4x1 Space-Time MIMO-OFDM Parallel Cancellation

Schemes for Mitigating ICI

Hen-Geul Yeh, Samet Yildiz and Ran Ren
California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA

 bandwidth, and complexity [1]. Note that in SC [4], it employs

Abstract— Based on the orthogonality of space-time (ST) code, this
paper concentrates on ST code transmission combined with inter-
carrier interference (ICI) parallel cancellation (PC) scheme to
form STPC systems. With known channel state information (CSI)
and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), we
further develop this STPC-OFDM system with code rates 1 and
0.5 without increasing in power, bandwidth, and computational
load for OFDM access (OFDMA) downlink from base station (BS)
to mobile unit (MU) terminals. Simulation results show that this 4
× 1 STPC-OFDM system with code rate 1 provides outstanding bit
error rate (BER) performance than that of the conventional 4 × 1
ST block coded OFDM systems with code rate 0.5 in COST 207
slow (typical urban) and fast (bad urban) frequency selective
fading channels. Moreover, this STPC-OFDM can be employed as
the fundamental building block for ST-MIMO-OFDM systems.
Index Terms— Inter-carrier interference (ICI), Parallel
cancellation, frequency offset, Space time (ST), MIMO, OFDM
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the combination of the communication systems
between Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) has
attracted both academia and industry attention because of the
growing need for high data rate communication and better
quality of service. However, carrier frequency offset and time
variations due to Doppler shift cause a loss of the orthogonality
among subcarriers at the receiver and results in inter-carrier
interference (ICI) which degrades the bit error rate (BER)
performance of OFDM systems noticeably. On the one hand,
many schemes to mitigate the ICI in OFDM systems such as
parallel cancellation (PC) [1], conjugate cancellation (CC) [2],
data repetition within one OFDM block at the subcarrier level.
It is a not suitable to form ST-SC scheme. On the other hand,
PC works at the OFDM symbol level. It is logically combined
with ST.
Since the analysis of the general two-path transmission for
ICI reduction in OFDM systems was presented in [8], and the
ST concept with ICI cancellation in [9], we focus on the system
design and BER performance comparison of the MIMO STPC-
OFDM systems with code rates 1 and 0.5 via simulations in
frequency-selective mobile fading channels for 2 and 4 transmit
antennas.
The organization of this paper is as follows. Section II
provides a brief review of the original OFDM system and PC
scheme. Section III illustrates three different types of ST block
code classified with the coding rate 1 and 0.5 and corresponding
transmission matrices. After providing some remarks about
STPC-OFDM systems, Section IV proposes 4×1 STPC-OFDM
systems. Section V proposes MIMO STPC-OFDM systems.
Simulation results are presented in Section VI. Lastly, the
conclusion and final remarks are given in Section VII.
II. OFDM SYSTEMS AND PC SCHEME
A. OFDM systems
The complex baseband OFDM transmitted signal xk at the
output of the IFFT is
N 1 2S
j kn
(2.1)
xk ¦d n e N
k 0,1,2,..., N  1
n 0
2S
where d n is the data symbol, and e N , k 0,1, ..., N  1
j kn

mid-point search algorithm [3], self-cancellation (SC) [4] are

represents the corresponding orthogonal frequencies of N
developed. On the other hand, plenty of novel constructions
subcarriers. At the receiver, the received signal is mixed with
based on the space-time block code (STBC) to provide better
a local oscillator signal, which is H above the correct carrier
transmitter diversity and coding gain [5-7] are developed, but
few of them performed both the diversity and the ICI mitigation frequency with a phase offset, plus the additive white Gaussian
together. noise (AWGN). Without loss of generality, both the AWGN
With known channel state information (CSI) at the receiver, and phase offset are set to zero in this paper for simplicity. The
we propose a new scheme that integrates both ST-OFDM and baseband recovered signal after FFT is
PC principles to form a MIMO STPC-OFDM system with code N 1 2S mk
1 j
rates 1 and 0.5 for OFDMA downlink from the base station (BS) dˆm
N
¦r e k
N

to mobile unit (MU) terminals. This new scheme not only k 0

(2.2)
N 1 N 1 2S ( n  H ) k 2S mk
provides the robustness due to diversity for transmission, 1 j
¦¦ d
j
= n H ne N
e N

