sepevable Bla ee =dx » ay say By = a Grsh) + be: He x See eh) + Ba Cr tte a2 Cx th) + ba Cytic) + ea oy 2 UR + bY + @h +BY C,) 4 MA + by © GR Hb ey - Sax thay + Geh + bak Hex) bok So that ahs bik +e= OS lahtbtts = = ar thy Ox + bay & +4 ey dy evi! (=) ey tl @e > be) = my eV vedy = oe Ys sv ae ver eset eee efi og e Vv neg 4 log (x4y) = 8% 4e ay 2x £109 (x+y) = “sob yedeces @ which of the following obs aia Non homegences mG dy. y4u-2 tq hom, fare: ea ; \ bk t¢, =o j set ait brat ahkeh -2 =O ene Ko-h-4 =e = en y= G+ hom form ss sy 2 YHX => Exact differential eq” :- AN eq® det Wy On exact ve if. 3D fle2¥) such that (tex 9) a Mdx peg. ednditten” to” “be” exact « Ley if this sotisfies then tind. stn. 7 Mdx + dy 20° free fy (tems ats one cae fe without =) Keep "y" cont péebeindctnat © {eeeay mangle ot beet ey oe ae. Pe ae wea tt y Be ecact g sot. fucs + cosy) + [os te a aise - 3 ( Hlogx) + Xemsy FO FSBM os sings BBL zainxcast ay ax ~ Sina eq "Ss exact [ce + fo-wsy * rycesae ny Wy? so yg @ the eq By da + (4 sin?y ees jdy to is exact’ then "pe coe ex. 5) p =sin2zx D pe -cos2x we p =—sin 2x BM. ae ay De po &hginax @ pax 4 (+ costs + sin’y) dy eo 7S CrCRt ar 5 aw ay oe _2 Ce) = 2cosx Csinx) oo b = sip 2x Po Jf vstox oy Poe -yein 2% @° he DE (Sa *a* 4 byoore) 1% + ie exace thenam 20 ag ax ceot tbs = 2cosx bos +a not lepers on “a” onty depends % b- 3 gax ~xdy =0° om 4 BO aH “3g ~ ox Not- exact + fb make ¥b exoct ; mvitiply . cotth ly ta - a 4 om at ’ ey gt yr ts cated integrating fector- = Shtegvating factors: An tennexact <9” moltiplyng ai fn integrating factos: fo exact by fey" ts called The. integrating factors ~S ye ~ edly +0 ove jot ye x2 xy (3. convert80/, £CX+Y) then ws le __ Aly the “tevns: Op _ . _ Of mM GM should a au _ ap Be F888 @ yt det ono cB “5, shen 9 Gy) He tt ferxye aa ret Asi ®a ay = gy) only @ constant ~ facgroys e TL Inspection -methedl « @ lay nade 4 eltyte aye Y +d -O- : Gut ay) det 8g a ary te dy =o ie Bye 2 : pa way te AKy th - ox from@ it “te in fe toy) + x 9c wy 2d so = } ———— ee me ae peer we ee tos ” Fey) = a Prleof jp Se = n SP Rey (Pye ety” +24) Se xy? 4 BY BY @ ke non - exact homegenous PS Mde F Ody =o 3 converted to -exact by muitialying — corth which of following fag. Ans ! given. homagenous | sD : fae ena || Sage. BNE, cot be same 00 use Q.. fp Sy an = Gye) sy Z 9) 24 . BE = ox? only net oy . oe aii US |b hae same” depres 4ae o> exact: Tye TESS «fem no =, gy zc. He se 3y? @ x(x—syy ty #494) a Oe = px 2 bu 2.58 ay e029 Mes Ebb ay es (x75) fe we Le Cx-2y) x (x24) ous S42 #y Lye —2legx a - 2D dy g GP yo x0- x* es, RE # fedy eal) a-e) +9 7% [ted & @ e x a 8 % a a ~2 Mgt ae. fe ws.