c S
 

ʹ is a branch of medicine which c ^ 

S  S
  

deals with the application of medical knowledge
to the purposes of law and in the administration
of justice.
© Àt is the application of basic and clinical,
medical and paramedical sciences to
elucidate legal matters.
î  non mous to
• Jorensic Medicine.
• Medical Jurisprudence.
© S
  ʹ is primaril the application
of medicine to legal cases.
© J

  - concerns with the
application of medical science to elucidate
legal problems.
 
© uivil Law ʹ is a mass of precepts that
determines and regulates the relation of
assistance, authorit and obedience between
members of a famil and those which exist
among members of a societ for the
protection of private interest.
î Œnowledge of legal medicine ma be
useful in the following.
• he determination and termination of
civil personalit .
• he limitation or restriction of a
natural person͛s capacit to act.
• he marriage and legal separation
©  




  ʹ denotes knowledge • he paternit and filiation.
of law in relation to the practice of medicine. • he testamentar capacit of a person
î Àt concerns with the stud of rights, duties making a will.
and obligations of a medical practitioner © uriminal Law ʹ that branch or division of law
with particular reference to those arising which defines crimes, treats of the nature
from doctor-patient relationship. and provides for their punishment.
c ¦
  
   
   î Àt is a bod of specific rules regarding
 
 human conduct which have been
© ½rdinar ph sician sees an injur or disease
on the point of view of treatment, while
medico-jurist sees injur or disease on the
point of view of cause.
© he purpose of an ordinar ph sician
examining a patient is to arrive at a definite
diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can
be instituted, while the purpose of the
medical jurist in examining a patient is to
include those bodil legions in his report and
testif before the court or before an
investigative bod , thus giving justice to
whom it is due.
© Minor or trivial injuries are usuall ignored b
an ordinar clinician inasmuch as the do not
require usual treatment. uperficial
abrasions, small contusion and other minor
injuries will heal without medication.
However, a medical jurist must record all
bodil injuries even if the are small or minor
because these injuries ma be proofs to
qualif the crime or to justif the act.
promulgated b political authorit , which
appl uniforml to all members of the
classes to which the rules refer, and which
are enforced b punishment administered
b the state.
î Legal medicine is applicable in the
following.
• uircumstances affecting criminal
liabilit .
• urimes against persons.
• urimes against chastit .
© emedial Law ʹ that branch or division of law
which deals with the rules concerning
pleadings, practices and procedures in all
courts of the Philippines.
î he law which gives the part a remed
for a wrong. Àt is intended to afford a
private remed to a person injured b the
wrongful act/ it is a designed law, which
redresses an existing grievance or
introduces regulation conducive to public
good.
 î Legal medicine ma be applied in the death, or render opinion pertinent to
following. the issue and medical in nature.
• Ph sical and mental examination. © 
    
• Proceedings for hospitalization of an î A medical witness ma be allowed b the
insane person. court to confirm his allegation or as a
• ules on evidences. corroborated proof to an opinion he
© pecial Laws. previousl stated.
î ¦angerous ¦rug Act (A 6425). © ¦ 
 
   
î Úouth and uhild Welfare uode (P¦ 603). î A document is an instrument on which is
î Ànsurance Law. recorded b means of letters, figures, or
î uode of anitation. marks intended to be used for the
î Labor uode. purpose of recording that matter which
î Ñmplo ee͛s uompensation Law. ma be evidentiall used.
c 
    ©
   
© 
 
   
î his is an evidence made known or
addressed to the senses of the court. Àt is
not limited to that which is known
through the sense of vision but is
extended to what the sense of hearing,
taste, small and touch is perceived.
Ô 
î his are articles and materials which are
found in connection with the investigation
and which aid in establishing the identit
of the perpetrator or the circumstances
under which the crime was committed, or
in general assist in the prosecution of a
criminal.
î Limitation to the presentation of autoptic c  
      
evidence.
  

 
  
 

• Àndecenc and impropriet .


