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I. I NTRODUCTION Power System
Transient overvoltage created by the switching of capacitor Network
capacitor
banks on the power system is a common power quality
concern. Utility companies install shunt capacitor banks for
voltage support and reactive power compensation. During
switching of capacitors, high magnitude and high frequency Fig. 1. Capacitor switching circuit
transient overvoltage can be observed at both the switched
capacitor and remote locations, which may lead to severe prob-
lems such as customer equipment damage, nuisance tripping of III. P ROPOSED M ETHOD
adjustable-speed drives and transient voltage surge suppressor
The proposed method employs frequency-domain transient
(TVSS) failure [1–4]. The power quality impact of a capacitor
analysis technique [7–9] in calculation of capacitor switching
switching event is traditionally evaluated with electromagnetic
transients. The basic concepts and major procedures of the
transient (EMT) simulation programs, which are based on
proposed method are presented in this section.
time-domain methods [5, 6].
However, users of such programs often face difficulties in A. Switch Model for Closing Operation
obtaining data and developing study cases. Many utility com- Circuit representation of a capacitor switching is the clo-
panies maintain their network data in commercial load flow sure of a switch. The switch can be modelled as an ideal
and short-circuit programs. To conduct capacitor switching voltage source. As shown in Fig. 2, the switch prior to closing
simulations, these models and case files needs to be converted can be represented by a voltage source vsw that is equal to
or manually re-entered into EMT simulation programs, which the potential difference between its terminals. After switch
can be extremely laborious and error prone, especially when closure, the voltage across the switch is zero. Hence, switch
the scale of the power system is large. closure is accomplished by the series connection of a voltage
To address this issue, this paper presents an idea to conduct source Δvsw (t) with an equal magnitude but opposite polarity
capacitor switching study using short-circuit program. This to that of vsw (t) so that vsw (t)+Δvsw (t) = 0 after switching.
method models a capacitor switching event as a harmonic volt- The voltage source Δvsw (t), which represents the voltage
age source. The transient response due to capacitor switching introduced by the switch closure manoeuvre is given by:
Δvsw (t) = −vsw (t)u(t − tc ) (1)
978-1-4673-6487-4/14/$31.00 2014
c IEEE
185
switch before closure: closing switch:
(vsw 'vsw 0)
vsw (t )
Power System Power System
Network Network 'vsw (t )
vsw (t )
Power System
Power System
Network
Network 'vsw (t )
Without Source
(c) (d) Fig. 5. Truncation of the switch voltage source Δvsw (t)
186
From Fig. 6, switch current and bus i voltage due to (a)
switching: Window Length T
1 T1 T2
ΔIswitch (ω) = · ΔVsw (ω) (3)
Zii (ω) + Zcapacitor (ω)
Zii (ω)
ΔVi (ω) = · ΔVsw (ω) (4)
Zii (ω) + Zcapacitor (ω)
Once window length T and sampling rate fs are deter- (a) (b)
Ts = 1/fs (9)
The second step is to utilize the unbalanced short cir-
N = T /Ts = T · fs (10) cuit calculation function to obtain the network equivalent
187
impedance at frequency f. Once the network at frequency f Start
is established, an unbalanced fault is applied at bus i. The pre-
fault circuit and post-fault circuit are shown in Fig. 10(a). and Read Network Data
Fig. 10(b), respectively. The pre-fault voltage Vi(0) , post-fault
voltage Vi and fault current Ii is obtained by calling built-in 5HDG Steady-State Circuit Response
data retrieval functions of short-circuit programs.
Determine Network )UHTXHQF\5HVSRQVH
Bus i Bus i
Network at Network at
frequency f frequency f
Vi(0) Vi
Yes
I=0 Ii End of Switching?
No
(a) (b)
Calculate Switch Current and Bus
Voltage in Frequency-Domain
Fig. 10. (a) pre-fault circuit (b) post-fault circuit
(a) (b)
To verify the validity of the proposed method and the accu- 1) Model a capacitor switching event as a harmonic voltage
racy of the developed capacitor switching transient simulation source. Thus the transient simulation problem is simpli-
software, a capacitor switching operation on the IEEE 14 bus fied to steady-state circuit analysis at each frequency.
188
0.2 PSCAD Capacitor Applications,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,
Current (kA) 0.1
Proposed Method
vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 221–230, Apr 1986.
Phase-A
0
[2] M. McGranaghan, R. Zavadil, G. Hensley, T. Singh,
-0.1
-0.2 and M. Samotyj, “Impact of utility switched capacitors
on customer systems-magnification at low voltage ca-
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
pacitors,” in Transmission and Distribution Conference,
0.2 PSCAD 1991., Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Power Engineering
Current (kA)
Proposed Method
0.1
Phase-B
Proposed Method
0.1
Phase-C
0
[4] T. Grebe and E. Gunther, “Application of the emtp for
-0.1 analysis of utility capacitor switching mitigation tech-
-0.2 niques,” in Harmonics and Quality of Power Proceedings,
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 1998. Proceedings. 8th International Conference On,
7LPHV vol. 1, Oct 1998, pp. 583–589 vol.1.
(a) [5] H. Dommel, “Digital computer solution of electromag-
400
netic transients in single-and multiphase networks,” IEEE
PSCAD Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-88, no. 4, pp. 388–399,
Voltage (kV)
0
[6] H. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients Program, Ref-
-200 erence Manual (EMTP Theory Book). Portland, USA:
-400
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Bonneville Power Administration, 1986.
400 [7] S. J. Day, N. Mullineux, J. R. Reed, “Developments in
PSCAD
obtaining transient response using fourier transforms, part
Voltage (kV)
0
i: Gibbs phenomena and fourier integrals,” Int. J. Elect.
Enging. Educ., vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 501–506, 1965.
-200
[8] P. Moreno and A. Ramirez, “Implementation of the
-400 Numerical Laplace Transform : A Review,” IEEE Trans.
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
400
PSCAD
on Power Del., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 2599–2609, 2008.
[9] P. Moreno, P. Gomez, J. L. Naredo, and J. Guardado,
Voltage (kV)
R EFERENCES
[1] S. S. Mikhail and M. F. McGranaghan, “Evaluation
of Switching Concerns Associated with 345 kV Shunt
189