including space-time (ST) coding gain, but also plays a role in N n 0 k 0

mitigating ICI via PC scheme in mobile Doppler fading N 1

channels simultaneously without increasing in power,

H mu0 d m  ¦
n 0, n z m
H n un  m d n m 0, , N 1

978-1-4673-9519-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

where the nth element of the N-point IFFT of the 2nd branch channel
impulse response h ' and vn m is the weighting factor on the data
N 1
jS  n  m H 
e N
sin ª¬S  n  m  H  º¼ (2.3) symbol. Note that vn  m is similar to un  m but the sign of (n-m)
un  m .
N ˜ sin ª¬S N  ˜  n  m  H  º¼ is swapped. Assuming that both 1st and 2nd branches are
( n  m ) mod N combined coherently without interfering with each other by
using a time division multiplexing (TDM) technique, the final
In (2.2), rk is the received signal to the FFT; k is the sampling detected symbol is the sum detected symbols as follows:
2S
j kH
index; e N , k 0,1,..., N  1 , represents the frequency offset dˆm'' dˆm  dˆm'
of the received signal at the sampling instants. H n is the nth N 1 (2.7)
element of the N-point FFT of the channel impulse response h (H mu0  H m' v0 )dm  ¦(H nun  m  H n' vn  m )dn
n 0 ,n z m
, and un  m is the weighting factor on the data symbol. In (2.2),
H is the normalized frequency offset to the subcarrier The first term in (2.7) is the desired signal component and the
frequency spacing; m is the receiver subcarrier index. In (2.2), 2nd term represents the ICI term. In this scheme, the imaginary
the first term represents the desired signal component. The component of weighting functions (2.6) is the negative version
second term represents the ICI components due to frequency of that (2.3) in additive white Gaussian channels (AWGN). By
offset H . Note that un  m in (2.3) represents the weighting adding weights together in (2.7), weights become a real-valued
function at H 0 in AWGN channels [1]. Although the ICI
factor on the data symbol in the regular OFDM system.
mitigation is obtained from the fixed carrier offset, this PC
B. The PC scheme scheme also works well in the mobile channel with ICI from
Doppler spread [1].
The PC scheme [1] has a two-branch operation as depicted
The PC-OFDM system is a simple transmit diversity scheme
in Fig. 1 to mitigate ICI. At the transmitter, the first branch
that improves the signal quality at the receiver by simply
works as the regular OFDM system transmitted with serial-to-
processing across two transmission time slots consecutively.
parallel (S/P), cyclic prefix (CP), and parallel-to-serial (P/S)
The obtained diversity order is equal to two. This PC-OFDM
operations. Independently, the 2nd branch employs an FFT at
scheme shows the outstanding performance dealing with ICI
the transmitter as defined in (2.4):
cancellation in fading channels [1].
N 1 2S
j kn
x '
k ¦d e
n 0
n
N
k 0,1,2,..., N  1 (2.4) dn
S/P
IFFT (1st)
-----------
xk CP
&
CPR
&
rk FFT (1st)
-----------
P/S
dˆm
Combiner
dˆm''

FFT (2nd) xk' P/S S/P rk' IFFT(2nd) dˆm'

At the receiver, a de-multiplexing operation to separate two

Fig. 1. The simplified PC-OFDM transceiver.
transmitted signals and CP removal (CPR) are performed first;
the first branch works as the regular OFDM receiver, the 2nd
III. 2X1 STPC-OFDM SCHEME
branch requires an IFFT for the signal as follows:
The standard ST-OFDM system [9] applies the ST
transmitter diversity technique in a per-OFDM symbol basis.
1 N 1 2S mk We make the notations for the variables such as channel
¦ rk' e
j
dˆm' N
impulse responses, received signals, with two or three
N k 0
N 1 N 1 2S (  n  H ) k 2S mk subindexes for MIMO systems as follows. For example, hij ,
1 (2.5)
¦¦ d
j j
'
= n H e
n
N
e N
has two subindexes and yijt has three subindexes. The first
N n 0 k 0
N 1 subindex represents the receive antenna index “i” while the
H m' v0 d m  ¦
n 0, n z m
H n' vn m d n m 0, , N 1 second subindex represents the transmit antenna index “j” and
the third subindex on yijt represents the time slot of the ST
where code.
In a 2-transmit system, two length N consecutive blocks are
jS
N 1
 m  n H 
formed as input data vectors at the transmitter as follows:
e N
sin ¬ªS  m  n  H  ¼º
vn m . (2.6) d1 [ d 0 d1 ... d N  2 d N 1 ]T ,
N ˜ sin ª¬S N  ˜  m  n  H  º¼ (3.1)
( n  m )mod N d2 [ d N d N 1 ... d 2 N  2 d 2 N 1 ]T .

