Evolution of Network Synchronization Technologies: Chuck Perry

Evolution of Network
Synchronization Technologies
Hydro-Quebec Symposium
May 16, 2016
Chuck Perry
cperry@Oscilloquartz.com
Oscilloquartz at a Glance
• Member of the ADVA Optical Networking Group
• Focused offerings for communications, government and enterprise
sync applications
• Longstanding relationship with customers worldwide
• Around 100 sync focused partners in about 80 countries around the
globe
• State-of-the-art time and frequency systems
• End-to-end solutions for all markets
• Timing delivery and assurance Excellency
Innovation leader for timing distribution and assurance
2 © 2015 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved. Confidential.

The Objective of Synchronization Is …
Answering PBX Telephone

machine
Public switch
Laptop computer
IBM Compatible Fax
City
Public switch … to enable service providers to transport

IBM Compatible
bits of information within and across network
Answering boundaries without losing any bits of information.
machine Fax
Town
This is accomplished by synchronizing all
transmitted signals to a common stable frequency
Telephone
Television PBX
Laptop computer source.

Common Sync Problems
QUICK PROBLEMS CHECKLIST
Voice Audible Click

Fax Illegible text
Email Retransmitted data
Video Corrupted video
Cell/PCS Dropped calls
SONET/TDM Data loss
ATM Corrupted data
VoIP-voice Latency (echo)
VoIP-FAX Dropped calls
Poor synchronization is the most common, non-obvious, cause of service degradation

Typical Hierarchical Synchronization Plan
Stratum
1
Stratum
Stratum 3E
3E
Stratum Stratum
1 Stratum 3E
Stratum Stratum
Stratum 2 3 3
Stratum 3E
3E
Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum

3E 2 1 2 Stratum
3
Stratum
2
Distributing a highly accurate frequency reference to all
Network Elements in an effort to elevate the internal
Oscillators of the network elements to that of the frequency
source (Stratum 1)

ANSI Clock Standards
Stratum-1 1 x 10-11 Not Defined Not Defined
1.6 x 10-8 1 x 10-10 per 1.6 x 10-8

Stratum-2 day, 1st 24 hrs.
4.6 x 10-6 1 x 10-8 per 4.6 x 10-6

Stratum-3E day, 1st 24 hrs.
< 255 DS1 slips,
Stratum-3 4.6 x 10-6 1st 24 hrs. 4.6 x 10-6
SMC 2.0 x 10-5 4.6 x 10-6 2.0 x 10-5
Stratum-4 3.2 x 10-5 Not Defined 3.2 x 10-5
The maximum MTIE during a reference rearrangement for

SONET interfaces is 1 ms or 20 ns in any 14 ms.
The Objective of Synchronization Is …
Df = The average rate of phase accumulation (Dt/t)
1 picosec/sec  1x10-12 (1 ppt) (part per trillion)

10 picosec/sec  1x10-11
100 picosec/sec  1x10-10
1 nanosec/sec  1x10-9 (1 ppb) (part per billion)
10 nanosec /sec  1x10-8
100 nanosec /sec  1x10-7
1 msec /sec  1x10-6 (1 ppm) (part per million)
Df = fractional frequency offset

Frame Slips Due to Clock Offsets
Write Clock
Clock Extraction To
Switching
Matrix
Buffer
Incoming (Typically two frames or 250 usec)
Signal
Read
Clock
System Clock
Frequency offsets between traffic terminating elements are

reflected in the phase alignment of the read and write clocks
of Slip Buffers. Poorly synchronized networks cause these
buffers to slip, resulting in frame slips.
8
Frequency Standards
Stratum Levels Technology
“Stratum 0” Optical Cesium 1 X 10-15
Hydrogen Maser
Stratum-1 Cesium Standards

GPS Receivers
Stratum-2E
Stratum-2 Rubidium Oscillators
HQQ +
Stratum-3E
Stratum-3 Quartz Crystal Oscillators
Stratum-4 1 X 10-5
9
Tuned Circuits
PRS - Cesium
In 1967 the esium atom was recognized as the basis
for the international standard (SI) unit of time
Atomic resonant frequency is exactly 9,192,631,770 Hz
Telecom Cesium devices have, typically, rT/T of 1 picosecond/second

