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Information Communication Technology.

(f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh& (Grade 10-11)

e-Center ’ www.srilankaecenter.wordpress.com 0777-827871

Kumara Abeygunawardana. kumarawpp@yahoo.com
(ISA (In-service Advisor) of ICT in Matara Education Zone(Devinuwara,Dickwella Division), Marking Examiner of ICT –Examination Department
of Sri Lanka, ICT internal Training-Ministry of Education, GIT internal Training-National Institute of Education, CCCT-University of Ruhuna,
B.A-University of Peradeniya, Web design -GKI, Web Development-DLC, Computer Networking & Troubleshooting-Sri Lanka Telecom,
IPICT-NIIT, Microsoft.Net-IDM, Computer Hardware Training -KSA, Library Automation System- University of Ruhuna, Open Office-Information
Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka, Linux- Red Hat Linux India Pvt Ltd, Oracle ThinkQuest- Oracle Education Foundation &
ICT - 13 years Experience of Teaching, Learning process)

Computer Hardware:-
 Computer Hardware :-
Computer hard ware is the physical components (Touchable devices) of a computer system
e.g.:- Central Processing Unit (CPU ), Mother board, system clock, Ram, Rom, Hdd, Fdd,
Expansion boards, bus lines, key board, Mouse, Speakers, Printer, projector…act

 Components of computer system:-

01 Central Processing Unit (CPU ) :-

CPU is the “brain” of the computer. It reads and executers program instructions, Performs calculations,
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and make decisions. The speed of a CPU is measured in megahertz (MHZ).
 Different manufactures are making CPUS to day.
e.g.:- Intel, AMD, Cyrix, Motorola, IBM Power PC, Digital Alpha… ect
The CPU consists of two parts
(1) The control Unit (CU).
(2) The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

(1)Control Unit (CU)

This in interprets any instruction it receives from memory and directs the sequence of events he necessary to
execute the instruction.
Control Unit Uses a system clock which synchronies all tasks by sending out electrical pulses.
(11) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and divide.
It also performs logical operations, which involve comparison of data.

CPU Properties
Property Meaning Units

Speed The number of operations which can be MHZ,GHZ

performed per second
Word Size The largest number of bits which can be Bit
handled in one operation
Data Path The largest number of bits which can be Bit
transported in to the chip in one operation
Maximum Memory Amount of memory that CPU can address Mb,GB,TB

02 Mother board (main board):-

Mother board is the main circuit board in side the computer. All the main parts including CPU of the computers
are typically plugged in to the mother board. The mother board also provides sockets, called “expansion slots”.
to plug in “expansion cards”, extra circuit boards are called expansion cards.

Different manufactures are making Mother boards to day.

e.g.:- INTEL, GIGABYTE, ASUS, AOPEN,FOXCONN….ect
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Different Types of Ports

Atypical computer may provide a number of different type of ports of connect external devices to it.

Serial Port:-

There are two serial port versions. (1) 9 Pin version. (11) 25 Pin version.
A serial port is used to connect external modems or an older mouse to the computer.
Serial port is a male port and the typical data transfer rate over a serial port is 115 Kilobits per second.

Video Card Port:-

A Video Card port is used to connect a computer display monitor to a computer video card.
The Video Card port is a female port and has 15 holes.

Parallel port:-

A Parallel port is referred to as the printer port.

A Parallel port is used to connect external devices such as scanners and printers.
A Parallel port has 25 holes.
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PS 2 Port:-

A PS 2 Port is referred to as the mouse port. PS 2 Port has two ports.

A PS 2 Port is used to connect a mouse and key board with the computer.

USB Port:- (USB1,USB2,USB3)

A USB (Universal serial bus) Port is a fairly new port. It introduced around 1997.
A USB 2.0 Connectors were introduced in 2003 and capable of transferring data
480 Mbps.(Mbps=Mega byte pre second).
A USB Port is used to connect all kinds of external devices, such as external hard
drives, printers, Scanners.
USB compliant devices can draw power from a USB port.

Network Port:-

A Network Port is used to connect the computer to net work or to internet.

Light on these devices flicker
When the port is in use. Data travels through this port at speed of either 10
Megabytes or 100 Megabyte Depending on the speed of the network card in
the computer.

03 System Clock:-
Computers run to the beat of a clock. A clock in the computer that ticks on Million times per second is called
a one Megahertz (1 MHZ ) clock. Generally a faster clock means faster Execution of programs, hence
bettor performance.