@ yorwydss ~ zl yy xo BM om Im Bay Bo wat ayy, 2g a casedy z Meany 8 ony oxy ey Fx 7Y = ary. te = il. any 7 . elon't coricel yli-»g) xt zy) co eee ons) Aus ay contents os ERY BOF. Es I eda ia legn ~ *Y erika ty loge — xy = 094° sec. eoith ® ey meiniplyiny eshich of the" fotlovoing fonctions wthense Cy! 4 ay) det Gy? + ay -Ax)ty £0 fS converted fq | czact 3 wy 8 YP mA am 2 tyre OR TS ay case ® . é pose | Yt Ay ee os yt + y ~ = ~3(¥? +2) y (ure) “y, slag 1 ~ ~ TF f~4. a 2} the 1 org ea SCOEY yay g VM A RORY 27 HY 204case @ sine Px Oy exty* Byte ~ xy 4 4 x2) due xsny dy CA AH then - there.” 16 then Simply Pependi¢g ON the... DE multiply x FOd 424 9Cy) = RPP eregh gay YP erty Pm ry = 2,2 Buty x Ex +k7sfy) Go 72 yo xe te a bork be rroltiply eth Ife + Ye ob @ "thea —iotepyeite ‘ 2 wy molliplying onh Yue - cod ca ‘masily, fotegral jk 13 Pot powsibe” cotth . ther cake ésirms Note: yx edy 2 4 (-) a ydx ~ xy . ~o(*) Te @ yon eey 2 ol lyzy. rl yde =e = [ta Gp 2 ty” sol mouttipy with Ya + (ae )ee + ee a Ge os Siffene 0° comth Ie. x) fiiete ete, ; fu’ -e tv)aoe -L an + Cosy -e ak - — oo % BD yore -79Y 4 gCextdx + 2y" et dy ———— moleiply sotte Yous * y — ayy (st) + yet ay eo flea] +f Gerd + [yet so ‘ tog (SB) + lege 48 + ety me. a @ aq @® - ye 4 edy et Bye Soy roolteply with Yay ° foes + fuer ro H-e3tarD re au) els tog (4) => . Linear Dequatione + A ve is sad to be Unear the cepencient vorablo § derivatives shoud be of 7st degree only g there poole) be nm predoct them, t 7 tr Se eee ach 6 icicles t/a és = (SS) a Goad co ydy Ay ay f thee Shore not ox ae gat : be multipticatia’)=> dt gy, 4G ) tot =o ot oe. i a nog nota Une © f my aN oS + ep 4 Ay =O ig ix - 1F protepliensnn, beng (e%=! Gp) ig 48 non~ Lneor eg. Bt dy. nwotypldaation ae conse’ ® PER We fis Ff x @ constants. tinear nen cae PEG ae fs ay @ consisns ® KOS x s $y Cxsinx +osx) =" im, Ce ES a 2 Reosx. o ge tt ——_-__- - a Fer e/ Xcose ne Le i a L : fer tae legac, + lege aol| i | @ woe pm = ABIX 3s Yro fod Y i——<—< <<< . ae xt GY FOU =O : : 2 praia gg COS) ig 2 ay = lege) ae Me ay ety a) Yh 5 9-$- Bey ener er pate nest As y+ a veckitad Wome oy te Omen 6 nb eG e —ny de pen firmed Jame oft dx te e (# 713 there 9S gn tae UMeS @-M & ervey inna) yf 9, thee weducee to eohich. Ge foltororing The sub y =” linea fy =ag? & whe> «ny? 