(or a 1x10-12 frequency offset)
One Day rT = 86,400 picoseconds

One Year rT = 31,536 nanoseconds
12 Years rT = 378 microseconds
Less than 1/2 ms time error (with respect to UTC) for the life of the tube.
(“Turn it on, and forget about it”)
All PRS equipment will be traced back to a Cesium standard.
10

PRS - Global Positioning System
All GPS satellites contain multiple Stratum 1 Clocks (Cesium and/or Rubidium standards).
The Clocks in the satellites keep accurate time to within three nanoseconds. A GPS
Primary Reference Receiver will derive the accuracy of the standards and provide a very
stable Stratum 1 clock source. The GPS satellites are in half synchronous orbit so they
circle the earth twice a day.
11

GPS Space Segment
• The space segment consists of low

earth orbit (LEO) satellites, 24 in all: 21
navigational SVs and 3 active spares
orbit at 11,000 nautical miles above the
Earth. There are six orbital planes (with
4 SVs in each), equally spaced (60
degrees apart), and inclined about 55
degrees with respect to the equatorial
plane.
12
GPS Control Segment
• The GPS control segment consists of a system

of monitor stations located around the world
(Hawaii and Kwajalein in the Pacific Ocean;
Diego Garcia in the India Ocean; Ascension
Island in the Atlantic Ocean; and Colorado
Springs, Colorado) a master ground station at
Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado Springs,
Colorado; and four large ground antenna
stations that broadcast signals to the satellites.
13
Primary Reference Source Options
 Self-contained, highly-reliable PRS

Antenna not required
City Long-term capitalization factor is low
CESIUM Time-of-day not available
 Highly reliable PRS

Roof access required for antenna
Long-term capitalization factor is high
Town
Time-of-day available
GNSS
14
TSG Architecture
15
Building Integrated Timing Supply - BITS
ATM DS3
DSL CC/DS1 Stratum 1
DSLAM IP OC3
PRS
DS1 MSS
DS3 DS1
MUX OC3
TSG
Channel DS1 I
ATM S
Banks
Switch D
DS0
N
CC
DS0 CC OC48
CC
SONET OC48
DS0 DS1 ADM
CC EC1
DS0 DS1 51 Mbit
CC/DS1 DS1
Toll SONET OC192
DS1 DCS STP
Switch ADM
OC192
DS3 16

Inter-Office Timing Distribution - SONET
17
Timing Loops
18
Bi-Directional Switched Ring
19
Bi-Directional Switched Ring

SSM – Sync Status Messaging
21
SONET SSM Formats

SSM Rules for Implementation

SSM Bi-Directional Ring Configuration
24
SSM – Bi-Directional Ring Configuration
25
Packet Timing
Technologies
Chuck Perry
512-431-3103
NTP Overview
 Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronizes clocks of hosts and routers
in the Internet
 The NTP architecture, protocol and algorithms have been evolved over
the last two decades. Currently NTP Version 4 is being developed
 Well-tested and widely-deployed protocol
 NIST estimates 10-20 million NTP servers and clients deployed in
the Internet and its tributaries all over the world. Every
Windows/XP has an NTP client
 NTP provides nominal accuracies of low tens of milliseconds on WANs,

submilliseconds on LANs, and submicroseconds using a precision time
source such as a GNSS receiver
 Traditional implementations are primarily software-based. Non-

deterministic delays in networking stacks contribute to significant
timing inaccuracy
27
NTP Protocol Overview
Client Server
Client sends
• Clock offset:
request at T1 • [(T2 – T1) + (T4 – T3)] / 2
T1 = Server
T2 receives
10:15:00
request at
• Round-trip delay:
T2 = • (T4 – T1) – (T3 – T2)
10:15:12
T3 Server sends
Client response at
receives T4 T2 =
response at 10:15:15
T2 =
10:15:30
» Key Assumptions:
– Network delay is symmetric in both
directions
 One-way delay is half of round-trip delay
– Client and server clocks drift at the same
rate
NTP Stratum Levels
 Hierarchical layering of clocks based on
number of hops from primary
reference source
Stratum 1
S1 S1
 Stratum 1 servers are synchronized
with a GPS source
Stratum 2
S2 S2 S2 S2
 Stratum 2 servers use client/server
Stratum 3 mode to synchronize with up to six
Stratum 1 servers and symmetric
S3 S3 S3 S3 S3
mode to synchronize with other
Stratum 4
servers on the same stratum level
S4 S4 S4 S4  Stratum 4 clocks work in client mode