At time t and t+T, d 1 and d 2 , and -d 2* and d1* are produced

Note rk' represents the 2nd received signal and dˆ m' is the output
by ST encoder, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2 Then, the
of the IFFT. Again, m is the receiver subcarrier index, H n' is
produced code words at time t and t+T, are sent to an IFFT in
the upper branch, and FFT in the lower branch, and transmitted no added complexity because of using two different types of
with CP via transmit antennas Tx1 and Tx2, respectively. At Fourier transform. One processor is enough to handle both FFT
the receiver, the de-multiplexing is performed first. It is and IFFT.
assumed that both upper and lower branches are separated
without interfering with one another by utilizing a division de-
multiplexing (de-mux) method, for example, frequency In_Re Out_Re In_Re Out_Re
division de-multiplexing (FDM), or time division de- N-point
N-point
multiplexing (TDM), or code division de-multiplexing (CDM). FFT = IFFT
There is a mux at the Tx (not shown) and a de-mux at the In_Im Out_Im In_Im Out_Im
receiver to separate two transmitted and received signals. As
depicted in Fig. 2, the received two signal vectors after an upper Fig. 3. IFFT Computer by suing an FFT processor.
branch FFT and a lower branch IFFT processing at time slots 1
and 2, respectively, are
IV. PROPOSED 4X1 STPC-OFDM SCHEME
y111 = H 11d 1 , y112 = -H 11d 2* , (3.2)
In order to augment 2x1 STPC-OFDM systems further, a few
y121 = H 12 d 2 , y122 = H 12 d 1*
notations on ST-OFDM is examined first. Most importantly, the
2x1 ST-OFDM code word matrix provides diversity order 2
which are achieved by, with coding rate one [9]. The orthogonality can’t be fulfilled for
a complex transmission matrix with code rate one, when the
y 111 FFT [ h11 … IFFT ( d1 )] H11d1 transmit diversity is more than 2. However, there are a few
y121 IFFT [ h12 … FFT ( d 2 )] H12 d 2 (3.3) studies to provide a non-orthogonal complex transmission
y112 FFT [ h11 … IFFT ( d )] *
2  H11d *
2
framework with coding rate one and the diversity order same
y122 IFFT [ h12 … FFT ( d )] *
H12 d1*
with the number of transmit antennas [11]. Therefore, we
1
examine the 4x1 ST-OFDM system with a non-orthogonal
transmission matrix, coding rate one, and transmit diversity
Note that the yijt represents the received symbols after the FFT order of 4. Additionally, we examine the 4x1 ST-OFDM system
and IFFT processors are applied. Note that H11 and H 12 are with orthogonal transmission matrix, code rate 0.5. Then,
similar to Section III, the PC scheme is applied to the 4x1
two diagonal matrices with N-point FFTs of the channel
STPC-OFDM system.
impulse response of h11 and N-point IFFTs of channel impulse The proposed 4x1 system uses two 2x2 Alamouti code word
response h12 respectively. Assuming that fading is constant matrices as follows: Let’s define two matrices in (3.5a-b).
during two consecutive time slots, the decision variables are
obtained as follows: ªd -d 2* º (3.5a)
D12 { « 1 »
¬d 2 d1* ¼

Tx 1 and
IFFT FFT
& &
CP CPR ªd -d 4* º . (3.5b)
Rx 1 D34 { « 3 »
d ST DE- Combiner ¬d 4 d 3* ¼
MUX &
Encoding Detector
Tx 2
FFT IFFT
A complex full-rate quasi-orthogonal STBC (QOSTBC) can
& & be achieved by applying (3.5a-b) to form a 4x4 code word
CP CPR
matrix [12] by

Fig. 2. The architecture of a simplified 2x1 STPC-OFDM baseband transceiver. ªD *

