Drive test

The Whole Aim Of Drive Test Is To Identify N/W Performance Issues On The Field &
Assist N/W Operator In Opimization & Improving Serveces.

WHILE START DRIVE TEST LEARNING, YOU MUST KNOW THE BASIC THINGS!
THESE ALL CONOTENTS ARE AT INTRODUCTORY LEVEL.
# WHAT IS PHYSICAL VARIFICATION?
# WHAT INSTRUMENT WE CARRY DURING DRIVE TEST AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE?
# MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TILT?
# WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ANTINA?
# WHAT IS BEAMWIDTH?
# WHAT IS ANTINA BEAMWIDTH?
# RECIEVER LEVEL?
# RECIVER QUALITY?
# WHAT I S LOGFILE?
# WHAT IS THE USE OF MCOM 4.2 ?
# WHAT IS BCCH & ARFCN?
# WHAT IS BSIC?
# FREQ. REUSE?
# WHAT IS TEMS?
# HOW MANY VERSION THIS HAVE?
# WHAT IS THE DIFF.TYPE OF DRIVE TEST?
# WHAT IS BENCH MARK KIT?
# WHAT WORK WE HAVE IN BTS?
# WHAT WORK WE HAVE IN MSC?
# WHAT IS IDLE MODE AND DEDICATED MODE?
# WHY WE DO DT IN IDLE MODE AND DEDICATED MODE?
WHAT IS EET?
# WHAT IS AT?

# WHAT IS PHYSICAL VARIFICATION?

ACTUALLY THIS IS PRILIMINARY TEST OF DRIVE TESTER IN WHICH THEY TOLD US
TO CHECK OR ADJUST, GSM HEIGHT, DIRECTION, CABLE CONNECTOR, ELECTRICAL
TILT OR MECHANICAL TILT.
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS:
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS SUCH AS ANTENNA TILT AND HEIGHT AFFECTS THE
SIGNAL STRENGTH AND THEREBY THE CELLS BOARDERS AND INTERFERENCE
LEVELS .
BY DOENTILTING THE ANTENNAS ,A CALMER BEHAVIOR IS GENERALLY ACHIEVED
IN THE NETWORK .THE SIGANL STRENGTH BECOMES MORE CONCENTRATED TO
THE AREA CLOSE TO THE SITE .DOWNTILTING AN ANTENNA CAN REDUCE THE IN
INTERFERENCE IN CO- CHANNEL OR ADJUSTENT CHANNEL CELLS AS WELL AS IN
THECELL ITSELF.
THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF HAVING TOO MUCH DOWNTILT IS THE RISK OF A LOSS
IN OVERALL COVERAGE.

# MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TILT?

AS NAME INDICATES “TILT” , IT JUST LIKE THE SAME THING WHICH WE GIVE TO
OUR TABLE FAN FOR GETTING AIR.THE SAME WE DO FOR GETTING COVERAGE.
OK! IN GSM THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF TILT.
MECHANICAL TILT
ELECTRICAL TILT
ITS DEPEND ON YOUR ANTENNA COMPANY THAT U HAVE TWO TYPES OF TILT OR
NOT .SOME COMPANY HAVE TWO TYPS OF TILT AND VICE VERSA.
OK!
MECHANICAL TILT:
LIKE ITS NAME THIS TILT IS GIVEN BY PHYSICALLY TILTING U R ANTENNA.THE
SPECIALITY OF THIS TILT IS ,IT CONCENTRATE ON PARTICALUR AREA LIKE WHEN
WE ARE FOCUSING THE TORCH ON PARTICAULAR OBJECT ON PARTICAULAR PART
THEN WE GET THE DARK PORTION OF THAT AREA.
ANOTHER EASY EX.
IF ANY VILLAGE WE SET UP A SITE .BUT IN THAT PARTICULAR VIL. WE WANT TO
GIVE INDOOR COVERAGE TO MARKET PLACE FIRST , THEN FOR ANOTHER PART
OF THAT VIL. OUTDOOR COV. THEN WE WILL FOCUS OUR GSM TOWARDS MARKET
PLACE BY GIVING THE TILT AT PARTICULAR DEGRRE.
OK! ITS RANGE IS 0 TO 12 DEGREE.

# HOW MUCH TILTS WE GIVE?

ITS DEPEND ON OUR CLUTTER TYPE.
BUT ALWAYS DON’T GIVE IT ZERO DEGREE.IF YOU GIVES THEN THEIR WILL BE
CHANCES OF CALL DROP.
ALWAYS GIV IT AT LEAST ONE DEGREE.
IF U CONSIDERING CLUTTER, IF THE SITE IS IN UP (EAST) ,THEN ALWAYS GIV IT 2
OR 3 DEGREE.
IF IT IS IN HP (SHIMLA) I ALWAYS GIVE EITHER 1 OR 4 DEGREE.
BECAUSE IT IS HILLY AREA.OK!
# ELECTRICAL TILT?
I SAID MECH. TILT CONCENTRATE ON PARTICULAR AREA OK! THEN WHAT DO ELEC.
TILT?
ELECTRICAL TILT IS FOR SIDE LOBES .IT WORKS ON HORIZANTAL AND VERTICAL
BEAMWIDTH .IT COVERS ENTIRE AREA IN
ELEPTICALLY.
ITS RANGE IS 1 TO 10.
NORMALLY THIS IS 1 TO 2. ITS DEPEND ON CLUTTER.

# WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ANTINA?

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF ANTINA.
CITY ANTINA.
 HIGH WAY ANTINA.

# WHAT IS BEAMWIDTH?
IT IS ZONE MADE UP FROM RADITION OF ANTEINA FROM HORIZANTAL AND
VERTICAL RADITION.
# WHAT IS THE BANDWIDTH FOR HIGHWAY AND CITY ANTINA?
FOR HIGH WAY IT IS 33 TO 35 DEGREE
AND FOR CITY IT IS 65 OR 90 DEGREE
# FROM WHERE WE ADJUST IT?
WE CANT ADJUST IT . IT IS INTERNAL THING.
# WHAT INSTRUMENT WE CARRY DURING DRIVE TEST AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE?
PC WITH TEMS S/W
TEMS
GPS/DIGITAL GPS (NO BATEERYIN THAT)
DONGLE(IT IS NOTHING BUT THE AUTHENTICATION KEY OF TEMS S/W)
USB CABLE
INVETER
# RECIEVER LEVEL?
IT IS NOTHING BUT HOW MUCH AMOUNT OF SIGNAL STRENGTH WE GET.
# RECIEVER QUALITY?
THIS IS NOTHING BUT HOW MUCH AMOUNT OF SOUND QUALITY WE GET .

# WHAT IS LOGFILE?
THIS IS THE FORM IN WHICH WE GIVE THE REPORT TO OUR COORDINATOR.
THIS IS THE COLLECTION OF RX.LEVEL AND RX.QUAL. WE GET WHILE DRIVE
TEST.BY ANALISING THIS WE CAN SOLVE THE N/W PROBLEM.

# WHAT IS THE USE OF MCOM?

IT IS THE S/W LIKE MAP INFO. PROFESSIONAL WITH SITE DATA COLLETION OF
EXACT ANTENNA ORIENTATION, MAP.ETC.BY USING THIS WE CAN SEE WHAT IS
THE FREQ.AND BSIC.
AS WELL AS WE CAN SEE WHICH SITE SHOULD BE TAKING ITS HANDOVER OR WE
CAN SEE NEIGHBOUR.
FREQ.HIT IS THEIR THEN, WHAT IS THE MOST CHANCES THAT FREQ.COMING FROM
WHICH SITE?

# WHAT IS BCCH & ARFCN?

BCCH BROADCAST CONTROL CHANEEL AND ABSOLUTE RADIO FREQ. CHANNEL
NO.
THE MAIN SECREAT IS THESE ,BOTH ARE SAME, OK!
IN FIG. EVERY ONE SAY FREQ. IS 842,847,844 OR BCCH IS 842,847,844 AND OTHER
IN ROUND BRACKET IS BSIC.
842 DOES NOT NEANS 842 IT WILL BE RANGE OF FREQ .GIVEN IN YOUR BAND .OK!
842 MEANS EX.FOR 900 BAND (GSM FREQ.UPLINK 890 TO 915 DOWNLINMK 935 TO
960 )
UPLINK 899 TO 903 AND
FOR DOWN LINK IT IS 935 TO 940. THESE RANGES ARE FOR EXAMPLE HERE.

