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2016
Introduction to Design of Car Park ventilation using
JetFans & CFD analysis as QCD
Presented by Paul Mason
Business Development Manager Soler & Palau
AGENDA
Ventilation Fundamentals
Why ventilate?
Where & When Ventilate?
Fire; Risk or Not?
Basic Principles
Ducted System
Impulse Ventilation / JetFan System
How Does It Work?
Comparison Ducted v Impulse / JetFan.
Regulations by Country
Fan products
Questions
WHY VENTILATE?
POLLUTION,
FIRE SMOKE, FIRE HAZARDS, FIRE SAFETY.
• Pollution:-
Typical pollutant:- Carbon Monoxide CO
A colourless, odourless toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion
of fuels such as petrol and diesel.
Indoor CO guidelines:-
15 minutes: 100mg/m3 86ppm.
1 hour: 35mg/m3 30ppm.
8 hours: 10mg/m3 9ppm.
Source: World Health Organisation (WHO)
Guidelines for indoor air quality, 2009.
• Fire smoke:-
The airborne solid and liquid particulates and
gases evolved when a material undergoes
pyrolysis or combustion, together with the
quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise
mixed into the mass.
Source:
NFPA 92 – 2012, Chapter 3.3.13
ASHRAE Chapter 53
Fire smoke
Smoke Inhalation
• Smoke inhalation:
Is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor
fires.
It is estimated that 50–80% of fire deaths are the
result of smoke inhalation injuries, including burns
to the respiratory system.
The hot smoke injures or kills by a combination of
thermal damage, poisoning and pulmonary
irritation and swelling, caused by carbon monoxide,
cyanide and other combustion products.
Source: eMedicineHealth
• Flashover:-
Is the near-simultaneous ignition of most of
the directly exposed combustible material in
an enclosed area. Flashover occurs when the
majority of the exposed surfaces in a space
are heated to their auto-ignition temperature
and emit flammable gases. Flashover
normally occurs at 500°C +
Design Fundamentals:-
Includes one or more of the following
1. Containing the smoke to the zone of fire origin.
2. Maintaining a tenable environment within exit
stairwells for the time necessary to allow
occupants to exit the building.
3. Maintaining a tenable environment within all exit
access and smoke refuge area access paths for the
time necessary to allow occupants to reach an exit
or smoke refuge area.
4. Maintaining the smoke layer interface to a
predetermined elevation in large volume spaces.
Source: NFPA 92: 2012 Chapter 4.1.2.
Fire safety
Emergency Extract
• Where to use:
– Staircase Pressurization
– Atria
– Car Park
• When to use:
– To assist safe evacuation of occupants
– To assist fire fighter access
• Typical Design guidance:
Europe: BS 7346-7, EN 12101-6, CEN/TR12101-5
USA: NFPA 88A Standard for Parking structures,
NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems.
ASHRAE Handbook smoke Control
Fire safety
Staircase Pressurisation & Atria
Pressure differential:-
• Protection of emergency escape routes
• Create positive pressure to resist smoke
entry to escape route (+50Pa)
• Use of pressure relief to atmosphere to
balance door openings
• Provide sufficient airflow through door
openings to resist smoke flow. (0.75 / 2.0 m/s)
Pressure differential systems
• Design guidance refer EN12101-6:
• NFPA 92.
Large spaces, Atrium:
• Design guidance refer TR12101-5:
• NFPA 92.
Source: EITB
Fire risk?
Real Risk - FIRE
• Car Park, Brighton UK
• 2015.04.04.
• No sprinklers.
Source: Brighton & Hove News web
Fire risk?
Real Risk - FIRE
BASIC PRINCIPLES
DUCTED SYSTEM
Basic Principles
Historical Ducted Car Park Ventilation
DUCT
50 % air at high level
Fresh air
50 % air at
5 ACH
low level
LOW LEVEL
Basic Principles
Duct Installation
Jet Fan
Jet Fan
Fresh air
Jet Fans System – Without Ducting
BASIC PRINCIPLES
IMPULSE VENTILATION SYSTEM
HOW DOES IT WORK?