to synchronize with servers in Stratum
3
NTP Stratum levels are not the same as ANSI/ITU-T Stratum levels!
29
IEEE1588 Protocol Overview
Master Clock Time Slave Clock Time
• The Slave collects the time

Data at
Slave Clock
t1 Sy nc Message
values t1, t2, t3, t4 during a
transaction and calculates
t2m t2 t2
final offset (o) between
Master and Slave clocks
Followup Message
containing v alue of 1t
t1 t2
canceling out network delay
(d) as follows:
t3m t3 t1 t2 t3
Delay Request
Message
t2 –t1 = o + d
t4
Delay Response Message t4 - t3 = -o + d

containing v alue of 4t
t1 t2 t3 t4
o = (t2 + t3 – t1 – t4) / 2
d = (t2 – t1 + t4 – t3) / 2
Time

IEEE-1588 Version 1
• IEEE 1588 (commonly known as Precision Time Protocol,

PTP) was ratified as a standard in September 2002
• LAN technology providing timing for the control of

distributed applications
• Slow transaction rates
• Version 1 of the protocol used for applications in

• Industrial automation
• Test and measurement
• Military
• Version 2 developed for telecom applications

• Early adopters include Vodafone, T-Mobile, etc.
31
IEEE 1588v2 Enhancements
• IEEE 1588v2 meets accuracy requirements for Telecom applications

• High refresh rates up to 128 messages per second
• Correction field for asymmetric measurements
• Several modes supported

• Broad-cast, Multi-cast and Uni-cast are permitted
• Smaller message length to conserve bandwidth

• 72 octets (44 for 1588v2 payload)
• Multiple Master Clock selection methods
• Manual, Semi-automatic, Fully-automatic
• Transparent Clocks to reduce accumulation of timing errors across

network elements in cascaded topologies
• Enhanced security
• Configurable network in combination with Best Master Clock algorithm for GrandMaster
• HASH codes
32 © 2015 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved. Confidential. 32

Precision Time Protocol (PTP) Explained
• Protocol used to synchronize clocks
throughout a network.
• The Grandmaster (GM) “reference

L2/L3 device
clock” sends a series of time-
1588
(BC)
stamped messages to slaves
• Slaves receive the messages, and

1588
1588 External
(BC) Slave (client) eliminate the round-trip delay by
Grandmaster
(Server)
1588 Packet Flow synchronizing to the Grandmaster.
1588
Boundary Clock (BC)
(BC) • Frequency/Time-of-Day/Phase is
recovered from the accurate time of
1588
1588 day reference from the GM.
• Boundary Clocks (BC) can receive

External PTP as a reference, while providing
Slave (client) Embedded GM functionality downstream to other
Slave (client)
clients.

Transparent Clock
Transparent Clock
A Transparent Clock is
M S neither a master nor a
IP Network slave. It is merely a switch
Grandmaster Trasparent Clock Slave that adjusts a PTP
message’s timestamp to
compensate for its own
queueing delays
Grandmaster Transparent Clock Slave
 A Transparent Clock
contains no PTP ports.
PTP PTP
 Timestamp in
UDP UDP
incoming message is
IP IP modified before
sending the message
MAC MAC MAC MAC
out
MII MII MII MII  Creates security
issues, since original
PHY PHY PHY PHY crypto checksum is
not valid anymore
34
Boundary Clock
Boundary Clock
S M
A Boundary Clock extends
M S M
IP Network
S synchronization across an
intermediate network
Grandmaster Boundary Clock Slave element
Grandmaster Boundary Clock Slave