THESE RANGES ARE FOR EXAMPLE HERE.

AND FOR EX. 1800 BAND (GSM FREQ.UPLINK 1710 TO 1785 DOWNLINMK 1805 TO
1880 )

UPLINK 1715 TO 1720

DOWN LINK 1808 TO 1880 THESE RANGES ARE FOR EXAMPLE HERE.

WHAT IS BASIC?
FOR MORE DETAIL SEE ABOVE FIG.
IN FIG . EVERY ONE SAY FREQ. IS 842,847,844 OR BCCH IS 842,847,844 AND OTHER
IN ROUND BRACKET IS BSIC.

BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE FIRST

DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC.
NCC: NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE

THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM O0 TO 77(OCTAL

SYSTEM).
NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR, SIGNIFYING AT ANY
GIVEN POINT THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8 OPERATORS IN AN
AREA.

BCC: BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A GROUP OF 8

CLUSTERS CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER
GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.

EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC

IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE.

WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROUP OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS OF
CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE FREQ.
HAVE BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS THE
RF CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.

FREQ. REUSE?
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN
SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL INTEREFERENCE.

WHAT IS TEMS?
 TEST EQIPEMENT MOBILE SYSTEM IS A TESTING TOOL USED TO READ AND
CONTROL THE INFORMATION SENT OVER AIR INTERFACES BETWEEN BASE
RADIO COVERAGE
STATION AND THE MOBILE STATION .IT CAN BE USED FOR
MEASUREMENS.IN ADDITION TO FIELD MEASUREMENT AND
POST PROCESSING.
ALL KIT CONSISTS OF MOBILE STATION WITH SPECIAL SOFTWARE, A PORTABLE PC
AND OPTIONALLY A GLOBAL POSITONING SYSTEM RECIEVER.THE PC IS USED FOR
PRESENTATION, CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT STORAGE.
MS IS USED IN ACTIVE OR IDLE MODE.
WHAT IS THE DIFF. VERSION OF TEMS? AND WHICH INSTRUMENT IS COMPATIBLE
WITH THEM?
TEMS 6.0
TEMS 6.1.3 T 610
 TEMS 7.0
TEMS 8.0 (NO NEED OF PORT SETTING.)

WHICH PARAMETER WE NEED TO CHECK IN DRIVE TEST?

1] CURRENT CHANNEL
2] SERVING NEIGHBOUR
3] RADIO PARAMETER
4] C/I
5] C/A
DETAILS !
1] CURRENT CHANNEL:
TIME
CELL NAME
CGI (MCC NCC LAC (BSC) CI)
CELL GPRS SUPPORT
BAND 900/1800/1900
BCCH ARFCN
TCH ARFCN
BSIC
MODE
TIMESLOT
CHANNEL TYPE
CHANNEL MODE
SPEECH CODEC
CIPHERING ALGORITHUM
SUB CHANNEL NO.
HOPPING CHANNEL
HOPPING FREQ.
MAIO
HSN
WHEN YOU START LEARNIG JUST GIVE CONCENTRARION ON (CELL NAME,CGI
(MCC NCC LAC (BSC) CI) ,BAND 900/1800/1900,BSIC ,TIMESLOT HOPPING
CHANNEL,HOPPING FREQ.,MAIO&HSN).
REMAING POINT CONCENTRATES LATER…..

DETAIL:
CGI: CELL GLOBLE IDENTITY:
MCC MOBILE COUNTRY CODE ITS RANGE IS 000 TO 999
FOR INDIA IT IS 404.

MOBILE NETWORK CODE 000 TO 999

OR
SOMETIMES IT IS TWO DIGITS 00 TO 99

LAC LOCATION AREA CODE

 AND CELL ID BOTH HAVE SAME RANGE
0000 TO FFFF (HEXADESIMAL)
OR
0000 TO 65535

CELL GPRS SUPPORT: IT INDICATES WHETHER GPRS SUPPORTED OR NOT.

YES/NO
BAND:IT INDICATES FREQ BAND OF BCCH CARRIER ONE OF “850” “900” “1800”
“1900” “900E” “900R”

CHANNEL TYPE: ALSO INDICATING WHICH SPEECH CODER IS USED.

FOR EX. “TCH/F” +FACCH/F&SACCH/M” “BCCH”, OR “PDCH”.

Channel mode: Signaling only, speech transmission or data transmission.

Speech codec: currently used speech codec

RANGE “FER, HR, FR, AMR”

CIPHERING ALGORITHUM: CURRENTLY USED CIPHERING (A5/1,A5/2,GEA5/ 1” ETC.)

WHATEVER FOR CKT. SWITCHED OR PACKT SWITCHED..
SUB CHANNEL NO. : RANGE 0 …..TO ….7 .
NO.OF SUBCHANNEL USED IN SDCCH OR TCH HALF RATE CHANNEL.
HOPPING CHANNEL:
HOPPING FREAUENCY
MAIO: MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET .INDICATES WHERE IN THE HOPPING
FREQ.LIST TO START.
VALID ONLY HOPPING FREQ. IS USED.
RANGE 0……..63
HSN: HOPPING SEQ.NO: HOPPIING SEQ. NO. INDICATING WHICH FREQ. LIST TO
USE.
RANGE 0 …….63
2] SERVING NEIGHBOUR: BSIC ARFCN RX. LEVEL C1 C2 C31
C32
HERE THE DEFINED NEIGHBOUR WILL APPEAR.

3] RADIO PARAMETER: FULL SUB

A] RX LEVEL RANGE -10 TO -120
-10 TO -70 BEST
- 71 TO -80 GOOD
-91 TO -120 BAD

B] RX QUALITY (ITS DEPEND ON INTERFERENCE) RANGE 0 TO 7

0 TO 3 GOOD
 4 TO 5 AVG.
6 TO 7 BAD
C] FER ACTUAL
D] BER ACTUAL
E] SQI
21 TO 30 OK
ABOUT SQI: IF BSIC AND FREQ ARE SAME THEN SQI GOES NEGATIVE.

4] C/I (WORST /BEST) RANGE 5 TO 25

15 AVG.
10 TO 15
5 TO 10 BAD
MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL
DTX
TA
1 TA = 500m
(RECEIVING LEVEL)RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MIN)
RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MAX)
MS BEHEVIOR MODIFIED.

5] C/A

SEE LATER (MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL DTX, FER ACTUAL ,BER ACTUAL, RL TIME
OUT COUNTER (MIN),RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MAX),MS BEHEVIOR MODIFIED).

DETAIL:
*FER ACTUAL: IT IS VALID FOR VOICE ONLY.
FER CALCULATED TAKING DTX (DISCONTINEOUS TRANSMISSION) INTO ACCOUNT I.
E. THE FIGURE IS BASED ONLY ON BLOCKS ACTUALLY TRANSMITTED.
RANGE 0 TO 100 %
IT IS CALCULATED BY
% FER ACTUAL= (NO.OF ERASED BLOCKS /TOT.NO.OF BLOCKS)*100
A BLOCK IS ERASED WHEN PARITY CHECK FAILED.

*BER ACTUAL: RANGE 0 …… TO 26 %

BIT ERROR RATE CALCULATED TAKING DTX (DISCONTINEOUS TRANSMISSION)
INTO ACCOUNT I.E. THE FIGURE IS BASED ONLY ON BLOCKS ACTUALLY
TRANSMITTED.
IT IS VALID FOR VOICE ONLY.