-D34 º
D4×4 = « 12 * »
¬ D34 D12 ¼
(3.7)
dˆ1 ( H11* y111  H12 y122
* 2
) / ( H11  H12 ) ,
2
ªd1 -d 2* -d 3* d4 º
(3.4) « »
d d 1* -d 4* -d 3 »
=« 2
2
dˆ2
2
( H y121  H y ) / ( H11  H12 ).
* *
.
12 11 112 «d 3 -d 4* d 1* -d 2 »
« »
«d 4
¬ d 3* d 2* d1 ¼»
The equations (3.1)-(3.4) presents the encoding and the
decoding procedure for the one receive antenna only. They can
be further generalized into a MIMO model when taking each of In spite of the fact that the codewords matrix in (3.7) does
the first subscripts as “i”, the receiver antenna index. provide the coding rate one, it does not provide full complex
Note that the IFFT operation can be done by using FFT orthogonality when using it with 4-transmit antennas. Hence, it
processor if the real part and imaginary part are swapped at the gives poor BER performance.
both input and output as depicted in Fig. 3. Therefore, there is
 To provide better performance during 4-transmit Similar to (3.2) to (3.4) of 2x1 STPC-OFDM systems, the
transmission, one can double the time-slot to accomplish full received four signal vectors at time t to t+3T after FFT, and
orthogonality. In other words, the orthogonal transmission can IFFT are as follows:
be attained by decreasing the coding rate to 0.5. To make this,
the ST code uses four data vectors (d1, d2, d3, d4) over eight- y111 = H 11d 1 y112 = -H 11d 2* y113 = -H 11d 3* y114 = H 11d 4
time slots. Accordingly, this 4x1 ST-OFDM framework has a
coding rate of 1/2, which could think about its vertical y121 = H 12 d 2 y122 = H 12 d 1* y123 = -H 12 d 4* y124 = -H 12 d 3
measurement speaking to "space" (i.e. the transmitter antennas) y131 = H 13 d 3 y132 = -H 13 d 4* y133 = H 13 d 1* y134 = -H 13d 2
and its horizontal measurement speaking to "time" (i.e. y141 = H 14 d 4 y142 = H 14 d 3* y143 = H 14 d 2* y144 = H 14 d 1
transmission time slots) as depicted by (3.8) which is taken
(3.10)
from [11].
Fading channels are assumed constant during four
ª d1 d 2 d3 d 4 d1* d 2* d 3* d 4* º consecutive time slots in the system with coding rate 1. Similar
« »
D4 x8 «d 2 d1 d 4 d3 d 2* d1* d 4* d 3* » (3.8) to 2x1 STPC-OFDM decision variables in (3.4), the 4x1 STPC-
« d3 d 4 d1 d 2 OFDM decision variables are obtained from (3.10). They are:
d3* d 4* d1* d 2* »
« »
«¬d 4 d3 d 2 d1 d 4* d3* d 2* d1* »¼
dˆ1 H 11* y111 + H 12 y*122 + H 13 y133
* 2 2 2 2
+ H 14* y144 = ( H 11 + H 12 + H 13 + H 14 )d 1
2 2
dˆ2 = H 12* y121 - H 11 y*112 + H 14 y143
* 2 2
d1 , d 2 , d 3 and d 4 - H 13* y134 = ( H 11 + H 12 + H 13 + H 14 )d 2
In (3.8), are defined as follows:
2 2
dˆ3 = H 13* y131 + H 14 y142
* * 2 2
- H 11 y113 - H 12* y124 = ( H 11 + H 12 + H 13 + H 14 )d 3
d1 [d 0 d1 ... d N  2 d N 1 ]T , 2 2
dˆ4 = H 14* y141 - H 13 y*132 - H 12 y123
* 2 2
+ H 11* y114 = ( H 11 + H 12 + H 13 + H 14 )d 4
d2 [d N d N 1 ... d 2 N  2 d 2 N 1 ]T , (3.9) (3.11)
T
d3 [d 2 N d 2 N 1 ... d3 N  2 d3 N 1 ] ,
To achieve the decision variables, the received signals at the
d4 [d3 N d3 N 1 ... d 4 N  2 d 4 N 1 ]T .
first and fourth-time slots are multiplied by the conjugate of the
corresponding channel matrices. Next, for the second and third-
Starting from (3.9), one can construct the 4x1 STPC-OFDM time slots, the received signals are conjugated and multiplied
system as seen in Fig. 3. by the corresponding channel matrices. Third, all products are
summed to form the decision variables as seen in (3.11). Note
Tx 1
… that the idea behind the calculations to perform coherent
Tx 1 CPR,
IFFT, FFT, combinations in (3.11) are similar to all STPC-OFDM systems
Ch Est
CP
Tx 2
not only for 2x1 systems but also for 4x1 systems.
… Tx 2 CPR,
IFFT,
FFT,
CP
Ch Est Coherent V. PROPOSED MIMO-STPC-OFDM SCHEMES
Combiner
ST Tx 3
Coding … Tx 3
DE-
MUX CPR,
&
In this Section, MIMO-STPC-OFDM systems are proposed as
IFFT, FFT,
Detector
CP Ch Est depicted in Fig. 4. The 2x1 STPC scheme is employed as the
… Tx 4
Tx 4 fundamental building block in Fig. 4, specifically in the receiver
CPR,
FFT, IFFT, side. Hence, there are 2 transmit antennas and i-pair receiver
CP Ch Est
antennas. The coherent combiner is performed at the last (most
right) stage to improve the BER performance.
Fig. 3. Block diagram of a 4x1 STPC-OFDM system.
Remove
In the transmitter side, four data vectors in (3.9) are Cyclic
Prefix,
transmitted through four transmitter branches in the meantime FFT,
Channel
slot with CP. IFFT is connected to d 1 and d 3 in the first and Tx 1
DE-
MUX
Est 1 Combiner
&
Remove Detector