'sy . dy a pt &Y =~ L w, a J dy —_~ = + Pw 10 ax a lav + pva-d -a(-o/ following sub reduces the fom = @ which of the fem Uneay.” €9% to” Ungar yy yp aty® ty? ® oy _y tonx = ~ Yo sec q t 4 i = | fe-neren _ _ Sete 7 7 jiC) ae ta) ys) pac) ax @ whe sub (leggy! =v vecess “he ad Jz y Zlyz _ x (log x)” aS pe al dey: ogy Zegur tt x” ee 4 — Gat sve Wit ge fe “x ae a wel dow eta ee ~Miew os a “es Ts voy Le CS es e > «Yo ylgy = ve non —Uheayxlegy = eX (x-) re. => Clatvouts egt | AX ey of the fern Se» Sy -t(S), —thear Se y= ex + £CP) vedlace dy _ a [pee FPO] i ont S p= sin(y -xe) Yo xe = sin p y= *P + sinip ye cent aniicy. (6 & 2, sess) @ &-wy'* + @ py! -y¥ =o xy” may!” pay! ~yy'-y =0 xy'(Y 41) —ay!* = = 9Cy'ey ae 4 ey Youn cxi= act (ee™ y ° GBS ye Po Gey Gepost vd=> Higher order Unear eq with constant Seettie ——— Ny ot ky — + hidy + ky, I due Ot + kyy = x ze a thy Ryo Was. ply care “‘conséonts — Af ferential Speratoy 1 ( =f — inverse “differential operaty. @ The complete soliition ete “s PYnr ¢ Yo* “Compleenentary fa + povtiasler f ; oo) cy Om ~~ @® 4 x =o then FlDYy so & the called | 4 Fomagenos near 0 @ of x¥D. then FlOY =X *S called —EN~ Romagences eo ee @® The soln of homegensos Uneay be ines Gor =o) fs cated ce the ce eho the fo: of onbitrary te tho higher do order of given “DE a a. Fill net centain any arbitrary —constents @ HF *X=0 the complete Soln FUOY =% is is only ce => Procedure to find the ce By ossoming “p” as an algebrarce avantity F(a) <0 becemes on algebra <9" @ by coe get weeks “fer these. Based on the ‘Native Gf these reats we rite ce solving a2 follocos A 2 Baku of roots ce = : me < Real § Drstinet cee Qe em . ‘ ee Ms ® DB Mom, . Mz ese'% | Da msm ons 5s complex @ distinct 7 ae. eo [eveosbx + cesin bx] Deweribey my | dg a grt : Seeenee 06 —_ a A. complex @ repected | e “Te +e x)easbe + + (e+ cgx) bx | + DB Asib_ atib my 7 nt es % g, # | | | . f23 _soy z6y 7° a dx* pr-so +e SO o> 3.2 cee ce2* 4c, 6% @ dty . ay <0 pias = in option it sail maybe etd i * a sin sx (Oa (dra). MO, e a choesty terest wibus D= £3, 463 ie uy = 3k ~3e ye cer + ce + (e§ cw se te Ca SiN BL) o 4" + 2py! teravy =e oe Bob Appn(@tqd: = © —_—_="———> Preerr xDy sp 42 =O os be He 42 : eae ot wots one gH te ee co-ule ¥ 70 a x. Ye ck pore ™ + GP : x Se E@raxe* + cse* wote ~ 3, ye a Sct FOL Peay Hes Ys 4 iS & sein FRY =o. then cach one: > Ge vg c= S Unearly independent sein %F FOY.