*SQI: SPEECH QUALITY INDEX. THE RANGE DEPENDS ON THE SPEECH CODEC
USED.
RANGE: -20 TO 30.DBQ
HALF RATE: -20 TO 17 DBQ
FULL RATE: -19 TO 22 DBQ
 ENHANCED FULL RATE: -20 TO 30 DBQ
C/I WORST (BEST) (0): RNAGE -5 TO 35.
C/I FOR THE WORST CHANNEL IN THE HOPPING LIST FOR EACH USED TIME SLOT.

*MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL: RANGE 0 ….TO 31

PHONE TRANSMIT POWER LEVEL ORDERED BY THE BASE STATION, MAPPED TO A

NO.BETWEEN 0 & 31 ACCORDING TO THE TRANSMISSION 3 GPPTS 05 05, CH 4,
VLAID ONLY IN DEDICATED MODE.

*DTX: (RATE DL) RANGE 0 TO 100%.

DISCONTINEOUS TRANSMISSION:
CALCULATED AS = (NO.OF BLOCKS SENT /TOT. NO. OF BLOCKS) * 100

TWO MANDETARY BLOCKS ARE ALWAYS SENT USING DTX: 1 TCH AND 1 SACCH.
NON EXISTENT FOR PACKET SWITCHED (NO.DTX).

* TA: TIMING ADVANCE: RANGE 0 …. TO 63

VALID ONLY IN DEDICATED MODE.
TA is used to compensate the time delays of transmission of radio signals from different
mobiles (Delay of data bits).It is transmitted on SACCH and its max.value is 63.It means
the max. Distance from BTS to MS is 35 km allowed by TA.
TA increases as go away from the site.
From TA we l measure the distance of MS from the BTS.
1 TA= .550metres
so if TA = 2 then we r around 1.2 km far from the site.
TA = 1 den Ur in a radius of 550 meters from the site whether it shud be 300 mts or 400
mts.
*TIME SLOT: VALID ONLY IN DEDICATED MODE.
RANGE 0 TO 7
TIME SLOT USED FOR CURRENT CALL.
MS BEHAVIOR MODIFIED:
BELOW TEMS 6.1 S/W IS COMPITABLE WITH INSTRUMENTS (MOBILE) T610
 # WHAT IS THE DIFF.TYPE OF DRIVE TEST?
THERE ARE NOT SPECIFIC TYPES OF DRIVE BUT WE CAN SAY,
COMPARE DRIVE
MIGRATION DRIVE
ZONAL DRIVE
LET US SEE!
COMPARE DRIVE IS NOTHING BUT WE ARE CHECKING THE COVERAGE OF OURSELF
AS WELLL AS OUR COMPITATER.IT MEANS WE ARE WORKING FOR AIRTEL OK!
WHILE WE ARE DOING DRIVE WE ARE SET HUTCH IN ANOTHER MS AND DO DRIVE.
SEE IN ABOVE TEMS FIG. FIRST TWO MOBILES ARE CONNECTED, THE SAME WAY
WE COMPARE THE COVERAGE OF BOTH PARTY.

MIGRATION DRIVE: LET US CONSIDER THERE ARE TWO MSC .IN FIRST MSC THERE
ARE 25 SITES AND IN ANOTHER MSC 20 SITES .OK!
AFTER SOME TIME THERE IS SOME PROBLE THEN WE SHIFT 2 SITES FROM FIRST
MSC (25) TO SECOND MSC (20).
AFTER THIS EVENT THERE IS NEED OF MIGRATION DRIVE .IT MEANS WHEN THERE
IS SOME CHANGES IN SITE DISTRIBUTION OF BSC NEED OF ZONAL DRIVE.
WHAT PRECACATION NEED TO TAKE DURING THIS DRIVE?
LISTEN IN ABOVE PROCEDURE THEIR IS CHANGES IN LOCATIOIN SO WE HAVE
ALWAYS TAKE CARE WHILE LOCATION AREA UPDATE AND HANDOVER IS CORRECT
OR NOT .AS WELL AS WE TAKE CARE OF CGI, BSC, HO.
ZONAL DRIVE IT IS NOTHING BUT THE YOUR COVERAGE AREA IS DIVIDE INTO
ZONE NOTHING ELSE .THIS IS IN HYDRABAD ONLY.
# HOW MANY VERSION TEMS HAVE?
TEMS DATA COLLECTION 6.1.3
TEMS DATA COLLECTION 7.1.1
TEMS DATA COLLECTION
8.O
# WHAT IS BENCH MARK KIT?

THIS KIT IS NOTHING BUT JUST WE ARE CONNECTING MORE THEN

ONE MS FOR KIT AND NOTHING ELSE.

WE SEE THIS IS IN COMPARE DRIVE.

# WHAT WORK WE HAVE IN BTS?
BTS IS NOT OUR SECTION; WE JUST KNOW THE TRU/TRX, HLT MODE, And SOME
ALARM INDICATOR.
WE HAVE WORK IN BTS SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF CABLE SWAP TO SET BOWN THE
SITE IN LOCAL MODE (HALT MODE) !
BEFOR SET THE SITE IN LOCAL MODE WE MUST MAKE CALL MSC AND TELL THEM
THAT WE ARE DOING THIS!

# HOW SEND THE SITE IN LOCAL MODE?

THERE IS ONE BUTTON (ALSO THERE IS AN INDICATOR BESIDE BUTTON) ON BTS
WHICH WE PUSH BY ALIGNER SLIGHTLY
AFTER COMPLETE OUR WORK WE MUST PRESS IT AGAIN TO EXIT FROM LOACL
MODE.

# WHAT ARE ALARMS IN BTS?

 THESE ARE THE INDICATOR WHICH IS INIDICATE IN MSC REGARDING TO THEIR
SETTING.
EX.IF DOOR OF BTS IS OPEN THEN IN MSC THERE IS ALARM FOR IT KNOWN AS
DOOR ALARM.
IN SUCH WAY THERE ARE LOTS OF ALARM, VSWR, ETC.
# HOW TO CONFIRM THAT THESE ALARM ARE ACTIVE?
SIMPLY THERE IS INDICATOR IN BTS OR ASK MSC BY DOING CALL IS THEIR ANY
TYPE OF ALARM?

# WHAT WORK WE HAVE IN MSC?

II THERE IS PROBLM IN HANDOVER TAKING THEN WE HAVE TO CALL IN MSC TO
DEFINE NEIGHBOUR.
SIMPLY WE HAVE TO SET SOME PARAMETER OF SITE FROM MSC JUST FOR
CONFIRM ALL PARAMETER IS SET OR NOT WE HAVE TO CALL MSC .EX.NCC
PARAMETER
OR CONFIRM ANY ALARM?
OR CONFIRM IS THAT SITE ON AIR OR NOT?
# WHAT DOES MEANS ON AIR OR NOT?
IT SIMPLY MEANS SITE IS READY TO LAUNCH OR NOT?

# WHAT IS IDLE MODE AND DEDICATED MODE?

SIMPIL IDLE MEANS AIMLESS.WHEN YOUR MOBILE IS NOT HAVING CALL.
DEDICATED: IT MEANS YOUR CALL IS CONTINUE …………………………………..

# WHY WE DO DT IN IDLE MODE AND DEDICATED MODE?

FOR COLLECTING THE DATA.
(SECREAT:IN IDLE MODE WE CANT GET THE QUALITY LEVEL)
SOME TIMES WHILE DOING DT THERE IS CHANCE MISS RX.LEVEL, IF THERE IS
SHADOW ZONE COMING IN OUR PATH.SO THAT LEVEL WE COLLECT IN IDLE MODE!
WHAT IS SHADOW ZONE?
SIMPLY IT MEANS THERE IS BIG OBSTCLE BETWEEN OUR SITE GSM AND MS.(OR
SIGNAL CANT REACH COMPLETLI CONTINEOUSLY UPTO U R MS)
#WHAT IS SHORT CALL AND LONG CALL?
SHORT CALL: IT IS NOTHING BUT THE CALL CONTINUES FOR ONE OR TWO
MINUTES AND THEN DISCONNEC.
LONG CALL: IT MEANS U R CALL WILL CONTINUE FOR A LONG TOME JUST FOR ONE
OR TWO HOUR.

