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SEQUENCE CURRENT
DISTRmUTION ALONG TRANSMISSION LINES
By
<l--
SUBSTATION fAULTY
!F[EDING POINi) TOW[r<
Fig. 1
\ground WIN'
Fig. :!
Co = I~Zf)j (1)
CALCULATJOS OF THE ZEIW.SE()(,'ESCt: Ct:RHE.\T DI:;TRIBCTJO,Y 3(:;1
(2)
Zor-lo/<
Or Pr phase conductor
---t> I
z
Zov-lo/<
Ov Pv ground wire
-!>Jv
Ro
lo
09 ground
<t--Iz+Jv P"
Fig. 3
(3 )
ground-wire/ ground:
(4)
(6)
i. c. the relations thus obtained are identical to those giyen under 1 and 2,
For the sake of simplicity the 1 : 1 ratio, ideal coupling transformer has
been omitted from the equivalent circuit of Fig. 3. Without presenting the
:-::82 l. :iEB(j
phase conductor Or [)
·r
---v Iz.
-z -z
Zav-Zog
ground wire °v
---v Iv
Ro
lo
ground Og
<J---- Iz + Iv
Fig. 4
Pr
1~ Zor-Zog 17 Ivn
~ J ~ 6 ~
1-
[6 t -z -z t
19
Uzfnfl) { ~ l
<1---- 5 ~z
la
log
<r-- 2 <1---- 8
Iglnfl ) Ign
Fig. 6
® 3 6
® CD
@ B
Fiq. 7
lV + 1 = 12 - 8 + 1= 5.
the nodes included, without producing a closed loop. The tree chosen from the
many possible trees is represented in Fig. 8. The number of branches of th('
tree is B-L = 12-5 = 7, the numb('r of link;;:, i. e. that of the hranch('s
not belonging to the tree i~ L = 5.
/1
" 6
3
5 8
CD ®
([) 't
Fig. 8 Fig. V
"
(2'; 9 (J
3 3
5 8 5 8
11
Fig. ]0 Fig. 11
3 j
55t 8
12
To build up the tie-set matrix the 5 links of the giyen tree have to lw
coupled to the tree. Thus, fiyt~ tie-sets are obtained, and the directions of loop
currents flowing in these tie-sets are taken as equal to the respectiYe directions
of currents flowing in the links. According to the directions of hranch-currellt~,
the matrix elements can be either + I, or --I, or is 0, if the branch considerpd
does not belong to the loop inyestigated.
The in8ertion of the .) links can be follo,l-ed by considering Figs. 9 to
13. rsing the notations of the figures, matrix M takes the following form~
C.·1LCC-LATIO.Y OF THE ZERO-SEQUESCE CURRE.YT DISTIilBf.;TIO.Y 3Q~
(I --1 -1 -1 --1 0 0 0 0 (I 0
2 -+-1 (I --I -1 (I -1 -1 -;-1 0 0 (I
4 +1 ~-1 I) 0 0 I) (I 0 IJ 0 0 ()
5 -;-1 (I 0 0 ";"1 I) n (I n -1
Z1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 Z, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(I 0 Z:; 0 (I 0 0 (I 0 0 0 0
0 (I 0 Z\ 0 0 Cl 0 0 0 0 0
0 (I 0 0 Z5 0 Cl 0 0 0 0 (I
Z
0 0 0 0 0 Z,; 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 Cl 0 0 0 Z: 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z, 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z" 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z10 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Z\\ 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n () 0 0 Zl~
The matrix of SOl/Fe". which contaill8 the voltage" and curr{'nt~ takes tht·
following form:
Efl 0
0 (I
Ej:! 0
0 0
(I 0
0 0
Ef = 0
I.-J
0
O.
0 0
0 0
Efl/' 0
Etll 0
0 0
386 1. SEED
11 Ir(ll+l) Zl - 0
I~ Ion Zz - Ro
la Iz Z;) - 0
'1
15
Iz
I"ll
Zj
Z5
- Zoj-ZOg
- ZOV-ZO!!
16 1/; Z6 -Z
I, I, Z-; Z
Is Is Zs -Z (8)
I~ IQ Z9 - -Z
1 10 - It'll Z10 - 0 Ej10 = Uvrz
III - --I, Zll - 0 EjJl = Uzrz
Il~ - If(1l Zl~ - ZOg
and Z ZOk--ZO!!