third transmitter branches, and IFFT is applied to d 2 and d 4 in  d d1

*
2
Tx 1
IFFT,
Cyclic
Prefix,
Cyclic IFFT,
the second and the fourth transmitter branches, separately. At Prefix Channel Est
d 2
the receiver, four channels impulse responses are convolved Space &
Time
Combiner
with four transmitted signals and are connected with FFT for Coding Tx 2
Remove
receiver branches one and three, and are connected with IFFT Tx 2
FFT, Cyclic Cyclic
d1* d 2 Prefix,
for receiver branches two and four correspondingly by the Prefix
FFT,
Channel
transmitter branches, separately. After four channel DE-
MUX
Est 1 Combiner
&

estimations, these four demodulated signals are coherently Remove

Cyclic
Detector

combined as depicted in Fig. 3. Prefix,

IFFT,
Channel Est
Note that H 1i is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements 2

are the N-points IFFTs of the channel impulse response h1i .

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the MIMO-STPC-OFDM system.
 VI. SIMULATION RESULTS 2x2 and 2x4 MIMO-STPC-OFDM outperforms that of 2x2 and
Simulations are conducted to assess the BER performance of 2x4 MIMO-ST-OFDM, respectively.
the ST-OFDM and STPC-OFDM schemes with different
coding rates and different number of transmission antennas.
The COST207 channel models are used. These 6-ray typical
urban (TU) and bad urban (BU) represent slow and fast
frequency selective mobile channels, respectively. All
simulations are performed at a symbol rate of 220
symbols/second, an OFDM block size of N=256, and a
sampling period of Ts = 2-20 sec. A quarter of N samples are
employed as the cyclic prefix. QPSK modulation is applied to
all simulations.
It is assumed that the channel responses, h1 and h2 for 2x1
ST and STPC systems, and h1, h2, h3, and h4 for 4x1 ST and
STPC systems. They are estimated at the receiver and remain
constants for two and four-time slots for 2x1 and 4x1 ST and
STPC systems with code rate 1, respectively, and remain
constants for eight-time slots for 4x1 ST and STPC systems
Fig. 5. BER comparison of regular OFDM, ST-OFDM, STPC-OFDM for 2x1
with code rate 0.5, respectively. and 4x1 respectively using code rate 1 in TU channels with maximum Doppler
frequency = 200 Hz.
Case I: ST and STPC with coding rates 1 and 0.5 with f max =
200Hz
Fig. 5 shows the average BER comparison for regular 1x1
OFDM, 2x1 and 4x1 ST-OFDM, and 2x1 and 4x1 STPC-
OFDM systems with N = 256 and the maximum Doppler
frequency, f max = 200 Hz, in TU area with code rate 1. Note
that the maximum Doppler spread to subcarrier frequency
spacing ratio is H D f max NTs 0.05 , in Fig. 5. It shows that
BER of the 2x1 ST scheme performs better than that of the
regular OFDM system due to the diversity gain in fading
channels. Furthermore, it is worth to notice that the BER of the
4x1 ST-OFDM system is almost the same as that of the 2x1 ST-
OFDM system. This is because a 4x4 orthogonal complex
transmission matrix does not exist as mentioned in Section IV.
However, the STPC exploits the available degrees of freedom
in the channel. Hence, BER of both 2x1 and 4x1 STPC schemes Fig. 6. BER comparison of regular OFDM, ST-OFDM, STPC-OFDM for 2x1,
with code rate 1 outperforms that of the 2x1 and 4x1 ST 2x2 and 2x4 respectively using code rate 1 in TU channels with maximum
Doppler frequency 300 Hz.
schemes significantly due to the ICI parallel cancellation. Note
that if TDM is employed, the transmission time slots required
Case III: 4x1 ST and STPC systems with = 300 Hz
for 4x1 STPC-OFDM systems with code rate 1 is eight, which
is the same as that of the 4x1 ST-OFDM systems having the With N = 256, by changing maximum Doppler frequency
coding rate 0.5. Hence, the channel gains remain constants for to 300Hz, the effect of Doppler frequency in TU and BU