# WHY WE DO DRIVE IN SHORT AS WELL AS LONG CALL?

FOR CHECKING THE NETWORK PERFORMANCE.
IN SHORT CALL WE CHECK THAT OUR NETWORK IS SETUP CALL AS WELL AS
AGAIN CONNECT THE CALL IMMEDIATELY AFTER WE DISCOONECT IT OR NOT ?
IN THIS WE CHECK CONNECTIVITY OF OUR NETWORK.
OR
THE PURPOSE OF THIS TEST IS TO DETERMINE IF CALL SET-UPS ARE
PERFORMED PROPERLY.
LONG CALL: BUY USING THIS WE TEST BOTH THE NETWORK
COVERAGE AND QUALITY.
IN LONG CALL WE CHECK EITHER OR CALL CONTINEOSLY GOING ON OR
DISCONNECTING? MEANS WE ARE CHECKING CONTINEUTY!

WHAT IS EET?
THE FREQ.PLANNING IS DONE WITH THE ERICSSON ENGINEERING TOOL, EET.
EACH CELL WAS ASSIGINED FREQ. FROM ONE GROUP.THE GROUP WAS CHOSEN SO
THAT THE FREQ.REUSE PATTERN WAS AS CLOSE TO AN X/YY REUSE PATTERENAS
POSSIBLE.
CO-CHANNEL AND IN ADJUCENT CHANNEL INTEFEREENCE PREDICTIONS WERE
MADE WHEREBY FREQ. WERE BORROWWED FROM OTHER GROUPS SO THAT THE
RISK FOR INTEREFERENCE COULD BE MINIMISED.
# WHAT IS AT?

ACCEPTANCE TEST:
IT IS THE PROCEDURE THAT CARRIED OUT AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF A SYSTEM IN ORDER
TO ASSES THAT THE PERFORMANCE OF RADIO NETWORK RELATED ISSUES IS
SATISFACTORYILY COMPERED TO THE COMMITMENTS MADE BY ERICSSON TO
CUSTME(HUTCH/AIRTEL/IDEA /BSNL.)

THAT’S ALL FROM NOW! SEE U IN SECOND PART OF HUNK’S TIPS!

 HAND OVER
HAND OVER IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH, THE SERVICE TO THE
SUBSCRIBER IS TRANSFERRED FROM THE SERVING CELL TO THE
ANOTHER CELL DURING ACTIVE MODE OF MS AND THE CALL WILL
CONTINUE TILL MS DISCONNECT THE CALL.
WHY HAND OVER?
A] IN ORDER TO PROVIDE THE BETTER LINK QUALITY TO THE
SUBSCRIBERS.

B] MANAGE THE TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION AMOUNG THE CELLS OF THE

NETWORK.
OR
1 TO MAINTAIN QUALITY AND CONTINUITY OF CALLS.
2 CELL SIZE CONTROL IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE TOTAL INTERFERENCE
IN THE NETWORK.

HO IS THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY HOPPING

NOTE:

GIVE THE SPECIFIC REASON FOR HANDOVER (H.O.)?

REASONS:
 RECIEVER(RX) SIGNAL QUALITY
 RECEIVER SIGNAL LEVEL
 INTERFERANCE
 POWER BUDGET
 CONGUSTION

 RX QUAL.: IF THE RX LEVEL BAD AND RX QUAL.IS ALSO BAD THEN

H.O. IS DUE TO RX QUAL.
 RX.LEVEL: IF THE RX LEVEL IS BAD RX QUAL. IS GOOD THEN HO IS
DUE TO RX.LEVEL.
 INTERFERANCE: IF THE RECIEVER LEVEL IS GOOD AND THE RX
QUAL. IS BAD THEN H.O. IS DUE TO INTERFERENCE.

(Receiver level is nothing but how much amount the signal strength
you get.)

(Receiver quality is nothing but the voice quality which we get during
call.)
(Interference is nothing but the disturbance or unwanted signal)

LEVEL QUALITY H.O

GOOD BAD INTERFERENCE

BAD BAD RX QUAL.

BAD GOOD RX LEVEL

WHAT ARE THE SHORT COMING IN HAND OVER?

1 CALL DROP
2 FAR AWAY CELL EFFECT
3 PING PONG H.O.
WHAT IS PING PONG HO?

PING HO IN WHICH (UNNECSESARY) NETWORK TAKING

CONTINIOSLY H.O.
LET US SUPPOSE 4 SITES. ARE SERVING IN ANY ONE AREA THEN
THEIR WOULD BE SUCH TYPE OF POINT AT THEIR ALL 4 SITES ARE
GIVING THEIR OWN SIGNALS .SO WHEN U ENTER ON THAT SPOT
FIREST HO IS GIVEN TO 2’ND NO. SITE SIGNALS ,AFTER
IMMEDIATELY RECIVEING THE 2’ND NO.SITE 3,RD NO WILL TAKE
HO ,AFTER 4’TH……AFTER 1’ST ……..2,ND SO ON………
SECOND REASON OF PING PONG IS PARTIAL CABLE SWAP. (SEE AT
CABLE SWAP FOR DETAIL)

HOW IT CAN BE AVOID?

SO ALWAYS GIVE THRESHOLD VALUE ACCORDING TO
PLANNER OR FIX THE THRESHOLD VALUE.
Or
Adjust the mechanical and electrical tilt.
(Choose one of the above solution because its depends on the clutter)
If clutter is dense then choose tilt solution because if we adjust
threshold then our QUALITY would be decrease.

WHAT IS THE BAD EFFECT OF PING PONG HO?

NETWORK QUALITY IS BAD.
WHAT IS INTELLIGENT HO?
1 NEAURAL NETWORK
2 FUZZY LOGIC

WHAT IS INTERNAL & EXTERNAL HO?

INTERNAL HO:
INTER BTS:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEEN TWO CHANNELS (TIME SLOT) IN SAME CELL.
INTRA BSC:
CALLS TRANSFER BETWEEN BTS UNDER THE CONTROL OF SAME BSC.

EXTERNAL HO:
INTER BSC (BSC - BSC):
1 CALL TRANSFER BETWEEN THE BTS UNDER THE CONTROL OF DIFF.
BSC.
INTER MSC (MSC - MSC):
CALL TRANSFER BETWEEN CELLS UNDER THE CONTROL OF DIFF.
MSC.
WHAT IS INTRACELL HO?
IT IS BASED ON THE UPLINK IDLE CHANNEL INTERFRENCE
MEARSURMENT CAN EFFICIENTLY AVOID UPLINK INTERFERANCE
WHEN THE NETWORK LOAD IS REASONABLE.

WHEN THE LOAD IS HIGH IN THE NETWORK, THE GAIN OF

INTRACELL HO IS LOW.
WHEN THE LOAD IS LOW THEN THE GAIN IS GOOD.

IN CASE OF HANDOVER DEFINE BUT HANDOVER WOULD NOT TAKE

PLACE?
CHECK FOR:
1) CHECK NEIGHBOUR DEFINED OR NOT?
FIRST SEE IN NET MONITER OR TEMS IF YES THEN FOLLOW 2’ND
STEP IF NOT THEN CALL MSC AND TELL THEM TO DEFINE.
2) IS FREQUENCY AND BSIC SAME (SEE IN MCOM)
3) CHECK IS THAT FREQ.ON WHICH HO WILL TAKE DEFINED IN
MBCCH FREQUENCY LIST OR NOT? (CALL MSC AND ASK)
4) CHECK NCC PARA (PARAMETER) IS SET OR NOT? (CALL MSC
AND ASK)

2) IS FREQUENCY AND BSIC SAME (SEE IN MCOM):

AT BELOW SEE 842 IS FREQ. AND (43) BSIC WHERE 4 IS NCC 3 IS

BCC.FREQ. AND BSIC IS SAME DOES NOT MEAN TO CHECK 842 AND
43 IS SAME!
IT MEANS THE SITE WITH SAME FREQ.AND BSIC PAIR SHOULD NOT
BE IN THE 15 KM OR 20 KM RADIUS .BECAUSE IF THIS HAPPENED,
THEN THERE IS INTERFERENCE DUE TO FREQ. HIT AND WE CAN’T
FIND IT, DUE TO SAME PAIR WE CANT FIND WHICH TWO FREQ. ARE
HITTING .
THE RADIUS IS ALSO DEPEND ON TERRION.

