Design Standards and Specifications

The Standards used in the design are as per the National Structural Code of the

Philippines and Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards 2015.

A. Loadings

1. Combinations of Loads (NSCP 2015 Section 203.3)

Strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions

thereof shall resist the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored

loads.

1.4(D+F)

1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(LR or R)

1.2D + 1.6(LR+R) + (f1L or 0.8W)

1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(LR or R)

1.2D + 1.0E+ f1L

0.9D + 1.6W + f1L + 1.6H

0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

2. Dead Loads

Dead loads are constant load with value depends on the weight of all materials or

members involved in a structure. This members includes wall, roof, ceilings, stairways,

cladding finishes, floor and other architectural and structural items incorporated in one

building.
 The minimum standard design dead loads are presented in Table 204-1 and 204-2 of

the National Code of the Philippines 2015 edition.

3. Live Loads (NSCP 2015 Section 205)

Live loads are loads that are determined through the function and occupancy of the

building. Loads include the weights of all temporarily placed items on the structure. All

loads shall be maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case

shall be less than the loads required by this section. (NSCP 2015 Section 205.1)

The minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads are presented in Table 205-1 of

the National Structural Code of the Philippines.

4. Wind Load

Wind load is the most significant consideration in the computation of a structure’s

stability. The velocity used in a computations depends on the location of the structure.

Since the location of the project is in Batangas province, it is classified as Zone II with a

velocity of

For the main wind force resisting system: Determine Ps for the horizontal pressures

which is the combination of the windward and leeward net pressures and shall be

determined by the following equations:

Ps = λKZTIwPs9

The net design wind pressure, Pnet, for the components and cladding of buildings

shall be determined by the following equation:

Pnet = λKztIwPs9

5. Seismic load
B. Reinforced Concrete

1. Design Assumptions for Moment and Axial Strength (Code Section 422.2)

a) Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each section.

b) Strain in concrete and non-prestressed reinforcement shall be assumed

proportional to the distance from neutral axis.

2. Design Assumptions for Concrete

a) Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be

assumed equal to 0.003.

b) Tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected in flexural and axial strength

calculations.

c) The relationship between concrete compressive stress and strain shall be

represented by rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or other shape that results

in prediction of strength in other substantial agreement with results of

comprehensive tests.

d) Equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution

i. Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over

an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross section

and a line parallel to the neutral axis located a distance α from the fiber

of maximum compressive strain, as calculated by:

𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐

ii. Distance from the fiber of maximum compressive strain to the neutral

axis, c, shall be measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.

iii. Values of 𝛽1 shall be in accordance with:

 a. 17 ≤ f’c ≤ 28, 𝛽1 = 0.85

0.85(𝑓’𝑐−28)
b.28 < f’c < 55, 𝛽1 = 7

c. f’c ≥ 55, , 𝛽1 = 0.65

3. Axial Load Capacity of Columns

For a columns that are exposed to purely axial load, the nominal load Pn that it

can carry is the sum of the strength of concrete and the strength of steel. In equation,

it can be presented as:

𝑃𝑛=0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔−𝐴𝑠𝑡 +𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡

To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is

multiplied by 0.80 for tied columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the

ultimate axial strength of the column is expressed as ΦPn ( NSCP: Φ = 0.65 for tied

columns and Φ = 0.75 for spiral columns).

4. Reinforcement Details (NSCP Section 425)

a) Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement (NSCP 425.2)

i. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear

spacing shall be at least the greatest of 50mm, db, and (4/3)dagg.

ii. For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestal, struts and boundary

elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be at least the greatest

of 40mm, 1.5db, and (4/3)dagg.

b) Standard Hooks Inside bend Diameter

i. Standard hooks for the development of deformed bars in tension shall

conform to Table 425.3.1 (NSCP 2015).

ii. Minimum inside bend diameter for bars used as transverse reinforcement

and standard hooks for bars used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and spirals

shall conform to Table 425.3.2 (NSCP 2015). Standard hooks shall

enclose longitudinal reinforcement.