=~0- @-a De 22 a+ @ tape” ae + (0% #Heuse D+ 84 = aoe us b nen-homegenous De 9). homegencus be » eth const cack eA som @ 8 o ® AF Unear ve Phen new. De @ 4 - 4, ee Uneorty indepenciert seins of POD YS 0. then eohich. of the’ ~ follecoing zg the solo the same. 9: ' se inte atca @ 4-4. ave Lineorly independent Sin Qo te") core sponding Homogencvs €9" of FCOY = X thon : Ye EUs ts the Ol. of cohth of Yollovsing eqn y eley =x Flog = O° ” x =o ae Ply =o" @ co 6 con the 80 Uhearly independent solas BS a5e5 § @-2 (orgy =o =o Wse-os gh yh 6g''® be le @-2y'y =e 4 (h-sp+4)y so > y= aly! tage 2x 2 a . axe. sola. cohith. cceoptins sub DE GE Shah oF 2.72 Satish to 6) Bray fe 0 ov oat 2 wy (7 =O" =. > yg ~ hy = ae @ snsrn ,cos3% ane LE sola of conch of tht fottousing Ys G cose + SSN ‘caesarean anion exmeie imcmmen ss@ yx vay sisy ~O 2 ylo) eo > yids! (Pear +6) ye ert” (Ce cos3x + Cs on 3x) Solas at eee fy =o ose ~2% i gy = oh asin sx . yl = 2 [o7% Cases32) # Cae “an sx) Gt ae =O yi=r l= «{ 3} 2 ask, 6 @> which of “the following ss Tot a” soln of at y £ do +i =o at 2% “ie coheres Re 2 ths EB R46 be the constonts = Re Rite shen vce a hfe ee ee ~Re oo Peleep> =, of ae at ye (er ee el ~ Flan e eckim 7 +e diy oe Eile oC aed xe nex oe Y= Fi cy COS CA* y 4 Fo ee a = or BEY Basin Y 47 EHr* n “ ~ St web ye etree og bre’ @ agheeW eyes yea’ =m ryte?® fap eo yg =P a © ye yl) = S yi(o) =) Bp EE eg ea 0 ieee ii anaes ieee eee y= @ em) e gt 7 ao se oe ee ee : howe non trivial seen i 2 gla) =o bayye (crcasfax + & Sinfix) yore FP oF % 4@) <0 SOF SNARK sin aff <0 KA tn = 7 ee De BT NB LL! q “@ soln De AX a oe complete ra = Pr pgy egy ax oe 3 5 2 abe A ” a3x 7 Be ye cy! pie a” Bx ve i=l (= 9). 80 differentiate 2x, yt ay! AY, @ “et of ~ 2% ae ae ee aed Gide” @ 29 sin (ax+6) . fo2 (ax +6) PL a _ see a" yeplose: 'D -at in POD. 4 ee, | gage (2) R= sinax @ cosax Lo : i sna.a 1 Pe) at Fo) sinax d —2 sy = cos(s* 2) dx” : ] eos &x +2) Des 1 a). eos G42) -9+5 PI = ~eas(3%+3) = X [4 sin 2x Sls 5 penrk do intes on [cos 2% x z = aly ft on gn 2x a = ~Xeos2% a (p? + D4 2p + 2)y = COS* po ft pees 2B + 20t2 coseos =) ae ~ 2-~ 5? pot cosx = CD cosx = n-s aa ifese + © Gesx)] oe feos — 210%} case 1) > x eo @ poly in ow Cc mi ts tye). = t x, ° [res] ih t % 9S “the least power "0 FCDD. | | @ Fae eee | pL ft} Gree” (ae ‘Gat, D+ d.ol - 1s al * +2 -2x +2) j ON shee kee x= v @ = cos bx @ onbx) @ x @ ply nS De FC0) pio coume 2 FCO): ox . = @ ae)” vanlace Fe CDta) s cove & fy [Fuss . pratt es @>ae The = Pl - a of a 4 aty = goae ts _# sinax <0 _u% ee ey xt 23a Y= UW tex text) et ot x te?