• epulsive objects and those offensive
to sensibilities.
© 
    
î A ph sician ma be commanded to
appear before the court to give his
testimon .
• ½
 

ʹ a ph sician who determination. he fear of the subject
testifies in court on matters he
perceived from his patient in the
course of ph sician-patient
relationship is considered as an
ordinar witness.
c Ñxception: Privilege of
communication (confidential)
between ph sician and patient.
• 

ʹ a ph sician on instructed to answer as quickl as
account of his training and experience
can give his opinion on a set of
medical facts. He can deduce or infer
something, determine the cause of
© ¦ 


î se of pol graph or a lie detector
machine.
• Àt records ph siological changes that
occur in association with l ing in a
pol graph. Àt is the fear of detection of
the subject which allows the
when not telling the truth activates
the s mpathetic nervous s stem to a
series of automatic and involuntar
ph siological changes which are
recorded b the instrument.
î se of the word association test.
• A list of stimulus and non-stimulus
words are read to the subject who is
possible. he time interval between
words uttered b the examiner and
answer of the subject is recorded.
• Like the lie detector, the subject
cannot be compelled to be subjected
to the test without his consent.
 î se of the ps chological stress evaluator.
• PÑ detects, measures and graphicall
͟, in wine there is truth.
displa s the voice modulations that we
cannot hear.
• When a person is under stress as
when he is l ing, the microtremor in
the voice utterance is moderatel or
completel suppressed. he degree of
suppression varies inversel to the

degree of ps chologic stress in the
speaker. When a person is relaxed and
responding honestl to the questions,
those inaudible frequencies are
registered clearl on the instrument.
But when a person is under stress, as

 
when he is l ing, these frequencies
tend to disappear.
© 
 



 
    

î Administration of ͞truth serum͟.
• ͞ruth serum͟ is actuall a
misnomer͙does not make someone
tell the truth; not a serum but a drug.
• G
  

 is given î Ànterrogation - is the questioning of a
h podermicall in repeated does until
a state of delirium is induced. When
the point is reached, questioning
begins and the subject feels a
compulsion to answer the questions
truthfull .
• ‰ot without element of danger hence
 
the are not admissible as evidence.
î ‰arcoanal sis or narcos nthesis.
• Practicall the same as that of
administration of truth serum, the
onl difference is the drug used.
• Ps chiatric

 or

reflected in the maxim ͞  


• uonfessions made b the subject while
under the influence of alcohol ma be
admissible if he is ph sicall capable to
recollect the facts that he has uttered
after the effects of alcohol have
disappeared.
© G 
î Àt is the alteration of consciousness and
concentration in which the subject
manifests a heightened of suggestibilit
while awareness is maintained.
î ‰ot admissible.
© ^ 
î A good criminal investigator must be a
keen observer and a good ps chologist. A
subject under stress on account of the
stimulation the s mpathetic nervous
s stem ma exhibit changes which ma be
used as a potential clue of deception.
©   


 
person suspected of having committed an
offense or of persons who are reluctance
to make a full disclosure of information in
his possession which is pertinent to the
investigation. Àt ma be done on a suspect
or a witness.
© u 
î uonfession is an expressed
acknowledgement b the accused in a
criminal case of the truth of his guilt as to
the crime charged, or of some essentials
thereof.
 c u 

 


 
   is administered to the © uonfession is a statement of guilt while
subject. Admission is usuall a statement of fact b
• he result of the test is not admissible the accused which does not directl involve
in court. an acknowledgement of guilt of the accused.
î Àntoxication. c Œ 
 

 
• he abilit of alcohol to reveal the real
 
 ʹ a confession made
person behind the mask which all of us
are said to wear (mask of sanit ) is
© 

outside of the court prior to the trial of the
case.
î  oluntar extra-judicial confession ʹ when
the accused speaks on his free will and
 accord, without inducement of an kind,
and with full and complete knowledge of
the nature and consequence of the
confession, and when the speaking is so
free from influences affecting the will of
the accused, at the time of the confession
was made that it renders it admissible in
evidence against him.
î Ànvoluntar extra-judicial confession ʹ
obtained through force, threat,
intimidation, duress or an thing
influencing the voluntar act of the
confessor.
© a
 
