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04/2011 1.00 Original Document Lawrence Chapman
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Source of Content .......................................................................................................................................................................5

6
Overview..................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Depth of Investigation ............................................................................................................................................................6

Vertical Resolution .................................................................................................................................................................6
Statistical Precision .................................................................................................................................................................7
Dual Azimuthal Gamma Service ............................................................................................................................................7
Average Count Rate................................................................................................................................................................9
Well Path Constraints .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Presentation..................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Calibration .....................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Primary Calibration .......................................................................................................................................................................14
Spectral Biasing..............................................................................................................................................................................14
Master Calibration ........................................................................................................................................................................15
Wellsite Verification ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
Environmental Corrections ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Borehole size and mud weight .................................................................................................................................... 18
Potassium content ........................................................................................................................................................................18
Corrections at the wellsite .................................................................................................................................................. 18
Typical Log Response ............................................................................................................................................................... 25
Other factors affecting gamma response ................................................................................................................... 26
Correlation................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Comparison to Wireline ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Summary................................................................................................................................................................... 29
30

Overview..................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Depth of Investigation ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Vertical Resolution ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Presentation........................................................................................................................................................................................37
Calibration .....................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Master Calibration ........................................................................................................................................................................38

Primary Calibration .......................................................................................................................................................................38

Wellsite Verification ............................................................................................................................................................ 41
Environmental Corrections ..................................................................................................................................................... 44
 Borehole Effects ..............................................................................................................................................................................44
Environmental Processing..................................................................................................................................................... 49
Typical Log Response ................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Summary..................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Resistivity ............................................................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 3: LWD Log Review Quality ........................................................................................................................ 54
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Rock Types ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54
Sedimentary Rocks ..........................................................................................................................................................................54
Chemical Rock Classification ........................................................................................................................................ 55
Rock Properties ......................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Porosity .......................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Permeability .................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Basic Resistivity Concepts ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
Saturation (S )............................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
Formation Evaluation..................................................................................................................................................................... 61
The Archie Equation .................................................................................................................................................................. 63
Inputs to Archie .............................................................................................................................................................................. 63
When can you use Archie? ................................................................................................................................................... 69
Typical Lithology Responses .......................................................................................................................................... 70
Shale and Porosity ..................................................................................................................................................................... 71
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Adjacent sector data can be combined into quadrants for transmission to surface in real-time (Figure 1).
Note:
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Caution must be exercised when well planning azimuthal imaging jobs. The magnetometer package is a two
axis device used to determine magnetic tool-face of the package itself and subsequently the gravity tool-face
of the short and long spaced detectors. Since the magnetometer measures only the xy transverse component
of the magnetic field, there are limitations on its application. Correct operation depends on the geographic
location of the well, the borehole inclination, azimuth and magnetic dip at that specific location.

Magnetic dip is a measure of the angle between the magnetic field lines and a tangent to the surface of the
Earth. This angle depends on geographic location but it is always perpendicular at the magnetic poles and
becomes almost parallel to the Earth‟s surface close to the equator. It is important to note that by
convention, the dip angle is considered to be positive in the geomagnetic Northern hemisphere
and negative in t he geomagnetic Southern hemisphere. Also note that the geomagnetic
hemispheres generally approximate to the geographic hemispheres but are not exactly equal – the
magnetic North
Pole is not at the same location as the geographic North Pole.

The magnetometer will not operate correctly when the tool axis is parallel to the magnetic field lines.

The following examples show where these conditions could occur. Since all measurements have a certain
degree of error the tool may be affected at slightly different values. It is therefore necessary to assign a
window within which the azimuthal measurement should be regarded as unreliable. The window of error is
defined as + 5 of the theoretical well inclination and + 5 of magnetic North (or South). The client should be
informed that data quality will be affected at inclinations that fall within the window of error.

When logging due North, the borehole inclination where the tool face is unreliable = 90 – dip angle

: Location Northern hemisphere, magnetic dip: 60

Inclination where tool-face is unresolved is 90 – magnetic dip = 90 - 60 = 30
Considering the inclination error window we will consider data from 25o to 35o inclinations to
be unreliable.

: Location Southern hemisphere, magnetic dip: -10

Inclination where tool-face is unresolved is 90 – magnetic dip = 90 -(-10 ) = 100
Considering the inclination error window we will consider data from 95 to 105 inclinations to
be unreliable. Such high inclinations are rarely seen, but shown here for demonstration.

When logging due North, the borehole inclination where the tool-face is unreliable = 90 + dip angle

Location Southern hemisphere, magnetic dip: 30

Inclination where tool-face is unresolved is 90 + magnetic dip = 90 + 30 = 120
Considering the inclination error window we will consider data from 115 to 125 inclinations
to be unreliable. Such high inclinations are rarely seen, but shown here for demonstration.