™ 2 ea @ oe ae : * ye ey py = eo! (Abbey Se. : | wa Seo Dm lal CRS & taxe® PLS j _ (x-1) : (ph 2001) 1 i i i { i |ewe = e* Ct cos x pe” si @ SY py ees ot 2 tO eg GORE Me GEM ce = (Ki cose + Cesinx) ela ee 9 . o+ 7 nat (lt 7 9 - Cw) %* > y= cose FQSinx + * xzeoryel port aM yD > EB -& t,o =O y= cose +H ® yt ay! + 4 = cosh%= x Yr a e™ + e,e — xe 1 4 cet pz qe — et Cty mao-GEs wm B= SITS : %& 42 wee Ys SS = 426-8 oe x = G1 we ce. AY ei, =? => Cavehy’s homogenous Dsg™ s i PNY ky Ly r a ae yar ky Ke ore constonts. +. Shy MY kay [ \ x ts fencer of * wt reduces to Uneay pe wrth constant dg = my = gy _ _ ae oe xidy =D (BY a x3 AY, 2 Dy CD, ~ 1. CR - ZY(0: (or) O% +I) Y= Acost: (or Dy = Hest: Plz 4% , >) 4 cost pPrtt < et arnt ae log (1%) siaflog e470] > metho! of voriation of parameters — qhis’ #3 1a +méthod | te fiviey the Pi oF a dy, edu + Oy = ae ax ! cr = U4 + Sh 2 PEF AY + BY ae - (Ride . 2 [Be & a oe 2 [ Yo __ by gt ee =wv 4 ; vote Ff FG ve fonctions Of % then we shovid Knees Bune: indepencent soln ws. on Of the corres ponding nogencus ¢q,2 uf Py tay =O $e thot PE 6a write op (ce = yy + OHS) - YY ~ ey! 4 ay pr 6049 =6 b= 3: se Cr = ce, e8* 4. qxe ax Bt YY Fe Samet eed a Bx = we e xe | : 5: sy get on Steel & s. é = 08 43 20%* 2 5xe™ 6x ee Ae = eX & 2 + logz 2 3* = oe Cage 40: the 1 of SY yay = Sedan (5° AY x* ‘Bee gees ta RRs * fide. oy z aE8se lege = -& GW — se +4yy =O- (@* ~404 #4) y =o: B=. 2.2 Se (Carron) samt gy =(@ +62 legx) ay o a x*y" 2 xy! 434. = 2 lege Sob- xe eh > loge =? 2 (o (a-p - PF + Dy = ewe (or%— 20, "4399 8 Fe = 4K cocSsgendes st a 6 ay ~ ky, @rbx) dy ng + bx ay : =~ + bx) 9 en ) =, ‘n=! ae da” . x ee eee cette @tby) =| 7 Linear oe with const cwef » = leg(a+ (at bx) dy = boy & G dx Curb») Su Bp Coby dx 1) Cr -DY- 3 3. O21) oo +bx) FY. ae? “a p20 yt ernaady + 164. 7° =o 4 DCD “= 6) Or TIE =o “ : ze AD? — 8b) +16 G +20 af =O be — «et Dp 7 2-2 2t cr = (a, tea te "ee here tnstine dh (29 ® "ng = 4 cof lag (149) hE (axe! te GED AY of ) nanos ef“0 Ret. of fle) = a oe @ao? j=l > kt 4 {Gxt 4 (eae *(2-0)* ce CH) *Ga*, . ke -2 > 2 a 220 Gao? Qa Decry = 2h Coflerdat: rca. at ech of. the foes: (2-0)? C242) od {Gor } zal dz errr) a ke de [ Z| 5» & faz 2a dz 2g2 zl 242 “ re oe 3 u iy a. Re af 2--g 3 Mo Ge} 22 5 vee (250 Ce2F D ku. of F(z) - (= 22 at Us fotu 2(2-0 G2) a) Ys, 7a, F DY Y,-1 Ma, tf dy Yaynt Af AE 250@ ft) -_! af 2-26 At d § (eee ot y > 4 -2 - zor de (PGi 292 Geay? eb Cow Riridae “theorem Ba (2) analyte. wa a closed auwe © LaeKE ak & fi no: of petals , Hon [Flzrdz = 206 { sum of residues © ; 402) ak tack of i 9 4 I dz lz[e5 pore = © (243)" Gay > ome [ Ra (2) + Brt-2)] > ome [ke dt + Ab dot z32 de es 23-2 de ea > ome f ke =a ye hE 222 Gi pan3 ak soe [m2 + 2 64 6H 2 ome f Reed) + Re CY 2 2 § ke. et za Bee > anefies 4 Ey Df wat ae Inlet © 2lazad tf zat = Ric zlzely a =€