CHAPTER ONE

1.0. INTRODUCTION

Plants are equipment and machineries necessary to carry out an engineering activity. The use

of plants however has several advantages; reducing the time used for an

engineering/construction activity, replaces labour and carrying out many other activities

which cannot be done using manpower/ labour, maintaining high standard of and replacing

labour where and when necessary amongst others.

This research work studied the correct procedures of using large construction plants on site.

In light of the just mentioned, this chapter of the research work is subdivided under the

following subtopics;

a. Background of the study

b. Problem statement

c. Aims and objectives

d. Methodology

e. Scope of study

f. Outline of presentation (action plan)

1
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The Construction industry plays a vital role in any country‟s economy. Plants, materials and

manpower are the core resources on which all operations in the construction industry are

successfully executed. This gives the indication that the absence of one part shall cause

problems such as delay in operation, poor work done amongst others.

Plants usage therefore is of great benefits to the execution of every construction process.

Transportation plants such as; cranes, chutes, vans, lorries, hoists and fork lifts have sped up

construction works over the years by transporting materials from one place to the other in

various directions. Excavation plants such as: bulldozers, skimmers, face shovels amongst

others have provided builders the speed they needed to execute works in the shortest possible

time. The technological changing faces of these plants have presented plants which may no

longer be operated manually or may have sophisticated operation manuals. These

advancements had required that operators also advanced in the usage. Experiences in the

usage of older versions of plants have helped in the handling of such plants but it is always

necessary that operators upgrade (educate) themselves in the operation of these modern

plants. The lack of education, carelessness, overconfidence and the trust in outmoded

experiences have caused the failure, under-usage and over-usage of some plants such as

cranes.

1.1.1. CRANES: Cranes are lifting devices designed to raise materials by means of rope

and pulley operations and move the load horizontally and vertically within the

limitations of any particular machine. The range of cranes available is very wide and

therefore choice must be based on the loads to be lifted, height and horizontal distance

to be covered, time period(s) of lifting operations, utilization factors and degree of

mobility required. Crane types can range from a simple rope and pulley or gin wheel

2
 to a complex tower crane but most can be placed within 1 of 3 groups, namely mobile,

static and tower cranes. (Chudley and Greeno 2010)

1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

In 2011 a building project was started in Accra (Kimbu) for the construction of an ultra-

modern shopping mall and offices complex (The Octagon). The project had a limited space

for plants but the project managers (Dream Realty) did the best to put four tower cranes to

speed up construction activities on site. Three sides of the site are surrounded by major streets

whereas the other side of the site shared a common wall with the former Accra - Koforidua

and Aflao Station (PROTOA Station). Overlooking the side of the streets are the Kimbu

Secondary Technical School, the Architectural and Engineering Services Limited (AESL)

and the Novotel Hotels. The position of these cranes poses a very dangerous risk to all these

surrounding facilities especially when they are all public places. The counter weight of the

tower crane hangs in the street where vehicles and many pedestrians move. With this level of

danger hovering over that part of the city, pedestrians and motorists no more feel comfortable

using that portion of the city.

Cranes have failed in several circumstances; Peace FM online, a Ghanaian based radio station

published on 10th October, 2002 that; “Disaster struck at the Tema Steel Works factory on

tuesday when two overhead cranes crashed on the ground killing an operator instantly.

According to factory sources, the workers had to cut open the operator's cabin after the

accident to remove the body of 28 year-old Charles Senkyire. Mr. Ben Tayne, operator of the

other crane, who also collapsed was also admitted at the Narh-Bita Hospital where he was

responding to treatment. The sources said the two cranes were performing the normal lifting

of heavy iron when they crashed to the ground. Soon after the accident, the workers pleaded

with management to suspend work and resume on thursday. Superintendent Angabutoge

3
Awuni, Community One Police District Commander, who confirmed the accident, told the

Ghana News Agency that factory inspectors had visited the site and had begun investigations

into the accident alongside the police. Management had also invited crane experts to probe

the crash.

These cranes mounted in Accra could face similar problems hence needs to be attended to.

Disasters are not predictable as heavy storms, floods, earthquake, amongst others are not

foreseen. When such incidents happen, these cranes could easily fall into the street causing so

much damage to properties. Project managers could have adopted the use of other forms of

cranes which could have been much safer than the tower cranes but the cost in relation to the

task ahead need to be assessed.

