I.

Passive Voice

She gave me a flower.

I was given a flower (by her).

A flower was given to me (by her).

!!!!!! It is preferred to put the person in front not the object

e.g. They have given Mary a book.

a) Mary was given a book.

b) A book has been given to Mary.

c) Mary has been given a book.

d) A book had been given to Mary.

I... flowers and he ... a book by our teacher.

a) Have been given/ was given

b) Have been given/ has been given

c) Was given/ was given

d) Had given/ has given

TO BE + VB III/-ED !!!! TO BE stays AT THE SAME TENSE as the verb in the Active
Voice

Present Simple: She washes her car every week. =>

The car is washed every week.

Present Continuous:They are cleaning the room.=>

 The room is being cleaned by them.

Present Perfect Simple: They have sent for the doctor.=>

The doctor has been sent for.

!!! The preposition is kept

E.g. The doctor has operated on the patient.

a) The patient was operated on.

b) The patient has been operated.

c) The patient is being operated on.

d) The patient has been operated on.

Past Simple: He stole a book last week.=>

A book was stolen last week.

Past Continuous: The police were following him.=>

He was being followed by the police.

!The verb TO BE must stay AT THE SAME TENSE as the verb in the Active Voice:

E.g. She was giving the children presents. (Past Continuous)

a) The children were given presents. (Past Simple for TO BE)

b) The children have been given presents. (Present Perfect Simple for TO BE)
c) The children were being given presents.(Past Continuous for TO BE)

d) The children are being given presents. (Present Continuous for TO BE)

Past Perfect Simple: She had bought a house.=>

A house had been bought.

E.g. When I arrived there, a thief had already taken his money.

a) Who has his money been taken by when I arrived there?

b) Who was his money taken by when I arrived there?

c) Who had his money been taken by when I arrived there?

d) Who had his money been taken when I arrived there?

Future Simple: She will help them.=>

They will be helped.

Future Perfect Simple: They will have finished their homework by tomorrow.=>

The homework will have been finished by tomorrow.

E.g. By the time she ... the money, the house ... .

a) will be given/ will have bought

b) is given/ will have been bought

c) has been given/ will have been being bought

d) will have been given/ had been bought

Modal Verbs: He must tell the truth. =>

The truth must be told.

He may have bought the car. =>

The car may have been bought.

Gerund: I hate people telling me what to do.=>

I hate being told what to do (by people).

!The verb which asks for Gerund is kept.

E.g. I love people giving me presents.

a) I love to be given presents.

b) I love being given presents.

c) I love having been given presents.

d) I love to have been given presents.

TO BE GOING TO + Vb. Inf. -> TO BE GOING TO + BE + Vb. III/ -ED

She is going to buy me a car. =>

I am going to be bought a car.

E.g. Who is going to give her the news?

a) Who is the news going to be given to her by?

b) Who will she be given the news by?

c) Who is she going to be given the news by?

d) By who is she going to be given the news?

TO HAVE TO + Vb. Inf. -> TO HAVE TO + BE + Vb. III/ -ED

He has to deliver a parcel. =>

A parcel has to be delivered.

Present Participle (Verb + ing)

Active Voice Passive Voice

After he bought the book, he left. => After buying the book, he left.=> The
book being bought, he left.

Active Voice

He had given the money and then he drove off. => Having given the money, he drove off. =>

Passive Voice

The money having been given, he drove off.

Passive Voice in QUESTIONS:

He discovered the mistake.

? Who was the mistake discovered by?/ By who was the mistake discovered?

+ The mistake was discovered by him.

!!! They made me cry. -> I was made to cry.

Make

Have
See + pronoun +Short Infinitive: Short Infinitive =>Long Infinitive

Watch

Hear Eg. I saw her leave. -> She was seen to leave.

I heard them laugh. -> They were heard to laugh.

E.g. The man heard the child cry.

a) The child was heard crying.

b) The child was heard to cry.

c) The child has been heard to cry.

d) The child was heard cry.

!!!!!!!! Let + Short Inf. They let me go yesterday.-> I was allowed to go. (permission)

LET in the Passive Voice means TO RENT: The apartment was let last week.

The following verbs: say, tell, believe, expect, know, think, suppose, deem = consider,
etc. make the Passive Voice as follows:

1. Present S/ Future S <=> Infinitive (eg. to ask)

People say /that he is handsome./ => It is said /that he is handsome./(impersonal)

=> He is said to be handsome. (personal)

E.g. They believe that she will live in Paris.

a) She is believed to have lived in Paris.

b) She is believed to live in Paris.

c) She is believed that will live in Paris.

d) She was believed to live in Paris.