Location Southern hemisphere, magnetic dip: -20

Inclination where tool-face is unresolved is 90 + magnetic dip = 90 + (-20 ) = 70
Considering the inclination error window we will consider data from 65 to 75 inclinations to
be unreliable.
Whenever azimuthal data is acquired, the wellsite engineer must initiate an LWD Image Service
QC and Processing Summary form. The form provides an image analyst with critical
information regarding tool configuration and a record of events during acquisition.

ImageQualityControlGuide
INTEQ gamma ray tools do not differentiate between uranium, thorium or potassium gamma rays, they
measure only total gamma ray counts. However, potassium gamma rays having lower energy than those
associated with uranium and thorium are attenuated more rapidly by the steel of the tool body itself. Lower
energy gamma rays have a higher cross section of interaction with surrounding atoms, and tend to be filtered
out of the formation gamma spectrum. The variation in response of LWD tools where the spectrum reaching
the detector is biased toward higher energies is referred to as "spectral biasing".

The GammaCal calibration routine is designed to reduce or eliminate this spectral biasing effect.
AmershamSource AmershamBlank
 ¾

CalibratorON Background

CalibratorON–Background
Mud Density: 10 lb/gal
Tool Service: OnTrak
Tool Size: 4 ¾”
Borehole Size: 7.5”
Apparent GR: 85 API

¾
Entering the borehole size and moving vertically upwards to the 10 lb/gal mud line indicates a
correction factor of 0.9

Corrected GR API value given by 0.9 x 85 76.5 API

Example

Mud additives: KCl = 70,000 mg/l (whole mud)

Mud Density: 10 lb/gal
Tool Service: OnTrak
Tool Size: 4 ¾”
Borehole Size: 7.5”
Apparent GR: 85 API

Atomic weights:

Relative % K by wt. in KCl given by

Wt. of K (gm) in 70,000 mg/l solution

Mud density

Convert density in lb/gal to g/cc

Weight of 1 liter (1000 grams) mud

Total %K by weight
 Enter potassium mud correction chart at 7.5 on the x-axis and project vertically upwards to intersect
with the 10 ppg mud line. Corresponding API correction per 1% potassium = 2.5

Correction per %K multiplied by total %K

Potassium Corrected API response

Procedure

Gamma Ray Apparent (GRA$) and

Gamma Ray Corrected (GRC$)
*Obtain KCl or in grams Compute mass of 1 liter of drilling mud
per liter of drilling mud... Mass = Volume(cm ) * Mud Density (g/cc)

Convert KCl or in grams / liter to grams /

Calculate K% from by multiplying with fraction of

K part of the molecular weight of KCl or K CO
–
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Log Interpretation Chartbook - Section 16

¾
2 MHz Air Offset

400 kHz Air Offset

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Propagation resistivity tools are designed to work best in hole sizes close to the size of the tool itself
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LogInterpretationCharts

m
 Log Interpretation Chartbook.

m t

m t

t m t
t m t

xo

Drilling Fluids
If a formation of interest, surrounded by beds of higher resistivity, reduces in thickness to a level
approaching the resolution of the tool, the apparent resistivity will be too low, and vice versa.

Anisotropy usually causes the phase difference resistivity to read higher than the attenuation resistivity

R :R R R .

R
R R
t m

t
 t j

B
D
ma
N
 mf

xo
w
¼
Hydrocarbon exploration generally starts with the
acquisition of geophysical (surface seismic) data
(Figure 7). Exploration wells are then drilled, and log
data acquired, so that the presence of potential
hydrocarbon deposits can be confirmed and
quantified. Log data is also used to „calibrate‟ and
convert low resolution time based seismic data into
depth. The wavelength of a typical seismic wave is
shown in Figure 8.

Reservoir extent is then established through the

drilling of appraisal wells.

When a potential field has been mapped and - Surface Seismic Data
considered viable, development wells are planned
and drilled to optimize hydrocarbon recovery.

- Wavelength of seismic wave - Data acquisition cycle

“ “
 only applicable to wireline logs water based
mud.

R
What do they measure?

What are density tools used for?

What do they measure?

What are neutron tools used for?

What do they measure?

What are acoustic tools used for?

What do they measure?

 LWD Wireline

In the absence of invasion or anisotropy effects, the 2 MHz phase resistivity can be substituted for R in a
clean water bearing formation - If invasion is evident (curve separation) the 400kHz attenuation or 400 kHz
phase may provide a better Ro value. If anisotropy is evident the 90” or 120”fixed depth of investigation
curve from MPRTEQ should be used.

What do resistivity tools measure?

Chapter4–Resistivity,Environmental
Processing.
 m n m
n

m n
m n
Sandstone

Limestone

Shale

Dolomite

Anhydrite

Salt

Water

Oil

Gas
Substance Vf (ft/sec) tf ( sec/ft)

Formation Vm a (ft/sec) tm a ( sec/ft)

What is shale?