04 Main memory (Main storage):-

The program and data must be in the main memory to be used by the CPU
Memory of a computer is measured in megabytes, Gigabytes, Terabytes (MB-GB-TB)
The three basic types memory used in a computer
(1) Cache Memory (11) Random Access Memory (RAM) (111) Read Only Memory (ROM)
(1) Cache Memory:-
The CPU contains a small amount of internal memory to keep data temporally for its immediate computations.
This memory is called level 1 cache
If the data required by the CPU is not in level 2 cache is searched.
The level 2 cache is situated typically out side the processor chip.
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(11) Random Access Memory (RAM):-

All running programs and their data are temporarily stored in the RAM. Programs can both read from and write
in to RAM. RAM is volatile. Which means that is loses its data when the computer is turned off.
RAM is supplied in modules. Small circuit boards which can be plugged in to the mother board in special
sockets.

(111) Read only memory (Rom):-

Rom is used to store data or programs that are permanent. Computer can read information stored in Rom
but cannot write it.
Rom is non-volatile. This means information stored in Rom is keep when Computer is turned off.
Rom stores critical programs such as the program that boots the computer.

Auxiliary Storage (Secondary Storage-Backing Storage):-

Auxiliary Storage devices are used to store large volumes of information more permanently. There are many types of
Auxiliary Storage devices.

05 Hard Disk Drive:-

A hard disk drive is a device housed inside the system unit of the computer. on which data is stored for
Later retrieval. A hard disk drive consists of multiple disks “platters” (magnetic surface).data can be
written or read from the hard disk drives. hard disk drives are useful as they can be used to transfer large
quantities of data between different computers. hard disk drive storage capacities range from a few
hundred megabytes to many gigabytes.
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06 Floppy disk:-
Floppy Disk is used to transfer small amount of data between computers. Floppy Disks are more
Sensitive and unreliable than hard disks. Storage capacity is typically 1.44 megabytes.

-Evolution of Diskettes-
Year Physical Size R/W Maximum Number of
Introduced (in inches) Capability Capacity sides used
1970 8 R 100 Kilobytes Single
1973 8 R/W 250 Kilobytes Double
1976 5.25 R/W 100 Kilobytes Single
5.25 R/W 1.2 Megabytes Double
1980 3.5 R/W 1.44 Megabytes Double

07 Zip disk and Jaz disk:-

These disks are used to store large amounts of data. Zip disk
capacities range from 100 MB to 750 Mb.Jaz disks capacities range
from 1 GB to 2GB.Both these disks read and write speed is
faster than floppy disks but slower than hard disks.

FORMATTING:-
Hard disks and diskettes must be formatted before saving data on them. Formatted can be considered an initialization
Process that prepare the disk or diskette electronically so that it can store data or programs.

08 Magnetic Tape (Data cartridge):-

Magnetic Tapes are similar to audio Types and store data in serial manner.
These tapes can store large amounts of data.

09 CD/DVD:-
CD (Compact Disc) Is plastic disk. data is optically written on its surface.The data written on the
disc is read using a CD ROM drive which uses lasers for this Purpose. Some CDs are
re-writeable. To write to a CD, a drive called “CD Writer” must be used. The faster the CD Rom
drive can read a CD, the faster the computer will be able to get Data from the CD.A typical CD
Can store 650 to 700 MB of data.
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) use a similar concept to CDs except that they are able to use multiple
surfaces on a single disc and so can be used to store larger amounts of data.
A typical DVD Can store From 2 GB to 8 GB of data.
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INPUT DEVICES:
01 Key board:-
The Key board is the oldest and most common in put device. Key board
used since the computer was manufactured. Basically each key is a switch.
The microprocessor scans the key board hundreds of times a second to
see if a key has been pressed. If it has ,a code that corresponds to that key
is sent to the processing unit. The CPU then translates this code in to the
ASCII code (American standard code).
02 Mouse:-

A Mouse is another popular input device. Mouse translates its movement on the
desktop in to digital information.A mouse usually consists two or three buttons. They are
used to make selection on the screen. These buttons are the mouse is classified as a
pointing device.
(OPTICAL MOUSE):-
An Optical mouse uses a LED (light-Emitting Diode) an Optical sensor and a DSP
(Digital Signal Processing) In place of the traditional mouse ball and electro-mechanical
transducer. )
03 Trackball (Tracker ball):-

A tracker ball is an upside down mouse. Tracker ball up side have a ball.
Track ball are often used in laptop computers.
The advantage of a tracker ball:-
Takes up much less space.Easier for some people with physical disabilities to use
compared to other input devices.