 ʹ this is the confession of debt or interest thereon, and the
an accused in court. Àt is conclusive upon the
court and ma be considered to be mitigating
circumstance to criminal liabilit .
î How criminal liabilit is totall
extinguished- uriminal liabilit is totall
extinguished:
• B death of the convict, as to the
personal penalties; and as to
pecuniar penalties, liabilit therefore
is extinguished onl when the death of
the offender occurs before judgment
(Art. 89, Pu).
© he civil case for claims which does not
survive is dismissed upon death of the
defendant.
î When the action is for recover of mone ,
defendant dies before the final judgment
in the court of the first instance, it shall be
dismissed to be prosecuted in the manner
c À  ¦ ¦    
© he civil personalit of a natural person is
extinguished b death.

î he civil personalit is extinguished b
death. he effect of death upon the rights
and obligations of the deceased is
determined b law, b contract and b
will (Art 42. ‰uu).
© he propert of a person is transmitted to his


  ʹ death occurs
heirs at the time of death.
î uccession is a mode of acquisition b
virtue of which the propert , rights and
obligations to the extent of the value of
the inheritance of a person are
transmitted through his death to another
or others b will or b operation of law
(Art 774, ‰uu).



in an alternative
© he death of a partner is one of the causes of
dissolution of partnership agreement.
î ¦issolution of partnership is caused͙(5)

especiall provided b these rules (ule 3,
Ñu 21, ½u).
c ¦ 
© ^
   ʹ death occurs when there is
deep irreversible coma, absence of electrical
brain activit and complete cessation of all
the vital functions without possibilit of
resuscitation.
© u
 
where there is continuous and persistent
cessation of heart action and respiration.
uardio-respirator death is a condition in
which the ph sician and the members of the
famil pronounced a person to be dead based
on the common sense or intuition.
© ome countries or states provide   
 
 
 

or eclectic wa in the determination of the
moment of death.
c u 
  

 
b death of an partner (Art. 1830, ‰uu).



 ʹ here is
© he death of either the principal or agent is a
mode of extinguishment of agenc .
î Agenc is extinguished͙(3) b death, civil
interdiction, insanit or insolvenc of the
principal or of the agent (Art 1919, ‰uu).
© he criminal liabilit of a person is
extinguished b death.
© 
  
total unawareness to externall applied
stimuli and inner need and complete
unresponsiveness- irreversible coma. Ñven
the most intense painful stimuli evoke no
vocal or other response not even a groan,
withdrawal of his limb, or quickening of
respiration.
 © ‰    

 
ʹ observations
covering a period of at least 1 hour is
adequate to satisf the criteria of no
spontaneous muscular movements or
spontaneous respiration or response to
stimuli such as pain, touch, sound or light.
© ‰ 
 
ʹ irreversible coma with abolition î About 3 to 6 hours later, there is death of
of central nervous s stem activit is
evidenced b the absence of elicitable
reflexes. he pupil will be fixed and dilated
and will not respond to a direct source of
bright light. ½cular movement and blinking
are absent. here is no evidence of postural
activit . wallowing, awning, vocalization
are in abe ance. uorneal and phar ngeal
reflexes are absent. As a rule the stretch or
tendon reflexes cannot be elicited, i.e.
tapping the tendons of the biceps, triceps and
pronator muscles, quadriceps and
grastrocnemius muscles with the reflex
hammer elicits no contraction of the
© Molecular or cellular death ʹ after cessation
of the vital functions, there is still animal life
among individual cells͙evidence b the
presence of excitabilit of muscles and ciliar
movements and other functions of individual
cells.
individual cells͙known as molecular or
cellular death. Àts exact occurrence is
influenced b several factors, i.e. previous
state of health, infection, climatic
condition, cellular nutrition.
© Apparent death or state of suspended
animation ʹ this condition is not reall death
but merel a transient loss of consciousness
or temporar cessation of the vital functions
of the bod on account of disease, external
stimulus or other forms of influence. Àt ma
arise especiall in h steria, uremia, cataleps
and electric shock.
c 