It is known tha t
from which
(9)
Expref;sing I,. from Eq. 7 with I j = 0, we obtain
(H))
The loop equation::: ean })I' (leriyed by ('xpre,.:"ing matrix equation 10.
The steps are as follows:
0 0 0 Zj -Z5 Z6 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 --Z) Z5 0 -Z: Zs Z9 0 0 ()
}I Z - 0 0 0 -Z-1 Z5 0 --Z, Zs () 0 0 0
0 Z2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 () () ()
() 0 () () Z5 0 () --Z, 0 () () Z;'2
}I Z M't=
Z4"':" Z 5+ Z 6 --Z.1- Z 5 -Zl- Z 5 0 -Z.5
-Z1- Z 5 ZJ+ 5+ ,+ZS+Z" Z4+ Z 5+ Z 7+ Z 8
Z Z 0 Z5+ Z 8
-Zl- 5 Z Z)+Z5+ Z 7+ Z 8 ZC+- Z 5+ Z ,+ZS 0 Z5+ Z S
0 0 () Z2 0
-Z5 Z5+ Z 8 Z5+ ZS 0 Z5+ Z 8+ Z 12
The diagonal elements of matrix 1\'1 . Z . lV:I t are represented hy the loop
impedances of the tie-sets. The other elements correspond to the mutual
impedances of the loops, their signs depending on the relative direction of
the loops.
CALCULATIO,Y OF THE ZERO-SEQUKYCE CURREST DISTRIBUTIO_,- 387
-- Efl Ef3
Efl - E f ;\
Efl Ej;l E j10
Efl
Efl Efl 1
Loop 1:
Loop 3:
Loop 4:
U V(Il+1) - lOll R() 0
Loop ;):
Uz(n+l)' U z", Uv(n-'-l), Urn, I:, I:(n-;-l) and Im. This stage consists of the following
equations:
o (11)
(12)
I. !:'EB(j
and
U r(Tl7l) Z ( 14)
01:
U,,(Tl+l) Z (15 )
01' Ur(Tl':"I) = 0
[T r (ll+l)
Ien -0 (16)
Rv
12 0 1 0 0 Iz
ZOic 1
I1'(Tl71) 0
Ro Ro
1+
Ro_ I"" J
or, denoting the column Yector of the left-side quantItIes by B, that of the
right-side quantities by J, and the matrix of the generalized constants of the
calculation from tl1<' right to thp left hy A:
(1 7)
Relations 14 to 16 may, in an analogous 'way, be rewritten into a form
to permit the right-side quantitips of the six-terminal network to be expressed
I I
by th(' left-side quantities:
~",-
ZOiC
1 -ZOic
RI) U",,+»
0 0 0 Iz
+-~~
l:
U"n 1 -ZII" Ur(,,+I
Rn
1
I"" o 1 It"(1l71)
R(,
GALGUL.-1TIO.Y OF THE ZERO-SEQUESGE GURRE;YT DISTRIBUTIO.Y
or, introducing, in addition to the notations used so far, symbol C for denoting
the matrix of constants of the calculation from left to right:
(18)
A checking of relations under 19 has shown that A and C arc truly lIlverse
matrices of each other.
7. Elahol'ation of the calculation method for the case of fault supplied from
one side
Fig. 1-1
The calculation mcthod is descrihed on the hasis of Fig. 14, which is the
equivalent circuit of an overhead-line section con8i;;ting of 11 spans and confined
by the feeding point and the fault. The phase conductor, ground 'wire and
ground-return path, the tower groundings, as 'well as the mutual impedance
between phase-conductor and ground-'wire are sho'wn in the figure. The values
deviating from the elements of the hasic equivalent circuit of one span arc
indicated as full quadranglcs, such as the spreading resistance (Ra) of the
grounding grid installed at the supplying substation, as 'well as the resultant
(ZT) of the footing resistance of the faulty tower and the resultant impedance
of the ladder network extending beyond the fault. This ladder network con-
sists of the ground-wire sections and tower-footing resistances. Fig. 14 is other-
wise an equivalent circuit huilt-up of ground-return quantities.
The boundary conditions are as follows (Fig. 14): on the sidc of the fault,
i.e. on the right side of the first span, the phase conductor and ground wil'f~
are connected, due to the phase-to-ground fault, thus UZl = Uvl , further,
the ground wire and ground-return path are connected through impedance ZT.