WHAT IS BASIC?
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE FIRST
DIGIT INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC.
NCC: NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE

THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM O TO 7

NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR, SIGNIFYING AT ANY
GIVEN POINT THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8 OPERATORS IN AN
AREA.

BCC: BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A GROUP OF 8

CLUSTERS CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER
GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.

EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC

IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE.
WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROUP OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS OF
CELLS CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE FREQ.
HAVE BEEN USED ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS THE
RF CARRIER BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.

MBCCH FREQ:
MBCCH NO. IS THE BCCH ALLOCATION (BCCH Allocation (BA) List is a list of
BCCH frequencies that every Idle mobile in a cell is supposed to monitor.
The list can be of two types - Idle BA List and Dedicated BA List. Idle is used
by Idle mobiles while Dedicated BA List is used by Dedicated Mobiles. You
always don’t need to make two BA lists, it depends on your planning process
whether you will be using single BAL or BAL rotation or Dual BAL. We can
use one BAL for all the mobiles (idle & dedicated).)
i.e. IT INDICATES TO THE MS THE FREQ.MUST BE MONITERED AND
MEASURED IN IDLE .ACTIVE OR BOTH MODES.THIS NO. IS SENT TO MS IN THE
SYSTEM INFORMATION MESSAGES ON THE BCCH CHANNEL IN IDLE MODE
AND ON THE SACCH IN ACTIVE MODE.
UPTO 32 BCCH CARRIERS CAN BE DEFINED BY SPECIFAYING THEIR
ARFCN.

DEEP CONCEPT OF HO:

THE MEASUREMENT REPORT FROM THE MS IS SENT TO THE BSC ON
THE SACCH INDICATING THE SIGNAL STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF
THE SERVING LINK AND THE SIG.STRENGTH, FREQ.AND
BSIC FROM THE SIX BTS WITH STRONGEST SIGNAL
STRENGTHS.
ONLY MEASURMENTS FROM THE NEIGHBOURING CELLS THAT
FULLFILL THE REQUREMENT BY BCCH HAS A FREQ. AS INDICATED
BY MBCCH NO.
IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE MEASURED CELL IS DEFINED AS THE
NEIGHBOUR OF THE SERVING CELL .
UPTO 64 DIFF. CELLS CAN BE DEFINED AS NEIGHBOUR.
HO PROCESS MAY BE TRIGGERED BY QUAL., FIELD STRENGTH OR
DISTANCE VALUES FALL BELOLW / EXCEED THEIR THRESHOLD
PERIODIC CHANGES.

HO ALGORITHUM:
The locating algorithm: Works out the basis for handover
decisions .It is implemented in the base station controller. It is the
algorithm for cell selection for active mobile stations (i.e. ongoing
connection) after immediate assignment.
INPUT:
THE I/P TO THE ALGORITHUM IS SIGNAL STRENGTH AND QUALITY
MEASUREMENT FROM THE MS AND FROM THE BASE STATION
CURRENTLY SERVING THE CONNECTION.

OUTPUT:
THE OUTPUT IS THE LIST OF CELLS THAT THE ALGORITHUM JUDGES
TO BE POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR HANDOVER .THE CELLS IN THE
LIST IS RANKED AND STORED IN DESCENDING ORDER OF
PREFERENCE FOR HANDOVEAR.

THE ALGORITHUM WORKS CONTINUESLY, COMPLETING A

CALCULATION CYCLE IN GENERAL EVERY 480 ms. MOST
FREQUENTLY THE ALGORITHUM WILL RECOMMEND NOT TO
PERFORM A HANDOVER.
HANDOVER CRITERIA ARE BASED ON THREE TYPES OF
MEASUREMENT
1] FIELD STRENGTH (SIGNAL STRENGTH AND OR PATH LOSS) OF THE
CONNECTION AND OF THE BROADCAST CONTROL
CHANNEL CARRIERS FOR NEIGHBOURS.
2] SIGNAL QUALITY OF THE CONNECTION (BIT ERRROR RATE
ESTEMATION MAPPED ON ALGORITHUM SCALE)
3] TIMING ADVENCE USED BY THE MS.

WHAT IS TIMING ADVANCE?

IT IS A SOLUTION SPECIALY DESIGNED TO COUNTERACT THE
PROBLM OF TIME ALLIGNMENT .ITS WORKED BY INSTRUCTING THE
MIS ALIGNED MS TO TRANSMIT ITS BURST EARLIER OR LATER THAN
IT NORMALLY WOULD.
IN GSM TA INFORMATION RELATES TO BIT TIMES .THUS ,AN MS MAY
BE INSTRUCTED TO COMMENCE ITS TRANSMISSION A CERTAIN NO
OF BIT TIMES EARLIER OR LATER ,RELATED TO PREVIOUS

POSITION TO REACH ITS TIMESLOT AT THE BTS IN RIGHT TIME.

WHAT IS THE DIFF. BETWEEN CELL RESELECTION AND HANDOVER?

HAND OVER HAPPENED IN DEDICATED MODE AND
CELL RESELECTION IN IDLE MODE.

FREQUENCY HOPPING
Call is transmitted through several frequencies in order to

Average the interference,

Minimizing the impact of fading.
OR
It is defined as sequential change of
carrier frequency on the radio link
between the mobile and base station.
Advantage of frequency hopping:
Frequency diversity
Interference averaging

How in frequency hopping there is enhancement of network

?
1 FH implement will enable more aggressive frequency reuse pattern that
leads to better spectrum efficiency.
2 It can add more transceivers in the existing site, while maintains the
network quality .
3 freq. hopping compressing the available spectrum to make room for extra
freq.

Frequency reuses?
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE BETWEEN
SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL INTEREFERENCE.

Define all the parameter in frequency hopping?

Following are the parameter in FH
MOBILE ALLOCATION (MA)
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX (MAI)
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET (MAIO)
HOPPING SEQUENCE NO. (HSN)

MOBILE ALLOATION:
IT IS THE SET OF FREQ. The mobile allowed to hope over .maximum
of 63 freq. can be defined in MA list.

MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX (MAI):

It is the no. ranging from zero to the no. of freq. in the MA list subtracted by
one.

It is the output of hopping sequence algorithms.

HOPPING SEQUENCE NO. (HSN):
It determines the hopping order used in the cell .it is possible to assign 64
diff.setting .when HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping (pattern).
HSN = 1 TO 63provides various pseudo random hopping.

In GSM there are 64 diff.patterns of FH.

One of them is a simple cyclic or sequential pattern.

The remaining 63 are known as pseudo random patterns which an operator

can choose from the MA list.

WHERE WE USE CYCLIC AND RANDOM PATTERN?

CYCLIC: IT IS USED IN THE AREA WHERE THE ITERFERENCE IS NOT A
PROBLEM.
RANDOM: IT IS USED IN THE AREA WHERE INTERFERENCE IS A PROBLEM.
(HIGH TRAFFIC AREA).

MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET (MAIO):

Determines inside the FH sequence which freq. the mobile starts do transmit
on.
The value of MAIO ranges between zeros to N-1.
Where N is the no.of freq.defined in the MA list.

Presently MAIO is set on per carrier basis.

What are the types of FH and? What is dif.between them?

Two types of freq. hopping.
Base band FH (BBH)
Synthesized FH (SFH)
Diff.:
BBH: IN BBH no. of hopping freq. same as no.of TRX. (TRU)

SFH: No. of hopping freq. can be in the range of 1 to 63.

- here the ARFCN wud be more than the no. Of TRX/TRU in bts.also we
have better hopping gain here.& also we need not to go for new
frequency scheme when we add new trxs to the site as this is to be do
done in Base band hopping.
Definition of SFH AND AMR:
SFH & AMR IS different terms
SFH is synthesizer freq hopping and AMR is adaptive multirate. These two
terms are in all different from each other. One defines the way of using
fewer frequencies more efficiently and other defines the way of controlling
the quality of call in FULL RATE as well as HALF Rate so as to increase
capacity indirectly with controlled quality.