¦ 
respective muscles. Plantar or noxious
stimulation gives no response.
© J  
   

 ʹ of great
confirmator value is the flat or iso-electric
ÑÑ . Assume that the electrodes have been
properl applied, that the apparatus is
functioning normall , and that the personnel
in charge are competent.
c Π
© uessation of heart action and circulation ʹ
there must be an entire and continuous
cessation of the heart action and flow of
blood in the whole vascular s stem. As a
general rule, if there is no heart action for a
period of 5 minutes, death is regarded as
certain.
© uessation of respiration- cessation of
¦ 
© omatic death or clinical death ʹ this is the
)
state of the bod in which there is complete,
persistent and continuous cessation of the
vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs
which maintain life and health.
î Àmmediatel after death the face and lips
become pale, the muscles become flaccid,
the sphincters are relax, the lower jaw
tends to drop, the e elids remain open,
pupils dilate and the skin losses its
elasticit . he bod fluid tends to
gravitate to the most dependent portions
of the bod and the bod heat graduall
assumes the temperature of the
surroundings.
breathing.
© uooling of the bod (



î After death the metabolic process inside
the bod ceases. ‰o more heat is
produced but the bod loses slowl its
temperature b evaporation or b
conduction to the surrounding
temperature.
î he progressive fall of the bod
temperature is one the more prominent
signs of death.
© Ànsensibilit of the bod and loss of power to
move.
î After death the whole bod is insensible.
‰o kind of stimulus is capable of letting
the bod have voluntar movement. his
condition must be observed in
 conjunction with cessation of heart beat
and circulation and cessation of
respiration.
© uhanges in the skin.
î Ô   looking due to the absence
of circulation; dependent portion develop
livid discoloration on account of
gravitation of the blood.
î S
here is no redness of the surrounding
skin.
î Àn the living, the blister contains abundant
serum and area of vital reaction
(congestion) on the skin around is
present.
î he following combination of signs show
death has occurred.

  
  
 ʹ application • Loss of animal heat to a point not
of pressure to the skin surface will make compatible with life.
the surface flattened. • Absence of response of muscle to
î ½  
 ʹ exposure of the hand stimulus.
to translucent light allow the red color of • ½nset of rigor mortis.
circulation to be seen in living person͙in c  
  
   
dead person, opaque due to absence of  
circulation. © Ñxamination of the heart.
î Ñffect of     ʹ no blister or î Ô    
ʹ made at the
inflammator reaction in dead person. region of the wrist or at the neck.
© uhanges in and about the e e. î 
  
  

 
î S

 

  - the cornea is not 


ʹ rh thmic contraction

capable of making an reaction to and relaxation of the heart is audible
whatever intensit of light stimulus. through the stethoscope.
î u 
  
 ʹ normal clear and î J

    ʹ reveal the
transparent nature of the cornea is lost. shadow of the heart in its rh thmic
î J     ʹ orbital muscles contraction and relaxation. he shadow
lose their tone making the intra-orbital ma be enlarged and the excursion made
tension rapidl fall, e eball sinks into the less visible due to pericardial effusion.
orbital fossa. î ^ 
   



 ʹ the
î   
  
  

 ʹ muscle heart beat is accompanied b the passage
of the iris loses its tone, pupil cannot react of electrical charge through the impulse
to light. conducting s stem of the heart which ma
î ½ 
  

 be recorded in an Ñu .
• ½ptic disc is pale and the appearance © Ñxamination of the peripheral circulation.
of optic atroph . î 