1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The use plants cannot be eliminated in any construction process and therefore, the usage of

these plants must be safe and free from accidents. Cranes, in some case have collapsed for

one reason or the other. This research work is therefore aimed to reveal the causes of failure

of cranes and their adverse effect especially in urban centers.

Objectives of the study however will be

g. To prove if really city authorities check the safety of the plant.

h. To know if safety regulations with regards to the use of the cranes are enforced

i. To ascertain what best type of crane suits a particular construction site.

4
1.4. METHODOLOGY

Literatures were reviewed. Purposive and accidental sampling, were used in the

administration of questionnaires. Interviews shall also be conducted on the direct users of the

plants and some city authorities. Other sources of information for this research work shall be

from books, and the internet service. Pedestrians and drivers who move round the site shall

also be interviewed to get information on how they feel about the use of overhead cranes on

some construction site.

1.5. SCOPE OF STUDY

This research was carried on construction sites at the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (A.M.A.)

especially with regards to the usage of cranes and review safety regulation used by the

Metropolis. It was also found out whose responsibility it is to enforce safety regulations with

respect to the use of plants on construction sites. This write up shall also relate issues to cases

that have happened in other construction sites in other cities outside Ghana.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION

The main objective of this research work is to come out with suggestions and

recommendations that will help improve the management of large plants on construction sites

in the Accra metropolis. The chapter presents a review of literature from related topics

obtained from various plant management textbooks and the internet. The researcher analysis

opinions and viewpoints of authors in order to arrive at a conclusion that will help or guide

plant managers and to effectively ensure the safety of their plants on construction sites.

This chapter is organized under the following sub topics:

 Historical background of construction plants

 Construction plants and safety

 Construction cranes

 Historical background of cranes

 Types of cranes

 Crane accidents

 Crane Safety Guidelines

6
2.2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CONSTRUCTION PLANTS

The use of plants has existed long ago for construction. These plants have evolved in various

phases to suit the performance of heavier tasks. Cranes have been used far back as 1850.

Scaffolds, bulldozers, transporting trucks, concrete mixers etc. have developed over the years.

The 21st century has presented sophisticated plants with bigger operation manuals. This

requires that, operators of these plants are well abreast with the plants which they operate.

Every year, dozens of workers are reportedly injured when a crane on their job site collapses.

Injuries happen not just to the men and women operating the cranes, but also to the workers

on the ground, even those who are believed to be a safe distance from the site of the crane

work. A number of people die and others get permanent injuries as a result of accidents

related to the use of plants on site. (OSHA-USA, 2009)

2.3. CONSTRUCTION PLANTS AND SAFETY

Plant includes any appliance, equipment (including scaffolding), machinery, implement or

tool or any associated component, fitting or accessory. All well-maintained and properly

selected plant can be used safely in the hands of a competent and experienced operator.

Operator should be given full details of the job to be done and be made aware of all other

relevant factors concerning the material being worked on, the job site and other people and

machines around. All plant can be harmful if any of the above criteria are not met. These are

also the criteria which apply if you wish to get the best performance from plant.

2.3.1. SAFETY

(TIP sheet. Construction Plant And Equipment. T007 - AUGUST 2006)

Managers and supervisors must implement measures to minimize the health and safety risks

associated with working with plant.

7
Regarding plant, all ready to assemble (RTA) worksites should:

a. Identify, then eliminate or control plant-operator-pedestrian interaction.

b. Ensure that the system of guarding used is fit for purpose, suitable for the plant and

activity, inspected and maintained on a regular basis.

c. Provide appropriate plant-pedestrian traffic segregation, and protection barriers where

necessary.

d. Develop written Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS) for all interactive tasks

involving plant, operators and pedestrians.

e. Train all staff who may work with or operate plant in the nature of the hazards

involved, the means adopted to control exposure and emergency procedures in place.

f. Provide and maintain as far as practicable, the required facilities and systems of work

to enable plant to be inspected, maintained, repaired and cleaned.

g. Ensure that plant inspections and maintenance are in accordance with manufacturer‟s

instructions.

h. Ensure that contractors undertaking works for the RTA comply with this procedure

and associated guidelines.

2.3.2. HAZARDS

Hazards associated with plant include:

a. Contact or entanglement with the machinery, or material in motion.

b. Being trapped between the machine and any material or fixed structures.

c. Being struck by ejected parts of the machinery, or materials ejected from the

machinery.

d. Release of potential energy.