What is the effect of freq. hopping?

1 Hand over
2 Call set up
3 Frame eraser rate (FER)
These are the eff. of FH.
What is FER?
IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACCH FRAMES COMPARED TO ALL THE
RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
It is the right measure of voice quality.
It is performed on speech and signaling frame.
FFR 0 to 4 % good
4 to 15 % slightly degrade

Greater than 15 %
FORMULA:
% OF FER = (NO.ERASED BLOCKS÷TOT.NO. OF
BLOCKS) × 10O

Deep concept:
MAIO:
It is a parameter that will allow the operator to specify a list of up to
32 MAIO values in order in which they are to be allocated to a channel

group. This parameter set to default which removes the manual

MAIO list in favor for the default MAIO list.
The no. of MAIO values in list stretches from zero up to one less than
no. of freq. in the HFS.
Ex. 9(0 to 8) freq. their than maio list will be 0 to 7.
The actual MAIO values to be used for a channel group
depend on the no. of TRX in the channel group.

Default list:
In order of the MAIO values in the default list is arranged in a “first
even then odd.” MAIO values manner.
This means that the beginning of the list will consist of all the even
values in ascending order.
After the even values all the odd values are arranged an ascending
order.
Ex.
For hopping group with 9 freq. the default list will be 0, 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5
and 7.

MA: MA LIST IS A LIST OF HOPPING FREQ. TRANSMITTEED TO A

MOBILE EVERY TIME .IT IS ASSIGNIED TO HOPPING PHYSICAL
CHANNEL.

THE MA LIST IS A SUBSET OF CA LIST.

#WHAT IS CA LIST?
THE MA LIST IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED IF
THE BASEBAND HOPPING IS USED.

IF THE NETWORK UTILISES THE RF HOPPING THE

MA LIST HAVE TO BE GENERATED FOR EACH CELL
BY THE PLANNER.

The MA list is able to point the 64 of freq. defined in the CA list

.However the BCCH freq. is also included In the CA list ,so the
practically max.no. Of freq. in the MA list is 63.
because
The freq. in the MA list is required to be in increased order
of the type of signaling used to transfer the MA list.
HOPPING sequence algo?
Input: The hopping seq. algo. Takes HSN & FN
(freq.no.) as an input.
Output: Mobile allocation index (MAI) is the
O/P.
MAIO:
WHERE THERE ARE MORE THAN ONE TRX IN THE BTS USING THE SAME LIST THE
MOBILE ALLOCATION INDEX OFFSET IS USED TO ENSURE THAT EACH TRX USES
ALWAYS AN UNIQUE FREQ.
EACH HOPPING TRX IS ALLOCATED A DIFF. MAIO.
MAIO IS ADDED TO MAI WHEN THE FREQ. TO BE USED DETERMINED FROM THE MA
LIST.

MAIO AND HSN ARE TRANSMITTED TO A

MOBILE STATION TOGETHER WITH MAIO
LIST.

HSN DEFINES WHICH HOPPING SEQUENCE TO BE USED.

MAIO DECIDES STARTING POINT OF HOPPING.

WHAT IS SLOW FREQ.HOPPING AND WHAT IS FAST

FREQ.HOPPING?
THE PRINCIPAL OF FREQUENCY HOPPING USED WITHIN
GSM IS THAT:
“SUCESSIVE TDMA BURST OF CONNECTION IS
TRANSMITTED VIA. DIFF. FREQ.”
THAT FREQ. BELONGING TO A RESPECTIVE CELL
ACCORDING TO NETWORK PLANNING. THIS METHOD IS
CALLED SLOW FREQ. HOPPING.
SINCE TRANSMISSIOMN FREQ. REMAIN CONSTENT DURING
ONE BURST.
IN CONTRAST FAST FRFEQ. HOPPING WHERE THE
TRANSMISSION FREQ. CHANGES WITHIN THE ONE BURST.

DETAILS OF FRAME ERASER RATIO:

IT IS THE RATIO OF DISCARDED SPEACH FRAMES COMPARED TO ALL THE

RECEIVED SPEECH FRAMES.
A SPEECH FRAME IS GENERALLY DISCARDED IF AFTER THE DECODING AND ERROR
CONNECTION PROCESS ANY OF THE CATEGORY A BIT IS FOUND TO BE CHANGED
BASED ON THE THREE PARITY BITS FOLLOWING THEM IN A SPEECH FRAME.
FER IS MEASURE OF HOW SUCESSFUL THE SPEECH FRAME WAS RECIVED AFTER
THE ERROR CORRECTION PROCESS AND IT IS THUS A BETTER INDICATION OF THE
SUBJECTIVE SPEECH QUALITY COMPARED TO THE LINK QUALITY IN TERMS OF
BER .THE RECIEVER QUALITY DOES NOT INDICATE HOW THE BIT ERRORS WERE
DISTRIBUTED IN A SPEECH FRAME.
“THE BIT ERROR DISTRIBUTION AFFECTS THE
ABILITY OF THE CHANNEL DECODING TO
CORRECT THE ERRORS”.
A BLOCK IS ERASED WHEN PARITY CHECK FAILED.

BIT ERROR RATE:

IT IS THE RATIO OF THE NO. OF ERRORNEOUS BIT RECIEVIED TO THE TOTAL NO.OF
BITS RECEIVED.

RESIDUAL BIT ERROR RATE:

IT IS PERFORMED ON DEMODULATED SPEECH FRAMES THAT ARE NOT
MARKING CORRECT.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SPEECH FRAMES DISCARDED IN FER?
ANS: SYSTEM WILLS INTERPOLUTE.

SPEECH QUQLITY INDEX DEPENDS ON FER AND

BER.
SPECCH QUALITY IS DEPENDING ON BER.
TROUBLSHOOTING
WHAT IS CABLE SWAP AND PARTIAL CABLE SWAP?
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CABLE SWAP/SECTOR SWAP.
FIRST CABLE SWAP/SECTOR SWAP AND ANOTHER IS PARTIAL SWAWP.
CABLE SWAP IS NOTHING BUT WHEN TWO WIRES WHICH IS COMING FROM
GSM AND CONNECTED IN TRX/TRU IN BTS WIL CONNECT WRONGLY. MEANS
FIRST SECTOR TWO CABLE (POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE) CONNNECTED IN
SECOND SECTOR TRU/TRX OR SECOND SECTOR TWO CABLE CONNNECTED
IN THIRD OR THIRD SECTOR IN FIRST .

WHAT IS THE SOLUTION OF TCH OR CALL DROP?

BOTH PROBLEMS WOULD BE OCCURRED DUE TO THE POSSIBILITY OF CABLE SWAP
OR FREQUENCY HIT.
CABLE SWAP : TWO WIRES CAME FROM THE GSM AND JOIN AT THE TRX IN BTS
ROOM. WHILE CONNCTING THESE WIRE THEIR COULD BE MISMATCH OR
SWAPPING.BECAUSE FROM THESE TWO WIRES ONE WIRE IS OF TRANSMETER
SECTION (+ SIGN ON THAT CABLE ) AND ANOTHER SIGN IS OF RECIEVER ( - SIGN IS
ON THAT CABLE).SO THERE SHOULD BE CHANCES THAT + WIRE WOULD BE
ATTACHED TO - AND VICE VERSA.
TWO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF CABLE SWAP WE WANT TO SEE WHETHER THESE
CONNECTION IS EXACT OR NOT.
DUE TO CABLE SWAP THERE WOULD BE CHANCES OF CALL DROP.
SECOND CASE:
FREQUENCY HIT: THIS MEANS ADJUCENT FREQUENCY WOULD BE HIT TOWARDS
AREA.
SOLUTION OF THIS CASE GIVES DOWN TILT TO OUR GSM.
WHAT IS PARTIAL CABLE SWAP?
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CABLE SWAP ONE IS ABOVE AND SECOND IS PARTIAL
CABLE SWAP.
IN FIRST CABLE SWAP TWO WIRES ARE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR IS CONNECTED IN
ANOTHER SECTOR TRX/TRU .BUT IN PARTIAL CABLE SWAP ONLY ONE WIRE
WOULD BE SWAP MEANS ONE WIRE FROM ANY ONE SECTOR AND ANOTHER WIRE
FROM ANY OTHER SECTOR IS CONNECTED AT ONE TRX/TRU.

WHAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM OF UPLINK?

SEE AROUND YOUR SITE ANY CDMA SITE IS PRESENT IF YES THEN USE CDMA
FILTER.
IF NOT THEN SEE IS THEIR SECTOR EXPANTION PRESENT THEN CHECK FOR THE
ORIENTATION OF BOTH EXPANSION ANTEENA AND MAIN ANTENA IS DIFF. OR
SAME.
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION FOR DOWNLINK PROBLEM?
THE SOLUTION FOR THE DOWNLINK IS SAME FOR THE TCH /CALL DROP.
WHAT IS TH E SOLUTION FOR SD DROP?
IF SD DROP INCREASED THEN ASSIGN ONE MORE TIME SLOT BY USING PLANNER.
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR SDCCH DROP?
1>high interference of freq., like co-channel
2>sdcch time slot faulty
3>poor TRX DL quality
4>hardware fault like antenna or duplexer malfunction
5>may be feeder cable and connectors are faulty.
6>site taking calls from a very far distance.
7>Bad Radio link quality (any sort of interference, if highly) Bad Radio link
quality (any sort of interference, if highly destructive)
8>Could be a problem at NSS end
and may be some other reasons....

SD drop happens after SD is assigned, and if TCH is not free but SD is

assigned and there is no directed retry, then in that case what happens? SD
waits for a timer value and then also if it doesn't find a TCH it can't hold SD,
so drops………………..
 WHAT IS VSWR?
VOLTAGE WAVE STAND RATIO:
IT IS THE RATIO OF FORWARD POWAR TO THE REFLECTED POWER.[(1-ROW)/
(1+ROW)]IT THE PROBLEM OF LOOSE CONNECTOR OR DUST OR SHARE BENDING OR
RAIN WATER . DUE TO THIS PROBLEM THERE IS LESS COVERAGE IN THAT AREA.
WHENEVER THIS PROBLEM OCCURRED THERE IS ALARM FOR THIS IS IN
MSC.
THERE ARE LOTS OF TYPE OF ALARMS ANOTHER IS IF BTS DOOR IS OPEN THEN
THERE IS ALSO ALARM WILL OCCURD IN MSC.
TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF VSWR PROBLEM WE CONNECT TIGHTLY (LOOSE
CONNECTOR) ALL CONNECTOR/CABLE WHICH ARE LOOSE.
ABOVE TEMS 6.1 S/W IS COMPITABLE WITH INSTRUMENTS(MOBILE) T610.
 WHAT IS TEMS?
TEST EQIPEMENT MOBILE SYSTEM IS A TESTING TOOL USED TO READ AND
CONTROL THE INFORMATION SENT OVER AIR INTERFACES BETWEEN BASE
RADIO COVERAGE
STATION AND THE MOBILE STATION .IT CAN BE USED FOR
MEASUREMENS.IN ADDITION TO FIELD MEASUREMENT AND
POST PROCESSING.
ALL KIT CONSIST OF MOBILE STATION WITH SPECIAL SOFTWARE, A PORTABLE PC
AND OPTIONALLY A GLOBAL POSITONING SYSTEM RECIEVER.THE PC IS USED FOR
PRESENTATION ,CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT STORAGE .
MS IS USED IN ACTIVE OR IDLE MODE.
WHICH WINDOW WE NEED TO CHECK IN DRIVE TEST?
1] CURRENT CHANNEL
2]SERVING NEIGHBOUR
3]RADIO PARAMETER
4]C/I
5] C/A

TELL US ABOUT DETAILS?

1] CURRENT CHANNEL:
CELL NAME
CGI (MCC NCC LAC (BSC) CI)
BAND 900/1800/1900
CHANNEL TYPE
CHANNEL MODE
SPEECH CODEC
CIPHERING ALGORITHUM
SUB CHANNEL NO.
HOPPING CHANNEL
MAIO
HSN

2]SEERVING NEIGHBOUR: FULL SUB

HERE THE DEFINED NEIGHBOUR WILL APPEAR.

3]RADIO PARAMETER : FULL SUB

A] RX LEVEL RANGE -10 TO -120
-10 TO -70 BEST
- 71 TO -80 GOOD
-91 TO -120 BAD PURPOSE NEW SITE AT THIS AREA.
 B] RX QUALITY (ITS DEPEND ON INTERFERENCE ) RANGE 0 TO 7

0 TO 3 GOOD
4 TO 5 AVG.
6 TO 7 BAD
C] FER ACTUAL
D] BER ACTUAL
E] SQI
21 TO 30 OK
ABOUT SQI :IF BSIC AND FREQ ARE SAME THEN SQI GOES NEGATIVE.
4]C/I (WORST /BEST) RANGE 5 TO 25
15 AVG.
10 TO 15
5 TO 10 BAD
MS POWER CONTROL LEVEL
DTX
TA
1 TA = 500m
(RECEIVING LEVEL)RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MIN)
RL TIME OUT COUNTER (MAX)
MS BEHEVIOR MODIFIED

5] C/A

ANOTHER NETWORK PROBLEM:

C/I:CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE RATIO

IT IS DEFINED AS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE LEVEL OF THE RECIVED DESIRED

SIGNAL TO THE LEVEL OF RECIVED UNDESIRED SIGNAL.
C/I IS DEPENDENT ON THE INSTANTANEOUS POSITION OF THE MOBILE STATION
AND IS AFFECTED BY TERREIN DETAILS AND VARIOUS SHAPES,TYPES AND NO.OF
LOCAL SCATTERS.
OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS ANTENNA TYPE DIRECTIONALITY AND HEIGHT ,SITE
ELEVATIONS ,POSITIONS AND THE NO. OF LOCAL SOURCE OF INTERFERENCE
ALSO EFFEECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE C/I RATIO IN A SYSTEM .

C/A: CARRIER TO ADJUCENT RATIO

IT IS DEFINED AS THE RELATION IN DB IN SIGNAL STRENGTH BETWEEN THE

SERVING AND AN ADJUCENT FREQ.
COCHANNEL INTERFERENCE:
FREQUENCY REUSE IMPLIES THAT IN A GIVEN COVERAGE AREA THERE ARE
SEVERAL CELLS THAT USES THE SAME SET OF FREQ.
THESE CELLS ARE CALLED COCHANNEL CELLS .AND THE INTERFERENCE
BETWEEN SIGNALS FROM THESE CELLS ARE CALLED CO CHANNEL
INTEREFERENCE.
SOLUTION:TO REDUCE CO CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CO CHANNEL CELLS MUST BE
PHYSICALLY SEPERATED BY A MINIMUM DISTANCE IN ORDER TO PROVIDE
SUFFIECIENT ISOLATION.

WHAT IS BASIC?
BASE STATION IDENTITY CODE IS THE CODE WHERE IN THE FIRST DIGIT
INDICATES NCC AND SECOND DIGIT INDICATES BCC .
NCC :NETWORK COLOUR CODE
BCC: BASE STATION COLOUR CODE

THE NCC AND BCC HAVE VALUE RANGING FROM AN O TO 7

NCC: THE NCC IS FIXED FOR AN OPERATOR ,SIGNIFYING AT ANY GIVEN POINT
THERE CAN BE MAXIMUM OF 8 OPERATORS IN AN AREA.

BCC : BCC DEFINES THE CLUSTER NO.WHICH MEANS A GROUP OF 8 CLUSTER

CARRY UNIQE IDENTITY WHICH ARE USED FOR ANOTHER GROUP OF 8 AND SO ON.