 - a ligature is applied around
• Jundus ma have a ellow tinge. the base of a finger with moderate
• etina becomes pale like the optic tightness.
disc. • Living person ʹ appears bloodless zone
• he retinal vessels become at the site of ligature and a livid area
segmented, no evidence of blood flow. distal to the ligature.
î   
 

  • ¦ead person ʹ no such change of
• A spot ma be found in the sclera. color.
© Action of heat on the skin. î ½ 
 



î he heat is applied to a portion of the leg • Living ʹ the blood escapes in jerk and
or arm. Àf death is real, onl a dr blister is at a distance.
produced. he epidermis is raised but on
pricking the blister, no fluid is present.
 • ¦ead ʹ blood vessel is white and no econdar relaxation of the muscles will
jerking escape of blood but ma onl appear just when decomposition has set in.
ooze towards the nearb skin. © 3 stages after death.
î À


 ʹ consists of the injection of a î 
 



 
solution of fluourescein 
 


 ʹ the muscles are
subcutaneousl ͙with use of da light. relaxed and capable of contracting when
• Àf circulation is present͙ ¦ e will stimulated. he pupils are dilated, the
spread and whole skin will have sphincters are relaxed, and there is
greenish ellow discoloration. incontinence of urination and defecation.
• ¦ead͙solution will remain at the site î 
 

 



of injection.


  



  



î Ô

  







 ʹ the whole bod becomes
• Living͙a zone of paleness which rigid due to the contraction of the
become livid upon release. muscles. his develops 3 to 6 hours after
• ¦ead͙no change of color. death and ma last from 24 to 36 hours.
î ¦ 


 î 
 
 


• Living͙finger webs appear red .      

   
• ¦ead͙finger webs appear ellow.  


 ʹ the muscles becomes
î      
  flaccid, no longer capable of responding
• Living͙blister formation, congestion to mechanical or electrical stimulus and
and other vital reactions on the the reaction becomes alkaline.
injured area. c u

  

 
• ¦ead͙no blister, no sign of © uhanges in the muscle.
congestion, or other vital reactions. © uhanges in the blood.
î Ô   


 © Autol tic or autodigestive changes after
• Living͙rh thmic pulsation of the death.
vessel due to the flow of blood in © Putrefaction of the bod .
radial arter .
• ¦ead͙no pulsation.
 ʹ deh dration of the whole
î ¦

   
• Living͙inflammator edema.
• ¦ead͙none.
c     
© 
bod which results in the shivering and
preservation of the bod .
©   
 

 ʹ
condition wherein the fatt tissues of the
c  
  

 
bod is transformed to soft, brownish white
© ½bserve the movement during inspiration
substance known as adipocere.
and expiration.
î Adipocere is a wax material, rancid or
© Aid stethoscope.
mold in odor, floats in water, and
© With a mirror.
dissolves in ether and alcohol. With
© With a feather or cotton fibers.
diluted solution of copper sulfate, it gives
© With a glass of water.
a light greenish blue color. Àt is
© Winslow͛s test.
inflammable and burns with a faint ellow
c u

  
 
flame. When distilled it produces a dense
© After death, there is complete relaxation of
oil vapor.
the whole muscular s stem. he entire
© 
 ʹ the softening of the tissues
muscular s stem is contractile for three to six
when in a fluid medium in the absence of
hours after death, and later rigidit sets in.
putrefactive microorganism which is
 frequentl observed in the death of the fetus
en utero.
Æ
  


c u 


 