 A boundary clock contains
Slave Master more than one PTP port:
PTP PTP PTP PTP

 a slave port that is
UDP UDP UDP UDP synchronized with a
remote master, and
IP IP IP IP  a master port that
MAC MAC MAC MAC synchronizes other
slaves downstream
MII MII MII MII  Synchronization
PHY PHY PHY PHY
messages are
terminated at each port
and not forwarded
35
Mobile Backhaul / The Challenges
Application Radio Interface Backhaul
Frequency Phase Frequency Phase
CDMA 2000 ±50ppb ±3 to 10µs GPS GPS
GSM/WCDMA ±50ppb n/a ±16ppb n/a
LTE (FDD) ±50ppb n/a ±16ppb n/a
LTE (TDD) (large cell) ±50ppb ±5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs
LTE (TDD) (small cell) ±50ppb ±1.5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs
LTE-A MBSFN ±50ppb ±1 to 5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs

±500nsec to
LTE-A CoMP* ±50ppb ±16ppb 500ns - ±1.1µs
5µs
LTE-A eICIC* ±50ppb ±1 to 5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs
New timing distribution architectures are Now Required!

* The performance requirements of the LTE-A features are under study by 3GPP

Network Synchronization Migration (L2/L3)
1st mile 2nd mile Aggregation Core (IP/MPLS)
GPS PRS
Ethernet
SSU/
TSG
Ethernet
CENTRAL OFFICE
FREQUENCY IS STILL REQUIRED,

BUT MANY APPLICATIONS NOW
REQUIRE PRECISE PHASE & TIME

Network Synchronization Migration (L2/L3)
1st mile 2nd mile Aggregation Core (IP/MPLS)
GPS PRS
Ethernet
SSU/
TSG
Ethernet
CENTRAL OFFICE
FREQUENCY IS STILL REQUIRED,

BUT MANY APPLICATIONS NOW
REQUIRE PRECISE PHASE & TIME

Distributed Architecture
• Can be added to any exiting NE’s • Small footprint and Cost effective
• Wide Temperature range • Highly integrated
• Simple configuration • Very low power (1.2W)
Embedded or
Low Cost SFP GNSS
GNSS/GM/T-SC
GM closer to end application GNSS
T-SC
Mini-GM
T-SC T-GM
Mid-PTP
First Aggregation Node Grandmaster
T-SC
Packet-Based Backhaul Network

Mid Scale GM with APTS in Aggregation Node
– Core GM Protection
PTP fully aware or partly aware network
G.8275.1/G.8275.2 GNSS

PTP unaware or partly aware
G.8265.1 /G.8275.2
5420
GM GNSS
T-SC
Boundary
T-SC Clock & T-GM
BC
PTP
T-SC
Grandmaster
First
Aggregation
Node
Remote
Base Station
GNSS only at first aggregation site

1588v2 with Full/Partial On Path Support to Cell Sites
APTS in case of GNSS failure

Mid Scale GM with APTS in Aggregation Node
– Core GM Protection
PTP fully aware or partly aware network
G.8275.1/G.8275.2 GNSS

PTP unaware or partly aware
G.8265.1 /G.8275.2
Mid-Scale
GM GNSS
T-SC
Boundary
T-SC Clock & T-GM
BC
PTP
T-SC
Grandmaster
First
Aggregation
Node
Remote
Base Station
GNSS only at first aggregation site

1588v2 with Full/Partial On Path Support to Cell Sites
APTS in case of GNSS failure

Performance Monitoring & Probing
• Software feature that

measures and reports
the status/state of the
sync network
• Embedded in Many
Synchronization products
• Analogous to Perf Mon
and Bit Error Rate in
traditional networks
• SLA Verification

PTP Network Probe Statistics and Results
• Packet Counters (arrived, lost)

• PD (Path Delay) – min, max, avg., forward only
• MPD (Mean Path Delay) – min, max, avg., both
directions
• RPDV (Residual Path Delay Variation) – min,
avg., both directions (based on observed Delay
Floor); Current Value and Histogram
Network Score -FR
• Network Usability (based on G.8261.1 FPP);
Current Value and Histogram
Network Score -REV
Lost /Received