2. Present Cont./ Future Cont. => Infinitive Continuous: to be + vb.-

ing (eg. to be sleeping)

People say /that she is crying./ => It is said/ that she is crying./

=> She is said to be crying.

3. Past S/ Present Perf. S/ Past Perf. S. =>Perfect Infinitive: to have +vb.III/-ed (eg.
to have eaten)

People say/ that he lived in Germany./ => It is said/ that he lived in Germany./

=> He is said to have lived in Germany.

4. Past Cont./ Present Perf. Cont./ Past Perf. Cont. => Perfect Continuous
Infinitive: to have been + vb.-ing (eg. to have been talking)

People say/ that they were stealing./ => It is said/ that they were stealing./

= > They are said to have been stealing.

e.g. People considered that he had fled the country.

a) He was considered to have fled the country.

b) He is considered to have been fleeing the country.

c) He is considered to have fled the country.

d) He was considered to be fleeing the country.

Transitive verbs used without using the passive (ergative verbs):

The cat opened the window. (active)

The window was opened by the cat. (passive)

The window opened. (ergative – as if the window opened by itself)

Other examples:

These jeans sell well. (These jeans are sold well by the shop assistant.)

I photograph well. (sunt fotogenic)

The door opened with a creak. (was opened)

The soup boils fast.

The snow melts in the sun.

The book reads fast.

The letter writes that he misses us.

NEED + VB.-ING -> the need to have a service done.

Eg. The house needs painting./ needs to be painted.

II. Causatives

S + HAVE + OBJECT + VB. III/-ED

I clean the car. (I do it myself)

I asked the man to clean my car.

I had my car cleaned (by the man, I didn’t do it myself).

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The verb to have must stay exactly in the same tense as the verb in the
Active Voice.

1. Misfortunes and accidents:

A thief broke into my house. ->

I had my house broken into.

Her hand was broken in the fight. ->

She had her hand broken in the fight.

2. Used to say that someone else does the action for me:

Eg. Present Simple: She cleans my house every week.

a) I have my house cleaned every week.

b) I had my house cleaned every week.

c) I have had my house cleaned every week.

d) I am having my house cleaned every week.

Present Continuous: A mechanic is repairing my car.

a) I have my car repaired.

b) I have been having my car repaired.

c) I will be having my car repaired.

 d) I am having my car repaired.

Present Perfect Simple: They have painted his house recently.

a) He has been having his house painted recently.

b) He has had his house painted recently.

c) He had had his house painted recently.

d) He has his house painted recently.

Present Perfect Continuous: They have been cleaning her room for two hours.

She has been having her room cleaned.

E.g. We ... the house cleaned by the maid all day.

a) have had

b) had been having

c) have been having

d) have been had

Past Simple: We washed their clothes yesterday.

They had their clothes washed yeasterday.

Past Continuous: The teacher was correcting my paper.

I was having my paper corrected by the teacher.

Past Perfect Simple: They had washed her windows before she came home.

She had had her windows washed before she came home.
Past Perfect Continuous: She had been doing his homework for hours before I arrived.

He had been having his homework done for hours before I arrived.

Future Simple: She will iron his clothes tomorrow.

He will have his clothes ironed tomorrow.

Future Continuous: She will be bringing his mail.

He will be having his mail brought.

Future Perfect Simple: I will have typed your letters by tomorrow.

You will have had your letters typed by tomorrow.

Future Perfect Continuous: He will have been washing her clothes for an hour when she
comes.

She will have been having her clothes washed for an hour.

Modal Verb: She must tidy his room.

He must have his room tidied.

He may be mowing your lawn tomorrow.

You may be having your lawn mown tomorrow.

They should have delivered his parcel.

He should have had his parcel delivered.

Gerund: I love her cooking my breakfast.

 I love having my breakfast cooked.

TO BE GOING TO: He is going to wash my linen.

I am going to have my linen washed.

TO HAVE TO: They have to wash her car.

She has to have her car washed.

S + GET + OBJECT + VB. III/-ED -> orders and imperatives

Eg. Get your clothes washed!

Get the job done!

Get your hair cut!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Insist => make : He insisted that I stay. -> He made me stay.(Make+ Short Infinitive)

Ask => have: He asked me to stay. -> He had me stay.(Have + Short Infinitive)

Persuade => get: He persuaded me to work.->He got me to work.(Get+Long Inf.)

My sister insisted that I clean all the dishes.

a) My sister had me clean all the dishes.

b) My sister made me to clean all the dishes.

c) My sister got me to clean all the dishes.

d) My sister made me clean all the dishes.