 uontracted muscle is Muscle in rigor mortis
more or less transparent
© Heat stiffening ʹ if the dead bod is exposed
or rather translucent
to temperatures above 75u it will coagulate Àt is ver elastic, i.e.
the muscle proteins and cause the muscles to capable of restoration to
be rigid. he bod assumes the pugilistic its original form as soon
as the distorting force has
attitude with the lower and upper extremities
ceased to act
flexed and the hands clenched because the Àn reaction to litmus, it is
flexor muscles are stronger than the either neutral or slightl
extensors. uommonl observed when bod is alkaline, and an
reduction in this alkalinit
placed in boiling fluid or burned to death.
is ver speedil removed
© uold stiffening ʹ ma be manifested when the
bod is frozen, but exposure to warm
condition will make such stiffening disappear. Àf the contraction be
tiffening due to solidification of fat when the overcome b mechanical
force, the muscles
bod is exposed to freezing temperature. though the ma remain
© uadaveric spasm or instantaneous rigor ʹ an for a time uncontracted,
instantaneous rigidit of the muscles which possess still their
inherent power of
occurs at the moment of death due to
contraction, the ma
extreme nervous injur to the chest. then keep the limb fixed
c ¦
losses this translucenc
and becomes opaque
Àt has lost this elasticit
and readil maintains a
distorted position
Àt is distinctl and
constantl acid (until
decomposition is
advanced) owing to the
development of
sarcolastic and other acid
metabolites
Àf rigor mortis be
overcome b mechanical
force, absolute flaccidit
corresponding in degree
with the amount of
mechanical movement at
once ensues, and there is
no power to resume the
old position, nor an new
 

  

  in a new position or allow one, except so far as
u 
 a return to the old gravit ma cause a new
position position. his flaccidit is
© ime of appearance. permanent till
î igor mortis appears three to six hours decomposition destro s
after death while cadaver spasm appears the muscles.
immediatel after death.
© Muscles involved.

 

î igor mortis involves all the muscles of
Jirm in consistenc oft in consistenc
the bod whether voluntar or
urface of the blood urface of the blood
involuntar while cadaveric spasm vessel raw after the clots vessels smooth and
involves onl certain muscle or group of are removed health after the clots are
muscles and are ass metrical. removed
ulots homogenous in ulots can be stripped off
© ½ccurrence.
construction so it cannot in la ers
î igor mortis is a natural phenomena be stripped into la ers
which occurs after death, while cadaveric ulot with uniform color ulot with distinct la er
spasm ma or ma not appear on a
person at the time of death.
© Medico-legal significance.
î igor mortis ma be utilized b a medical
jurist in approximate time of death, while
cadaveric spasm ma be useful to
determine the nature of the crime.
u

 under six months of age, while in apparentl
c Purpose of medico-legal autops : determination good health.
of the cause of death. © udden unexplained nocturnal death (‰¦)
c uause of death is the injur , disease or ʹ this is known as 



 in the
combination of both injur and disease Philippines. Àt is the sudden death of health
responsible for initiating the trend of men of oung age seen in Ñast Asian
ph siological disturbance, brief or prolonged, countries.
which produce fatal termination.
c Àt ma be.  !S
u

  u

¦ 
© Àmmediate (primar ) cause of death - this

  
applies to case when trauma or disease kill
quickl that there is no opportunit for
sequelae or complications to develop.
î Ñxample: extensive brain laceration.
© he proximate (secondar ) cause of death ʹ
the injur or disease was survived for a
sufficientl prolonged interval which
permitted the development of serious
sequelae which actuall caused the death.
î Ñxample: if a stab wound in the abdomen
later caused generalized peritonitis, then
peritonitis is the proximate cause of the
death.
c he mechanism of death is the ph siological
derangement or biochemical disturbance
incompatible with life which is initiated b the
cause of death.
© Hemorrhagic shock, metabolic disturbance,
respirator depression, toxemic condition,
cardiac arrest, tamponade, etc.
c he manner of death is the explanation as to
how the cause of death came into being or how
the cause of death arose. Àt ma be:



© ‰

  ʹ it is natural when the fatalit © G   
is caused solel b disease.
î Lobar pneumonia, ruptured tubal
pregnanc , cancerous growth, cerebral
hemorrhage due to h pertension, etc.
©    