Basic Principles
Jet Fan System
Air is drawn in, and Jetfans local to the fire operate to induce air and smoke toward the extract points
Potential Benefits
Jet Fan VS. Ducted Ventilation
Location 2
Location 1
Description:
• Smoke Clearance – Fire location 2
• 2 Ducts
• 47,530 m3/h to Spain Regulations
• 13 extract grilles of 500 x 300mm
CFD –Technologies Comparison
Impulse Ventilation System
Description:
• Smoke Clearance – Fire Location 2
• 1 Extract Point
• Extract Airflow 53,960 m3/h (10ACH)
• 1 Extract Grille of 3000 x 1000mm
• 3 x TJHU/2/4-315-BC 0,8/0,2kW F400
• 1 x IFHT-75N 4/8-C 2,2/0,37kW F400
CFD –Technologies Comparison
Impulse Ventilation System
Descripción:
• Smoke Control – Fire Location 2
• 1 Extract Point
• Extract Airflow 155,000 m3/h
• 1 Extract Grille of 4000 x 2000mm
• 2 x TJHU/2/4-315-BC 0,8/0,2kW F400
• 4 x IFHT-75N 4/8-C 2,2/0,37kW F400
Main Conclusions
• Low air velocities on the right side
• Low Visibility
Visibility • High Temperature
Velocity
Temperatures
CFD – Comparación Tecnologías
Impulse Ventilation System
Smoke clearance
Visibility
Velocity
Main Conclusions:
• No significant stagnant air areas
• Homogeneous Visibility
Temperatures • Lower Upstream Temperature
CFD –Technologies Comparison
Impulse Ventilation System
Smoke Control
Visibility
Velocity
Temperatures
Main Conclusions:
• No stagnant areas
• Visibility more than 10m
• Temperature lower than 60° C
• Firefighter access from lower left stair
REGULATIONS BY COUNTRY
DESIGN & ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
ROW
Bahrain 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 1h
Dubai DCD 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 1h
DCD 6 ac/h Performance Based
Oman 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 1h
Qatar NFPA 88A 300L/min/m2
ASHRAE ch15 6 ac/h CO 25ppm
QCD FSS 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 2h Ducted systems - Smoke Clearance
QCD FSS 6 ac/h Performance based 300 / 2h Jetfan systems - Smoke Control
Jordan 6 ac/h 10 ach
Egypt 6 ac/h 8 ach 200 / 2h With sprinklers
JETFAN
Vs = 2.8m/s
Induced air
CAR PARK
Basic Principles
Smoke control – Car parks
Ps
Extract Fans
Fire-fighters
access
Smoke Perimeter
For Car Park the tunnel theory is adapted to take Ps to be Smoke Perimeter
Basic Principles
Smoke control – Car parks
Extract Fans
Fire-fighters
access
Smoke Perimeter
M
M
Y
P
where: M = CePY3/2
M = Mass rate of smoke production (kg/sec) = 11.62
P = Perimeter of fire (m) 14m
Y = Height of smoke layer (m) 2.5m
Ce = Constant 0.19 / 0.21 / 0.34
Source: BRE 368:Large Plume Model
Smoke Control
Calculate Smoke Volume Flow
where:
c = 1.012 [kW / (kg·K)]
Q = convective heat release rate [kW]
M = mass of smoke production [kg/s]
θ = temperature of smoke layer, above ambient [K]
• Design Fire size HRR = 4MW source GA_7.0 or BS 73467:2006 (with sprinklers)
where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 14 m source GA _7.0 or BS 7346-7:2013
• Design Fire size HRR = 4MW source GA_7.0 or BS 73467:2006 (with sprinklers)
Test 2:
• <1MW @ 41 min from ignition
• 7MW @ 54 min from ignition
• AutoCAD Drawings
– Layout
– Sections
• Down-stand obstructions
• Sprinklers system
• Identify aceptable extract / supply air points.
Exhaust
Supply
Fundamentals for Design
Partial Design
• Analysis of inputs:
a. Geometry:
a. Surface
b. Height
c. Obstructions
b. Mark locations:
a. Ramps
b. Supply Points
c. Exhaust Points
d. Suggest if N/E
c. Suggest / Consider: Exhaust
a. Zoning (Physical / Virtual)
b. Openings Supply
c. Escape routes
d. Access for fire-fighters Airflow
Desgin Criteria
Boundary Conditions
– Avoid short-circuit
Calculation :-
Real Test
Smoke reservoir
M = CePY3/2
Flat Ceiling
Transversal
Beams
NFPA 502
COMISSIONING
Jet Fan Operation
Real Fire Tests: IKEA, Caen
Cold Smoke Tests: San Mames, Bilbao
http://www.youtube.com/user/SyPVentilation?feature=mhsn#p/u/5/pj-ScGU_TX8
TYPICAL FAN PRODUCTS FOR CAR PARK
VENTILATION
Product
Qatar requirement:-
EN 12101-3
• Applicable to powered smoke and heat control ventilators.
• Typical JetFan test is completely submerged in the furnace.
• Independent test of highest stressed samples from range.
• After 15 mins, switch off fan for 2 min, then restart.
• Typical test temperatures: F200, F250, F300, F400
• Ongoing inspection of factory production.
• Certification enables use of:-
Product
• Applicable to:- Fan Types
• Axial,
• Centrifugal,
• Roof,
• JetFans,
Product
Future?
QUESTIONS?