8
2.3.3. RISK ASSESSMENT

(TIP sheet. Construction Plant And Equipment. T007 - AUGUST 2006)

A risk assessment must be completed by a technically competent person prior to use of plant

for high risk construction work which includes work near vehicular, mobile plant or

pedestrian traffic.

The risk assessment of tasks involving plant shall comply with the RTA risk management

procedure.

2.3.4. RISK CONTROLS

(TIP sheet. Construction Plant And Equipment. T007 - AUGUST 2006)

The most effective method to control the risk is to eliminate the risk associated with the

operating plant. If this is not possible, then reduce (minimize) the risk by working down the

following hierarchy of control (use multiple controls where necessary):

a. Use plant that is fit for purpose, appropriately guarded, quiet and safe to use and

maintain. Such plant should incorporate where applicable, seat belts, horn,

reverse/travel alarm, rear vision mirror, ROPS, FOPS, SWL and safety signage,

headlights, indicators, amber strobe beacon, emergency stop devices and reflectors.

b. Operate the plant remotely.

c. Isolate the work area through appropriate plant-pedestrian traffic segregation, and

protection barriers (include noise protection barriers and baffles) where necessary.

d. Implement administrative controls such as safe work methods (SWMS), rotate staff

where practical to reduce operational time and operator fatigue.

e. Use Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) such as high visibility clothing, hearing and

eye protection, protective footwear, helmets etc. but only as a temporary measure or

as added protection.

9
2.4. CONSTRUCTION CRANES

2.4.1. HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES

The commentator who facetiously said that a camel is a horse designed by a committee

obviously was not an engineer. Though both animals are beasts of burden, an engineer would

certainly have appreciated their operating environments and performance characteristics are

in no way alike. He would have recognized that the differences are an inevitable and

necessary consequence of disparate places of habitation and work roles. The same

commentator might have offered a similar observation about mechanical beasts of burden,

such as cranes. Here too, evolution has led to differentiation to fit a variety of tasks and

environments. The major differentiation has been between machines for construction versus

those for general industry. The dividing line is rather hazy, however. For the most part,

industrial machines find application in long-term permanent installations with consistent

operating conditions. Construction cranes, on the other hand, are used for work-site

assignments that may last from several hours to several years; these machines are likely to be

exposed to a broad variety of work assignments and operating conditions. Despite these

differences, a surprising number of machine types find extensive application in both

construction and industry. (Shapiro and Shapiro, 2011)

The problem „how to lift a load‟ is as old as humankind. From the earliest times people have

faced this problem and therefore have been dragging and carrying until the invention of the

wheel, when carts, which could be driven or pulled, were built. People worked together to lift

loads or to move heavy objects.

As far back as 1850, cranes were used for shipping processes, construction and several other

purposes. These cranes have changed to suit modernization. The modern crane has all the full

potential of transporting loads that cannot be carried by the 1850 crane. In 1850 cranes could

10
carry just a few tons of load whiles a typical modern crane is capable of carrying loads

ranging from 45 tons to as much as 2000 tons depending on the type of crane in use.

(Verschoof, 2002)

FIG.2.2.A. Pictorial illustration of the evolutions of cranes in the construction industry 1850

- 1956 (Verschoof 2002)

11
FIG.2.2.B. History of cranes from 1905 to 1936

(Verschoof 2002)

12
2.5. TYPES OF CRANES

The 21st century has introduced some special types of cranes designed for special purposes. A

crane can be mobile, tower, gantry, revolving, self-erected or mast. Its choice for work

depends on the weight of load to be carried and the available site space.

2.5.1. MOBILE CRANES (GENERAL)

All cranes mounted on vehicles that can move from one point the to another without

dessmantling and reassembling are mobile cranes and they all use the same principles. The

self-propelled cranes, the lorry mounted latice jib cranes as well as the lorry mounted cranes

are all mobile cranes. There are other mobile cranes used for different purposes apart from

constructional activities. (Doran_2004)

Cribbing: This serves as a new foot for the truck on which the crane is mounted. This new

feet is balanced such that the crane is not tilted to one direction. All load carried by the crane

is evenly distributed onto the ground by the cribbing.

Clearance: The space allowed from the building to the crane to make easy view by the

controller of the crane.

2.5.1.1. ROUGH TERRAIN CRANES

As the name implies, these mobile cranes are especially suitable for site work, but generally

have only limited mobility on the road. They typically have two sets of duty ratings namely;

in the fixed position with outriggers extended and free on- wheels for pick-up and carry

operations. The latter is only usable under good level site conditions, despite the name.