EX. IF BSIC IS 65 THEN 6 IS NCC AND 5 IS BCC

IF BSIC IS 55 AND FREQ.IS 55 THEN HO WOULD NOT TAKE PLACE.
WHAT IS CLUSTER?
GROPU OF FREQ. CAN BE PLACED TOGETHER INTO PATTERNS OF CELLS
CALLED CLUSTER.
CLUSTER IS A GROUP OF CELLS IN WHICH ALL AVAILABLE FREQ. HAVE BEEN USED
ONCE AND ONLY ONCE.
THE PRINCIPAL FOR ALLOCATION OF THE BSIC IS THE SAME AS THE RF CARRIER
BUT AT CLUSTER LEVEL RATHER THAN CELL LEVEL.
Transmission problem:
Path loss: Path loss occurs when the received signal becomes weaker and
weaker due to increasing distance between MS and BTS ,even if there are no
obstacles between the transmitting and receiving antenna .
The path loss problem seldom leads to a dropped call because before the problem
becomes extreme a new transmission path is established via another BTS .

Shadowing: Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including

hills and building between the BTS and MS .The obstacles create a shadowing effect
which can decreases the received signal strength .
when the MS moves the signal strength fluctuates depending on the obstacles
between the MS and BTS .
FADING DIPS: A signal influenced by fading varies in signal
strength .
Drops in strength are called fading dips.
Multipath fading : It occurs when there is more than one
transmission path to the MS or BTS .This may be due to
building or mountains either close to or far from the rec
dBi, dBd,dBm
dB itself is a measure of power on logarithmic scale.....when we talk abt dBi
(one more thing i want add here is dBd ), these indicate gain of a given
antenna with respect to isotropic and Lambda/2 dipole antenna
respectively....isotropic antenna is a non existent ideal antenna and
Lambda/2 as it indicates is half-wavelength antenna., here iso.. is an omni
directional antenna while Lambda...is a directional antenna ..

When we measure gain wrt iso..Antenna,.gain is more bcoz it radiates lesser

in distance ..bt its less with Lambda/2 antenna ... bcoz its radiation is
directional hence more. Here is the relation...
dBi (gain of the given antenna wrt Isotropic antenna)=dBd(Gain wrt
Lambda/2 antenna +2.15 dB).

READ THIS AFTER LEARN THE DT FOR 10 DAYS!

ANALYASING THE LOG FILES?

AFTER HAVING THE ENTIRE NETWOR OR A GIVEN PART OF THE NETWORK, THE
LOG FILES SHOULD BRE ANAYLIESD .WHEN ANALYISING THE LOG FILES ,THE MAIN
THINGS TO LOOK FOR :
1. INTERFERENCE
2. LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH
3. MISSING NEIGHBOUR
OFTEN, THESE PROBLEMS CAN BE SPOOTEED BY LOOKING AT THE RXQUAL
LEVELS AND /OR DROPPED CALLS.HOWEVER DUE TO LITTLE OR NO TRAFFIC IN THE
SYSTEM, IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO SPOT ALL THE PROBLEMS THAT MIGHT OCCUR
WHEN THERE IS MORE TRAFFIC IN THE SYSTEM.FOR EX. INTERFERENCE FROM THE
NON BCCH CARRIERS DOES NOT AFFECT THE QUALITY .THEREFORE IT IS
IMPORTANT THAT THE LOG FILES ARE CAREFULLY ANYLYSED EVEN THOUGH
THERE ARE NO SIGNS OF POOR QUAL.
POOR QUAL:
THERE ARE THREE MAJOR REASONS FOR POOR QUALITY.
INTERFERENCR PROBLEM, LOW SIG. STRENGTH OR A MISSING NEIGHBOUR.
THE REASON FOR THE POOR QUAL.CAN BE:
 1. MS DOES NOT ON BEST SERVER
2. INTERFERENCE
3. LOW SIGNAL STRENGTH
MAKE THE NECERRY CHANGES /ADJUSTMENTS DEPEPNDING ON THE REASON
FOR THE POOR QUAL.
MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS:
MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS DISABLES A HANDOVER AND MIGHT LEAD TO
POOR QUALITY AND EVENTUALLY A DROPPED CALL.
INCLUDING ALL THE BCCH FREQ. IN THE MEASURING LIST DURING THE INTIAL
TUNING, MAKES MISSING REALATIONSHIP EASIER TO DETECT. NEIGHBOUR
THAT ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE NEIGHBOUR LIST ARE NOT NOT EVALUATED
BY LOCATING.
IF HANDOVER IS NOT PERFORMED TO WHAT SEEMS TO BE THE BEST SERVER,
THERE IS A POSSIBILITY OF A MISSING NEIGHBOUR RELATION.
IF THAT IS NOT THE CASE AND TH EQUAL.IS POOR, HAND OVER HYSTERISIS,
OFFSET, L- CRITERION PARAMETERS (IF USED) AND HCS – PARAMETER (IF USED)
SHOULD BE REVIEWED TO FIND THE REASON FOR THE MS NOT BEING ON THE
STRONGEST CANDIDATE.
THERE IS SITUATION WE CAN IMPROVE THE COVERAGE, BY INCREASING THE
OUTPUT POWER AND/OR MAKING ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS.
OUTPUT POWER:
BY INCREASING THE OUTPUT POWER,THE DOWNLINK SIGNAL STRENGTH
INCREASE .HOWEREVER ,IF THE O/P POWER IS TOO HIGH (APPROXIMATELY -43 DBM
OR MORE),A HIGHER O/P POWER WILL NOT GREATLY AFFECT THE OVERALL
PERFORMANCE DUE TO THE LACK OF POWER BALANCE BETWEEN UPLINK AND
DOWNLINK .
BUT AN INCREASE IN O/P POWER MAY LEAD TO HIGHER INTERFERENCE IN
COCHANNEL AND ADJUCENT CHANNEL CELLS.
THE CELL BORDERS ARE ALSO AFFECTED.
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS: A HIGHER ANTENNA POSITION GENERALLY INCREASE
THE CELLS COVERAGE AREA .SOMETIMES THE RE – DIRECTION OF AN ANTENNA
MAY HELP THE SITUATION. IF THE ANTENNA IS DOWNTILTED ,A DECREASES OF
THE TILT GENERALLY INCREASE THE COVERAGE AREA.
JUST LIKE THE CHANGING THE O/P POWER ,AN ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS AFFECTS
THE ENTIRE CELL PLAN REGARD TO CELL BOARDERS AND INTERFERENCE.
INTERFERENCE PROBLEM
MAJOR IINTERFERNSE PROBLEMS REQUIRE A CHANGE OF FREQ. ON ONE OR MORE
CELLS.
FOR A CELLS SEVERE PROBLEM ,ANATENNA DOWNTILTS CAN HELP SITUATITIONS .
MINOR INTERFERENCE PROBLEM CAN SOMETIMES BE ELIMINATED OR REDUSED
BY PARAMETER CHANGES .MOVIING CELL BOARDER AND /OR CHANGING THE
HANDOVER (EX. SMALLER HANDOVER HYSTERIS AND SHORTER FITER LENGTHS )
CAN TAKE CARE OF LOCAL INTERFERENCE PROBLEMS.
ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS:
 ANTENNA ADJUSTMENTS SUCH AS ANTENNA TILT AND HEIGHT AFFECTS THE
SIGNAL STRENGTH AND THEREBY THE CELLS BOARDERS AND INTERFERENCE
LEVELS .
BY DOENTILTING THE ANTENNAS ,A CALMER BEHAVIOR IS GENERALLY ACHIEVED
IN THE NETWORK .THE SIGANL STRENGTH BECOMES MORE CONCENTRATED TO
THE AREA CLOSE TO THE SITE .DOWNTILTING AN ANTENNA CAN REDUCE IN
INTERFERENCE IN CO- CHANNEL OR ADJUSTENT CHANNEL CELLS AS WELL AS IN
THECELL ITSELF.
THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF HAVING TOO MUCH DOWNTILT IS THE RISK OF A LOSS
IN OVERALL COVERAGE.