Hence, column vector J 1 of the right-side quantitie5 will be
(I z -l- In) Zr
I z
(:20)
((~In)ZT
On the side of feeding. i.e. on the left side of the nth span, the groun(l
WIre and ground-return path are connected through Ra. In matrices An and
en referring to the nth span Rn is replaced by Ra, wlwrea" column vector Bn
will be
UZ(n~-l)
I.
(Iz - I,.,JR(1
-L
The equations (referring to the last, feeding-end span) gained In- dt'vt'l·
oping matrix {'quation Bn = An . J" are the following:
(:2l )
(22)
o 11I
(:2:\)
Relations 22, and 23 are identical, thus ,,-hen writing the matrix equa-
tion applying to the last span, after development, the number of equation::,
obtained is by one less than required. On the other hand, relation 22 may
also be written in another form, making use of em = Io(n-l)R o and I o(n-1)
= [UIl ["(11-1):
(2-} )
Eq. 24, however, is the saIIle as the loop equation of the nth span, referring to
the loop consisting of nodes 1- ·2 - 9 10, since it can be written that
C1LCULATIU." OF TIlE ZERO.SEQUE.YCE CVIWE.\T DISTlUlJUTJO,\· 391
and, after throwing the equation, the terms containing ZOg cancel each other:
o (24)
U zu
(25)
[I VII
I""
(26)
I n- 1 C . Bn - 1 (27)
(28)
5*
392 loo SEna
(29 )
Table I
The results gaincd by means of two methods and from equations based
on t"WO cntirely diffcren t theories show complete identity. This proves the
correctness of both the calculation methods and calculations. Another proof
oftllc corrcctness of the method is the fact that ZOg used as auxiliary quantity
has dropped out during the course of the calculation.
A further checking has heen provided by programming the basic data of
the field measurements described in [23] and computing the current distri-
bution by meallS of the digital computer. A very good coincidence of measured
and computed results has heen found.
As a summary, it may he stated that the tasks outlined ill Chapter 2
have successfully heen soh-cd by deyeloping a calculation method hased on
equations lending themseh-es to he set up in an extremely simple form.
::t,:
zero-sequence voltage rise in the phase conductor with respect to ground (at
the site of measurement),
a.c. voltage rise with respect to ground measured in the ground-wire sections,
a.c. voltage rise with respect to ground measured in the phase-conductor
sections.
Z ZOI;- Zog auxiliary quantity used with the basic equivalent circuit.
ZT resultant of R" and Z oe connected parallelly,
Z"e resultant impedance of the ladder network,
Z"J zero-sequence self-impedance of phase-conductors,
Zoo impedance of ground-return path in the zero-sequence circuits,
Zo~ zerO-:iequence mutual impedance between a phase conductor and ground ,vires,
Z,,( zero-sequence self-impedance of ground wires.
Ra resistance of Eubstation grounding grid.
R" tower footing resistancc.~ ~ ~
Other svmbol,,:
"fatrices:
Loop 2: UZ(lIll) Ir; (. Zo[ Zu,' +- 2Z0g ) I\) (Zor + Zoo . 2Z0g -I- Z)
-- lOll (Zo[+ Zo" 2Zog -I-- 2Z) . IJ{II (Zov ZlIgl- Z ) + U"(II-I-l) '.-= 0
The unknowns are: I z , In' I~2' and Uz~' and the available equation,. after
development and rearrangement:
Together with the last equation the above relations constitute Cl set of
simple, linear, inhomogeneous simultaneous equations in .3 unknowns, from
which 1"1 and 1"2 can be directly calculated by applying Cramer's rule. That
is just the reason for choosing a t"wo-span distance between feeding point and
fault, since in that case there is no need to make use of relations 27 and 28.
Thus, the above set of equations mav be written in the following form:
=)"1
1.3.5421 j4.7285
1
Ya x~J = (6.4991 --;- j2.1204)
D
Summary
The zero-sequence current distribution among ground wires and the ground Tt'tnrn
path of overhead transmission lines is subject to change in the surroundings of the fault and
feeding point. The paper deals with the concepts used in connection with the end-effect phe.
nomena of transmission lines, the necessity of solving the zero-seqnence current distribntion.
the problems encountered in the calculations, the factors influl'ncinf( the end-effect current
CALCULATIOS OF THE ZERO·SEQUE;VCE CURREST DISTRIBUTIOS 397
distribution and the assumptions adopted for the computations. A new system of calculation
using topological methods and matrices is described, and the procedure to be followed in the
case of ground.faults supplied from one side is given in detail. A numerical example is in·
eluded in the paper. The method is suitable for digital computer applications.
References