  ʹ death due to outside the swa of our will, and although
injur of an sort.
î unshot, stab, fracture, traumatic shock,
etc.
c ¦isease where there are no specific finding,
pathognomic of a disease still determined are:
© udden infant death s ndrome (urib death) ʹ
this is the unexpected death of infant, usuall
c ‰
© his is death caused b a natural disease
conditions in the bod . he disease ma
develop spontaneousl or it might have been
a consequence of ph sical injur inflicted
prior to its development.
c      
î  iolent death are those due to injuries
inflicted in the bod b some forms of
outside force. he ph sical injur must be
the proximate cause of death.
î Presumed when with the ff facts:
• hat the victim at the time of ph sical
injuries were inflicted was in normal
health.
• hat the death ma be expected from
ph sical injuries inflicted.
• hat death ensured within a
reasonable time.
©    
© ‰

  
© À    
© Ô

  
© 
c Penal classification of violent death.
©    ʹ death due to
misadventure or accident.
î Accident ʹ is something that happens
it comes about through some act of will,
lies be ond bounds of human foreseeable
consequences.
© ‰

  ʹ death due to reckless
imprudence, negligence, lack of skill or lack of
foresight.
 © 
  -destruction of one͛s self .
î ociet has alwa s considered a person
who attempts to kill himself as an
unfortunate being, a wretched person
deserving more of pit than of penalt .
© À    - killing of a child less than
3 da s old.
© Ô

  - killing of one͛s relative.
© 


ʹ killing of a person attended b
qualif ing circumstances.
© G   ʹ killing a person without the
attendance of modif ing circumstances .
u 
u


c a 
© Modern methods in the execution of death
sentences have abandoned inhuman, cruel
and barbarous means.
introduced. he most common gas used is
carbon monoxide.
© ½ther methods of capital punishment.
î Beheading ʹ with the use of guillotine.
î urucifixion.
î Beating ʹ a hard object is forcibl applied
to the head to crush the skull.
î uutting asunder ʹ mutilating the bod
usuall with sharp heav instrument until
death ensues.
î Precipitation from a height.
î ¦estruction b wild beast.
î Jla ing ʹ skinning alive.
î Àmpaling.
î toning.
î mothering.
î ¦rowning .
c  
 "
ʹ is the deliberate
© Methods.
î ¦    

 ʹ a person is made usuall suffering from an incurable and
to sit on a chair made of electrical
conducting materials with straps of
electrodes on both wrists, ankles and
head.
î ¦   

ʹ the convict is made to
stand in an elevated collapsible flatform
with a black hood on the head, a noose
made of rope around the neck and the
other end of which is fixed in an elevated
structure above the head. Without the
knowledge of the convict, the flatform
suddenl collapses which causes the
sudden suspension of the bod and
tightening of the noose around the neck.
¦eath ma be due to asph xia or injur of
the cervical portion of the spinal cord.
î ¦  
 
 ʹ the convict is made management procedure which is essential
to face a firing squad and is put to death
b a volle of fire. he convict ma be
facing or with his back towards the firing
squad.
î ¦  