eight- and sixteen- time slots for 4x1 STPC systems with code channel is observed in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. Both 4x1 ST-
rates 1 and 0.5, respectively. OFDM and 4x1 STPC-OFDM systems with code rate 0.5 are
more robust than the same systems with code rate 1 in a high
Case II: ST and STPC employing 2 transmit antennas and Doppler frequency channel, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, in both
multiple receive antennas with = 300Hz TU and BU channel. This is due to the 4x8 transmission
matrices of code rate 0.5 are orthogonal while the 4x4
The MIMO-STPC-OFDM scheme depicted in Fig. 4 is
transmission matrices of code rate 1 are not orthogonal.
simulated with the maximum Doppler frequency f max = 300 Hz Additionally, the higher diversity gain is obtained when this ST
in TU area with code rate 1. Note that the maximum Doppler code transmits four symbol vectors over 8-time slots due to
spread to subcarrier frequency spacing ratio is coding rate 0.5. Moreover, a smaller block size FFT with N=64
H D f max NTs 0.075 , in this case. Fig. 6 provides the results is employed in BU area in Fig. 8. It shows that the BER
with the number of the receiver antennas = 1, 2 and 4. Even performance of the STPC systems with a smaller OFDM block
though the diversity is increased by adding more receiver size is significantly better than that of a larger OFDM block
antennas, the improvements between ST and STPC are not size. Recall the assumption used to derive (3.11) that the complex
significant due to limited diversity gain. However, when channel gain remains constant during four consecutive time slots
comparing ST and STPC, under the same conditions, BER of in the system with coding rate 1 and eight consecutive time slots
in the system with coding rate 0.5. This is difficult to achieve
in BU area with larger OFDM block size. However, it is much
easy to achieve with smaller OFDM block size. Hence, a
smaller OFDM block size is a good choice for 4x1 STPC
schemes with code rates 1 and 0.5.
Fig. 7. BER comparison of 4x1 ST-OFDM and STPC-OFDM for coding rate 1
and 0.5 in TU channels with = 300Hz.
Fig. 8. BER comparison of 4x1 ST-OFDM, STPC-OFDM for coding rate 1 and
0.5 with different FFT sizes in BU channels, = 300 Hz.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper explores the expansion of STPC-OFDM
technique from 2x1 to 4x1 systems with code rates 1 and 0.5 for
OFDM access (OFDMA) downlink from BS to MU terminals.
It is found that a 4x1 STPC-OFDM system with rate 1 provides
outstanding BER performance than the conventional 4x1 ST-
OFDM systems with rate 0.5 in COST 207 slow TU and fast
BU frequency selective fading channels when Eb/N0 > 10 dB.
The MIMO-STPC-OFDM scheme is not only continuing
topping quality from both the ST (robust to OFDM symbol size)
and PC (ICI cancellation) schemes, but also outperforms the
simple MIMO-ST-OFDM scheme in mobile channels without
increasing in power, bandwidth, and system complexity. More
importantly, it shows the robustness on higher Doppler
frequency, which inevitably meets the trend of the growing
need for high data rate communication and better quality of
service in mobile communications. Diversity gain is also be
exploited by this MIMO-STPC-OFDM transceiver, which
requires only simple linear processing on the receiver side for
decoding. Furthermore, the simulation has proved the
importance of the complex orthogonality of ST code matrix.
More specific, through decreasing coding rate compromised the
orthogonality, we found the BER performance is also getting
better. Therefore, combining the orthogonality using the
orthogonal transmission matrices with other ICI cancellation
schemes will be a part of the further research.
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