04 Joystick:-

Joystick is similar to a Trackball. They are mainly used for games

and also in scanners in hospitals. The cursor is moves on the
screen according to the way the stick is moved.

05 Touch Sensitive Pad:-

Touch Sensitive Pad is a small, used as a pointing device on a

some portable computers. By moving a finger or other object
along the pad, you can move the pointer on the display
screen.and you click by tapping the pad.

06 Light pen:-

Light pen is also input device. It is pen shaped device. The light pen is used to select a point on the screen.
The screen is refreshed about every 1/50 th of a second by a point of light traveling rapidly across it. Light
pen is used in designing e.g. CAD
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07 Touch screen:-

A touch screen is a screen that is sensitive to touch. A selection can be made from a menu on the screen
by touching part of it. Touch screen are used banks and building societies. We can also see touch screen
in restaurants and bars.

08 Barcode readers:-
Barcode readers are used to read bar codes.
Bar codes are light and dark. See following information by bar code
readers The country is mode, Expired data, Price, Manufacturer, ect

09 Fingerprint readers:-
Used to capture a fingerprint of a person in to the computer.

10 Graphics tablets (Digitizers):-

Graphics tablets are rather like electronic tracing paper. They come in all sizes (A4……..Az)
A cursor or puck is used on a graphics tablets to trace over technical drawing put in the screen using
Computer aided design package such as Auto Cad.

11 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR):-

Magnetic Ink Characters are the numbers that you see at the bottom of cheques. Characters are printed a
Magnetic Ink. Most of the European banks use MICR to encode the following information at the bottom of the
cheque. The cheque number - The branch number of the bank – The customer’s account number.

12 Optical character readers (OCR) and optical character recognition (OCR)

OCR is useful to convert text on paper to an electronic format that can be edited, using word processing software. An
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Optical character reader can recognize characters from their shape. Text is input using a scanner. Special OCR
software converts the scanned image in to standard ASCII code. After converting a scanned image in to characters
The document could be edited using word processing software. * OCR system often fail to recognize handwritten
characters and characters of unusual fonts. OCRS are mainly used check air Tickets.

13 Optical mark readers (OMR) and Optical mark recognition (OMR):-

Optical mark readers are used to sense marks made on a special form in right positions.Mark readers are used in multiple
choice answer sheet marking. capturing data from questionnaires and enrolment forms.

14 Microphone:-

Used as an input device to a Voice mail system. Voice mail uses the Internet to send, Store and receive voice
Messages.

15 Voice recognition:-

With the voice recognition you speak directly to the computer. Voice recognition particularly useful
for handicapped people with limited movement.It is now popular for inputting data in to word
processing of data base packages. A microphone is the input device for such systems.

16 Scanner:-
Scanners are used to scan text or pictures in to a computer’s memory. both black and
color scanners are available Scanners are also used to scan in photographs and
pictures for use in desktop publishing.

17 Digital camera:-
Digital cameras store the images digitally rather than on film.
Digital still cameras can be connected to a computer and the pictures taken on them can be
transferred while
Digital motion cameras or web cams can be used create vide and for video Conferencing
purpose.
NO Film needed.-There no expensive developing costs.
You can put photographic images directly in to a document without the need for a scanner.
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The pictures since they are in digital form can be sent immediately over the internet.
You can size (enlarge and reduce) the image as well as crop it (Cut out the part of the
photograph you wont).

18 Environment sensors:-
Movement, Temperature, Humidity etc can be monitored through a computer using these
devices.

- OUT PUT DEVICES -

01 MONITER:-

The most common output device today.

Sometimes referred to as the visual display Unit (VDU)
or display screens(DS).

The Monitor is based on the following properties

 Resolution:- (Resolution is the number of pixel which the screen can display.)
 The pixel is the picture element and refers to the smallest area of the screen that the computer can
change.
 The number of colors it can display (dependent on the computer as wall)
 Radiation out put
 The size ( 1511 1711 2111 )

Different types of display screens:-

(1) Cathode Ray Tube Monitor (CRT):-

A cathode ray tube and associated electronics Connected to the video out put of a
computer. These have higher resolution than TVs.
Larger monitor with high resolution are used for specialized application such as desk top
Publishing and CAD.

