ASSIGNMENT # 2

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SEMESTER : BBA 7TH (HRM)

 Ying-Yang Theory
Ancient Chinese people were greatly interested in the relationships and patterns that occurred in
nature. Instead of studying isolated things, they viewed the world as a harmonious and holistic
entity. In their eyes, no single being or form could exist unless it was seen in relation to its
surrounding environment. By simplifying these relationships, they tried to explain complicated
phenomena in the universe.

What is the Yin Yang Theory :

Yin yang theory is a kind of logic, which views things in relation to its
whole. The theory is based on two basic components: yin and yang,
which are neither materials nor energy. They combine in a
complementary manner and form a method for explaining
relationships between objects. Gradually, this logic was developed into
a system of thought that was applied to other areas. Traditional
Modern symbol of Yin Chinese Medicine (TCM) is an example of one area where the yin
Yang yang theory is used to understand complicated relationships in the
陰陽符號 body.

The Origin of the Yin Yang Theory :

The original concept of yin and yang came from the observation of
Early Daoism nature and the environment. "Yin" originally referred to the shady side
representation of Yin of a slope while "yang" referred to the sunny side. Later, this thinking
Yang was used in understanding other things, which occurred in pairs and
had complementary and opposing characteristics in nature. Some
陰陽之卦象形成的表達
examples include: sky and earth, day and night, water and fire, active
and passive, male and female and so on. Working with these ideas,
ancient people recognized nearly all things could have yin and yang
properties. Yin and yang can describe two relative aspects of the same
phenomena such as the example of the slope, or they can describe two
different objects like sky and earth.

Usually, yang is associated with functional aspect of an object and has

more energetic qualities, for example, moving, ascending, expanding,
heat, bright, progressing, active and hyper-functioning states. Yin, on
the other hand, is associated with the physical form of an object and
has less energetic qualities such as stillness, descending, contracting,
cold, dark, degenerating, latent and under-functioning states.

Frame of References Yang Yin

Light Bright Dark
Temperature Hot Cold
 Position Upper Lower
Action Movement Rest
Direction Outward Inward
Physiological functions Excitatory Inhibitory

Principles :

1. The learner should be encouraged to discover the underlying nature of a topic or problem (i.e.,
the relationship among the elements).
2. Gaps, incongruities, or disturbances are an important stimulus for learning
3. Instruction should be based upon the laws of organization: proximity, closure, similarity and
simplicity.

Gestalt Theory of Visual Perception

The Gestalt theorists were the first group of psychologists to systematically study perceptual
organization around the 1920’s, in Germany. They were Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Ernst
Mach, and particularly of Christian von Ehrenfels and the research work of Max Wertheimer,
Wolfgang Koehler, Kurt Kafka, and Kurt Lewin.

The coming to power of National Socialism substantially interrupted the fruitful scientific
development of Gestalt theory in the German-speaking world; Koffka, Wertheimer, Köhler and
Lewin emigrated, or were forced to flee, to the United States where they continued to work, in
spite of the dominant theoretical field for that time, of behaviourism.

The Gestalt of Figure/Ground Relationships

Example Of Gestalt :
Gestalt means when parts identified individually have different characteristics to the whole
(Gestalt means "organised whole")
e.g. describing a tree - it's parts are trunk, branches, leaves, perhaps blossoms or fruit
But when you look at an entire tree, you are not conscious of the parts, you are aware of the
overall object - the tree.
Parts are of secondary importance even though they can be clearly seen.

Configuration with Emergent Features :

Which of these two pictures is easier to remember?

 the one on the left is seen as a whole room

 the one on the right is split into its part
 Six Principles of Gestalt Perception
Principle 1 - Proximity

The groups we see are :

1 + 2 = as one group
3 + 4 = as another group

Similarly, on the left, three groups of dots in three lines. What happens with the evenly spaced
dots?
The principle of proximity or contiguity states that things which are closer together will be seen
as belonging together.

Principle 2 - Similarity

Similarity means there is a tendency to see groups which have the same characteristics so in this
example, there are three groups of black squares and three groups of white squares arranged in
lines.
The principle of similarity states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape,
size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together.

Principle 3 - Common Fate

Suppose both principles of proximity and similarity are in place - then a movement takes place -
the dots begin to move down the page.

They appear to change grouping.

Principle 4 - Good Continuation

Seeing things as whole lines (sequential) is clearly important. But 'being in wholes means' that
few interruptions change the reading of the whole
lines.

A to O and Oto D are two lines. Similarly,

C to O and O to B are two lines.

The principle of continuity predicts the preference for continuous figures. We perceive the figure
as two crossed lines instead of 4 lines meeting at the center.

Principle 5 - Closure
Related to principle of good continuation, there is
a tendency to close simple figures, independent of continuity or similarity. This results in a effect
of filling in missing information or organising information which is present to make a whole

In the circle at the top its seen easily. In the other to figures it's a little more complex. The second
figure can be read as two overlapping rectangles (the gestalt) whereas it can also be seen as three
shapes touching; a square and two other irregular shapes.

The final shape can be seen as a curve joining three squares or as three uneven shapes touching.

Principle 6 - Area and Symmetry

The principle of area states that the smaller of two overlapping figures is perceived as figure
while the larger is regarded as ground.
The principle of the symmetrical figure is that it is seen as a closed figure. Symmetrical contours
thus define a figure and isolate it from its ground.