 
ʹ the convict is • Jailure to give transfusion in severe
enclosed in a compartment and an
abnoxious or asph xiating gas is
and painless acceleration of death of a person
distressing disease.
© niversall condemned but some advocate
its legalization based on humanitarian
sentiments.
©  pes of euthanasia.
î Active euthanasia.
î Passive euthanasia.
• ½rthothanasia.
• ¦ sthanasia.
© Wa s of performing euthanasia.
î Administration of a lethal dose of poison.
î ½verdosage of sedatives, h pnotics or
other pain relieving drugs.
î Ànjection of air into the blood stream.
î Application of strong electric currents.
î Jailure to institute the necessar
to preserve the life of the patient.
• Jailure to perform tracheostom when
there is marked distress in breathing
due to lar ngeal obstruction.
hemorrhage.
• ¦epriving the child of nutrition.
 • emoval of patient from a respirator
when voluntar breathing is not
possible.
© Who ma perform euthanasia.
î he patient himself.
î he ph sician with or without the
knowledge and consent of the patient.
c  
© uicide or self-destruction is usuall the
unfortunate consequence of mental illness
and social disorganization.
© Ps chological classification.
î Jirst degree ʹ deliberate, planned,
premeditated, self-murder.
î econd degree ʹ impulsive, unplanned,
under great provocation or mitigating
circumstances.
î hird degree ʹ sometimes called
accidental suicide.
î uicide under circumstances which
suggest a lack of capacit for intention, as
when a person was ps chotic or highl
intoxicated from the effects of drugs,
© Previous attempt of self-destruction.
© Àf committed b inflicting of ph sical injuries,
the wounds are located in area accessible to
the hand, vital parts of the bod and usuall
solitar .
© he effects of the act of self-destruction ma
be found in the bod of the victim.
î Hand ma be blood stained if suicide was
done b inflicting wound.
î Wounding hand ma be positive to
paraffin test in gunshot.
î Ñmpt bottle or container of poison at
suicide scene.
î Absence of signs of struggle.
î uadaveric spasm present in the wounding
hand holding the weapon.
© Presence of suicide note.
© uicide scene in a place not susceptible to
public view, and,
© Ñvidences that will rule out homicide,
murder, parricide and other manner of
violent death.

including alcohol.    
î elf-destruction due to self-negligence ʹ c tarvation or inanition is the deprivation of a
chronic alcoholism, reckless driving, regular and constant suppl of food and water
ignoring medical instructions, cigarette which is necessar to normal health of a person.
smoking, and similar dangerous activities. c  pes.
î Justifiable suicide ʹ self-destructive action © Acute starvation.
of a person with terminal illness. © uhronic starvation.
c uommon methods of committing suicide. c uauses.
© ¦rugs and poisons ʹ barbiturates, non- © uicidal.
barbiturates, sedative, acids and other © Homicidal.
irritants, carbon monoxide, pesticides and © Accidental.
herbicides, other organic and inorganic c Length of survival.
poisons. © he human bod without food loses Î
 of


© Hanging. its weight dail and a loss of  of the

© Jirearm. weight results to death.
© Jumping from a height. © he length of survival depends upon the
© ¦rowning. presence or absence of water.
© uutting and stabbing. © Ê   
, a person cannot
© uffocation b plastic bag. survive more than 10 da s, but  
a
© Ñlectrocution . person ma survive    for 50 to 60
c Ñvidences that will infer death is suicidal. da s.
© Histor of depression, unresolved personal c Jactors that influence the length of survival.
problem, or mental disease. © Age.
 © uondition of the bod .
© ex.
© Ñnvironment.
c he length of survival depends upon the
following.
© Presence or absence of water.
© Partial or complete withdrawal of food.
© urroundings.
© Jemales survive better than males, but
children and older persons die quickl .
© uondition of the bod .
c  mptoms.
© Acute feeling of hunger for the first 30 to 48
hours and this is succeeded b localization of
the pain at the epigastrium which can be
relieved b pressure.
© A feeling of extreme thirst.
© he face is pale and cadaverous.
© Jour or five da s later, there is general
emaciation and absorption of the
subcutaneous fat.
© he e es are sunkened, glistening dilated
pupils and with anxious expression.
© he lips and tongue are dr and with cracks,
while the breath is foul and offensive.
© he voice becomes weak, faint and inaudible.
© he skin is dr , rough, wrinkled and emitting a
peculiar disagreeable odor.
© he pulse is weak and the temperature is
subnormal.
© he abdomen is sunkened and the
extremities are thin, flaccid and with marked
loss of muscular power.
© he intellect ma remain for sometime, later
becomes delirious and convulsion or coma
appears before death.
©  mptoms of secondar infection ma later
appear on account of the weakened
resistance of the bod .
c uause of death.
© Ànanition.
© uirculator failure due to brown atroph of
the heart.
© Àntercurrent infection.