(11) Liquid Crystal Display Monitor (LCD):-

LCDs are screens made from two glass / plastics plates with liquid in between.
LCDs are commonly used for calculators and laptop computers, as they are for
flatter then is possible with cathode-ray screen used in TVs and standard computer
monitors.
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111 Light Emitting Diode Monitor (LED):-

LED monitor is, at its most basic, a new and improved version of the LCD
monitors. the key difference being that LED monitors use LED’s (a light-
emitting diode) to illuminate the display. LED monitors use LED backlight
to replace the cold cathode fluorescent lamps used in LCD monitors and it
are preferable to LCD due to the fact that they use less electricity, making
them far more energy efficient.

What’s the Difference LCD vs LED:-

The difference is the back-light of the monitors. While the technology of the displays of LCD’s and LED’s
is basically the same, the LCD monitor uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps as back-lights as compared to
the LED monitors that emit diodes. While this is not the only difference between the two, this is the main
difference, and a major point of contention between those who prefer LCD technology and those who prefer
LED technology.

02 Printer:-
Many different types of printer are in used today. Three most common printer types are:-
(1) Dot matrix printers:-
Dot matrix printers work by firing a matrix of tiny pins (which are located
In the print head) usually arranged in rows, through a ribbon similar to that
Found in a typewriter.
Such printers are cheap and have the lowest running cost compared to
any other type of printer.
As the head moves across the paper the correct pins are fired out to hit an
inked ribbon and form the shape of the character required.
The greater the number of pins, the higher the quality of the print.
Can be used
Dot matrix printers are used to print multipart stationery.
(11) Inkjet Printer:-
Inkjet Printers are also commonly called bubble jet printers. Inkjet Printers
print high quality graphics.
The technology involves ink flowing through the appropriate nozzle,
`Where it is then heated, so that a bubble is formed, which is expanded
to release a tiny droplet.
Inkjet Printers are cheap. They are quite expensive run. because the ink
Cartridges are expensive.
Inkjet Printer can not be used with multipart stationery.

(111) Laser Printer:-

Laser Printers are offer high speed printing and excellent quality in text and
graphics. They used toner cartridges. A laser beam is used to form an image on
a rotating charged metal drum. Then this picks up the toner and transfers it on to
paper. Afterwards heat and pressure are applied and the toner sticks to the
paper. Color Laser printers are now available. They mainly used for Desk Top
publishing. Color Laser printers are very expensive.
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03 Speakers and Head Phones:-

Speakers and Head Phones are used to get sound output from a Computer. There are different types of speakers.
e.g. 1. Simple sound speakers 2. Surround sound speakers.

04 Projector:-
Projector can be connected to the computer just as a monitor. The computer output on a
screen or a wall. These are used when the output has to be shown to a large audience.

UNIT
Smallest unit – 1 bit
8 bit = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)
1024 kilobyte- = megabyte (MB)
1024 gagebyte = 1 gagebyte (GB)
1024 gagebyte = 1 terabyte (TB)
1024 terabyte = 1 petabyte (PB)
1024 petabyte = 1 exabyte (EB)
1024 exabyte = 1 zettabyte (ZB)
1024 zettabyte = 1 yottabyte (YB)

Information Communication Technology.

(f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh& (Grade 10-11)

e-Center ’ www.srilankaecenter.wordpress.com 0777-827871

Kumara Abeygunawardana. kumarawpp@yahoo.com
(ISA (In-service Advisor) of ICT in Matara Education Zone(Devinuwara,Dickwella Division), Marking Examiner of ICT –Examination Department
of Sri Lanka, ICT internal Training-Ministry of Education, GIT internal Training-National Institute of Education, CCCT-University of Ruhuna,
B.A-University of Peradeniya, Web design -GKI, Web Development-DLC, Computer Networking & Troubleshooting-Sri Lanka Telecom,
IPICT-NIIT, Microsoft.Net-IDM, Computer Hardware Training -KSA, Library Automation System- University of Ruhuna, Open Office-Information
Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka, Linux- Red Hat Linux India Pvt Ltd, Oracle ThinkQuest- Oracle Education Foundation &
ICT - 13 years Experience of Teaching, Learning process)