Network Management
• Build, Monitor and Expand a Reliable Sync network

• Reduce on-site Operation with a Centralized Management process
• Performance monitoring, Fault and Event management
• Dedicated for sync network monitoring

• Provide access to
• Core, edge and access sync equipment

1588 for Power Utilities
Chuck Perry
512-431-3103
Why Is Timing Relevant?
There are many definitions for the smart grid, but
Generation
in short …
• We need to do more with less
• Utilities need to do things differently
Power Flow
• Distributed generation & energy flows create network
stability concerns
& Distribution
Transmission
• New reliability and security regulation

Protection, Telecommunication, Metering and
Control (PTM&C) technologies will have the biggest
impact Power Flow
Timing is inherent to PTM&C

And There Is the Regulatory Need
Au3 blackout… the case for forensics
• Blackout in north-east USA focused attention on the electric power grid
• After investigating, NERC suggested GPS time stamping throughout the grid
• Power System Outage task force endorsed NERC’s timing recommendation
NERC standard PRC-018-1

NERC … North American Electric Reliability
Corporation
• Utilities must maintain a time accuracy

better than 2 ms in disturbance recorders
• Time shall be in Coordinated Universal
Time (UTC) format

Timing Dependent Applications
Traditional Applications Advanced Applications
• TDM communication networks • Lightning strike monitoring
• Travelling wave fault location
• Grid frequency management
• Synchrophasor measurement
• Event correlation (network and substation level)
• Merging Units/Sample Values
• relays record reason for operation
• analogue trace recorders
• Control centre computers & terminal units (RTU)
• Scheduled load shedding
• Quality of Supply metering
• Energy metering (time of use tariffs)

Smart Grid Timing Needs Today!
Accurac
Application Measurement Time Interface Sync Source
y
TW Fault Locator 300 m (line span) 1 μs PTP, IRIG-B, PPO GPS, 1588 GMC
Phasor Measurements ± 0.1 degree 1 μs PTP, IRIG-B (1344) GPS, 1588 GMC
Lightning Strike Correlation Grid-wide events 1 ms IRIG-B GPS
PTP, IRIG-B GPS, IRIG-B, 1588

Protection Relaying events < 1 cycle 1 ms
IEC 61850 GMC
Event/Disturbance Recorders < 1 cycle 1 ms PTP, IRIG-B, PPO GPS, 1588 GM
Network, Distribution & GPS, Control Centre,

Grid-wide events 1 ms PTP, IRIG-B
Substation Control 1588 GMC
Quality of Supply Metering Freq, time error 0.5 sec PTP, IRIG-B, PPO GPS, 1588 GMC
Bulk Metering Energy registers 0.5 sec Proprietary, PPO Proprietary
Customer Premises Metering Energy registers 1 sec NTP, Proprietary Proprietary, NTP
SCADA/EMS/PAS Grid-wide status 1 ms NTP, ASCII GPS
Frequency Measurement Frequency 1 ms N/A GPS

Sampled Values Volt/Current 1 μs PTP 1588 GM
PTP G.8265
Telecommunication SDH/PDH G.812/813 GPS, 1588 GMC
2.048 Mbps/MHz

IEEE 1588 Overview
IEEE 1588-2008 …
• Also referred to as Precision Time Protocol (PTP)
• Grandmaster “reference clock” sends time-stamped messages to IED’s
• Communication is over the Ethernet with traffic
• IED’s (slaves) eliminate round-trip delay & synchronize to the GMC
Accuracy is enhanced by:
• Hardware time-stamping (eliminate software processing delays)
• 1588 capable switches (transparent/boundary clocks)
• Best Master Clock schemes IEEE 1588
Aware Switch
61850 LAN
1588 1588 1588 1588
Grandmaster
(GMC)
IED

IEEE 1588 Power Profile
• IEEE PSRC co-ordinates with IEC TC57 WG10 (IEC
61850)
• Tasked with developing IEEE Standard PC37.238 –
“Profile for Use of IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol
in Power System Applications”
• Profile characteristics:
• LAN (Layer 2 Ethernet mapping)
• Multicast addressing only
• Peer-to-peer delay measurement
• Switches must be transparent clocks
• Holdover time defined
• http://www.pes-psrc.org/h/ Power Profile
Defined by IEEE PSRC (C37.238)
Substation LAN applications

What Has Changed For Timing
From application perspective
• Accuracy increasing from 1ms to 1μs
From the regulatory perspective

• Timing of recorders is mandatory
Within the substation

• IRIG-B ports won’t be in future IED’s
• Timing is needed in the switch yard
• Sampled values make synchronization a necessity - no
longer an option
• Must know clock quality and status (unmanaged GPS
clocks not sustainable)
• Substations LANs change the way timing is distributed
- IEEE 1588

IEEE 1588 on the IEDs
• IEDs with IEEE 1588 power profile
LAN 1
LAN 2
LAN 3

Interoperability Between Vendors
• Implementation of C37.238 (power profile) grandmasters, switches and slaves in
IED’s
• Inter-operability of C37.238 aware components IEEE Plugfest, ISPCS Conference
• IEEE PSRC working group New Hampshire, USA
standard for conformance &

performance testing
• IEEE 1588 plugfests

Phasor Measurement Unit
A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device which
measures the electrical waves on an electricity grid.
55
What is a Synchrophasor
Time synchronization allows synchronized real-time measurements of multiple
remote measurement points on the grid. The resulting measurement is known
as a synchrophasor.
• A mailbox-sized, monitoring device that can

measure the instantaneous voltage, current
and frequency at specific locations on the grid.
• They give power grid operators a near-real-

time picture of what is happening on the
system.
Gives power grid operators a near-real-time

picture of what is happening on the system.
56
Synchophasor Applications

Is GPS Safe Enough?
N.J. man fined

$32K for illegal
GPS device that
disrupted Newark
airport system

Is GPS Safe Enough?
GPS jammer
5 band
jammer L1,
GPS car L2, L3, L4, L5
jammers + RF lowjack
59
Jammer Hunting with UAV
A fully autonomous,
unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV)-based
system for locating
GPS jammers, currently
under development,
seeks to localize a
jammer to within 30
meters in less than 15
minutes in an area
comparable to that of
an airport
60
Protecting The GNSS
Aging/Day Temperature Operational
stability temperature
Quartz ± 5e-10 ± 5e-9 -40 to 65C
Quartz ± 5e-11 ± 1e-11 -40 to 65C
HQ++
Aging can be estimated with
Rubidium ± 5e-12 ± 2e-10 -40 to 45C
GNSS and eliminated
24 Hours
Quartz HQ++ Holdover
500
ns
Enter
holdover
• Tested in the oven with
temperature profile +/-20C
• Phase holdover over 24

hours below 500nsec !

Timing Delivery for Substations
Mid PTP GM
… Today and Tomorrow
RELAY ROOM
Substation Alarm QOS
Gateway Annunciator Meter
Substation
PTP Switch
Telecom Profile
G.8265.1
G.8275.1 61850 LAN
 PTP
GNSS IEEE C37.118 PMU Protection
PTP Primary  NTP Relay
Secondary
IRIG-B Bus
DS1 IRIG B 1PPS

G.703
9/13
Remote Event
ADM Terminal Recorder
Unit (RTU)
Protection Schemes

Thank You
IMPORTANT NOTICE
The content of this presentation is strictly confidential. ADVA Optical Networking is the exclusive owner or licensee of the content, material, and information in this
presentation. Any reproduction, publication or reprint, in whole or in part, is strictly prohibited.
The information in this presentation may not be accurate, complete or up to date, and is provided without warranties or representations of any kind, either express or
implied. ADVA Optical Networking shall not be responsible for and disclaims any liability for any loss or damages, including without limitation, direct, indirect, incidental,
consequential and special damages,
alleged to have been caused by or in connection with using and/or relying on the information contained in this presentation.
Copyright © for the entire content of this presentation: ADVA Optical Networking.
Abbreviations
3ϕ Three Phase IED Intelligent Electronic Device
61850 A standard for the design of an electrical substation (more detail) IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers
AMI Advanced Metering Infrastructure IRIG-B Inter-Range Instrumentation Group time-code B
ADM Add-Drop Multiplexor (SDH/SONET terminal) NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation
NTP Network Time Protocol
AMR Automatic Meter Reading
OC Ordinary Clock (PTP reference)
CES Circuit Emulation Service
PAS Power Application Software
CT Current Transformer PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
DFR Digital Fault Recorder PMU Phasor Measurement Unit
DNP Distributed Network Protocol PPO Programmable Pulse Output (e.g. 1PPS)
DR Demand Regulation, or PQ Power Quality
DR Disturbance Recorder PSN Packet Switched Network
DSM Demand Side Management PSRC Power System Relaying Committee
EHV Extra High Voltage PT Potential Transformer (sometimes called a VT
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility PTM&C Protection, Telecommunication, Metering/Measurement and Control
PTP Precise Time Protocol
EV Electric Vehicle
QOS Quality of Supply
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
GMC Grandmaster Clock
SCADA Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition
GOOSE Global Object Oriented Substation Event SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
GUI Graphic User Interface SV’s Sampled Analog Values
FTM Frequency & Time Deviation Monitor TW Travelling Wave
HV High Voltage UTC Universal Coordinated Time (world standard)
I Current VT Voltage Transformer (sometimes called a PT)
IP Internet Protocol
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

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Evolution of Network

Innovation leader for timing distribution and assurance

2 © 2015 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved. Confidential.

Answering PBX Telephone

IBM Compatible Fax

Public switch … to enable service providers to transport

3 © 2015 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved. Confidential.

QUICK PROBLEMS CHECKLIST

Voice Audible Click

Poor synchronization is the most common, non-obvious, cause of service degradation

4 © 2015 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved. Confidential.

Stratum Stratum Stratum Stratum

5 © 2015 ADVA Optical Networking. All rights reserved. Confidential.

Stratum-1 1 x 10-11 Not Defined Not Defined

1.6 x 10-8 1 x 10-10 per 1.6 x 10-8

4.6 x 10-6 1 x 10-8 per 4.6 x 10-6

SMC 2.0 x 10-5 4.6 x 10-6 2.0 x 10-5

Stratum-4 3.2 x 10-5 Not Defined 3.2 x 10-5

The maximum MTIE during a reference rearrangement for

1 picosec/sec  1x10-12 (1 ppt) (part per trillion)

Df = fractional frequency offset

Frequency offsets between traffic terminating elements are

Stratum-1 Cesium Standards

Telecom Cesium devices have, typically, rT/T of 1 picosecond/second

One Day rT = 86,400 picoseconds

All PRS equipment will be traced back to a Cesium standard.

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• The space segment consists of low

• The GPS control segment consists of a system

 Self-contained, highly-reliable PRS

 Highly reliable PRS

DS0 DS1 51 Mbit

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 NTP provides nominal accuracies of low tens of milliseconds on WANs,

 Traditional implementations are primarily software-based. Non-

S4 S4 S4 S4  Stratum 4 clocks work in client mode

• The Slave collects the time

Delay Response Message t4 - t3 = -o + d

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• IEEE 1588 (commonly known as Precision Time Protocol,

• LAN technology providing timing for the control of

• Version 1 of the protocol used for applications in

• Version 2 developed for telecom applications

• IEEE 1588v2 meets accuracy requirements for Telecom applications

• Several modes supported

• Smaller message length to conserve bandwidth

• Transparent Clocks to reduce accumulation of timing errors across

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• The Grandmaster (GM) “reference

• Slaves receive the messages, and

• Boundary Clocks (BC) can receive

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Grandmaster Boundary Clock Slave

PTP PTP PTP PTP

LTE (TDD) (large cell) ±50ppb ±5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs

LTE (TDD) (small cell) ±50ppb ±1.5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs

LTE-A MBSFN ±50ppb ±1 to 5µs ±16ppb ±1.1µs

New timing distribution architectures are Now Required!

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