(Doran_2004)

13
 FIG.2.3.B. Rough Terrain Crane (Shapiro and Shapiro, 2011)

2.5.1.2. ALL TERRIANS CRANES

These cranes feature the capabilities of both truck cranes and rough terrain cranes. Large-

capacity, multi-axle models have high road speed, off-road maneuverability, pick-and-carry

ratings, and drive positions in both the chassis-mounted cab and in the operators‟ cab

mounted on the rotating superstructure. To achieve maneuverability, these cranes typically

have all-axle drive and steering as well as crab steering. Many machines are furnished with

sophisticated suspension systems that maintain equalized axle loading on uneven terrain,

while the crane is in motion or is static. Outriggers are provided for increasing capacity.

Current capacities are available up to 300 tons (272 metric tons), with more models becoming

available. (Macdonald et al, 2009)

14
2.5.1.3. TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES

These machines can be a universal power unit rigged as a crane or a purpose designed track

mounted crane with or without a fly jib attachment. The latter types are usually more

powerful with lifting capacities up to 45 tons. Track mounted cranes can travel and carry out

lifting operations on most sites without the need for special road and hardstand provisions but

they have to be rigged on arrival after being transported to site on a low loader lorry.

2.5.1.4. LORRY MOUNTED CRANES

These mobile cranes consist of a lattice or telescopic boom mounted on a specially adapted

truck or lorry. They have two operating positions: the lorry being driven from a conventional

front cab and the crane being controlled from a different location. The lifting capacity

of these cranes can be increased by using outrigger stabilizing jacks and the approach

distance to the face of building decreased by using a fly jib. Lorry mounted telescopic cranes

require a firm surface from which to operate and because of their short site preparation time

they are ideally suited for short hire periods.

2.5.1.5. LORRY MOUNTED LATTICE JIB CRANES

These cranes follow the same basic principles as the lorry mounted telescopic cranes but they

have a lattice boom and are designed as heavy duty cranes with lifting capacities in excess of

100 tons. These cranes will require a firm level surface from which to operate and can have

folding or sectional jibs which will require the crane to be rigged on site before use.

(Doran_2004)

15
2.5.1.6. CRAWLER CRANES

Crawler cranes are capable of rotating through 360 degrees and have travel speeds ranging

from about 0.5 to 1.5 mph, depending on the machine‟s size. Their lifting capacities range up

to 300 tons, with various boom configurations and base modifications able to increase this

considerably. To ensure stability under loading, however, crawler cranes require a wide-track

spread. The wider the spread, the greater the crane‟s lifting capacity. However, because track

spread is limited by over-the-road restrictions, manufacturers usually provide their machines

with hydraulically extendible crawlers. This can increase track spread by as much as 48

inches, providing the stability required for lifting heavier loads.

(Macdonald et al, 2009)

Although crawler cranes have no leveling mechanism, stability very much depends on their

being operated on a level plane.

A crawler crane‟s stability further depends on the position from which the load is lifted.

When making a lift from the side of a crane, the side fulcrum line is located on the crane

rollers that ride on the tracks. Since the tracks are loosely pinned and resting on the ground,

the set opposite the tripping fulcrum cannot resist the crane‟s tendency to overturn during a

side lift. Thus counterweights are necessary to gain the full capacity of a crawler crane. These

are removed for travel, or if the crane must be operated in a narrow configuration.

16
 FIG.2.3.H

Fig. 2.3.H. An Illustrated labelled crawler crane. (Shapiro and Shapiro 2011)

17
 FIGURE 2.3.K.
Plan view of a crawler
crane showing the
position parameters
used for clearance
calculations when the
boom is at an angle to
the wall.
(From H.I. Shapiro,
1980.)

18
2.5.2. TOWER CRANES

2.5.2.1. GENERAL

Tower cranes are structures demanding foundations which must be properly designed

according to the criteria for the particular installation. Tower cranes can have either luffing or

fixed jibs (hammer head). All tower crane operations are affected by winds; and therefore one

needs to acquaint him/herself with the maximum wind-speed with which work is permissible.

Wind-speed indicators, with a warning bell, are fitted to most tower cranes, and should be

specified for all hired-in cranes. A continuous wind speed recorder can be fitted if required.

2.5.2.1.1. SAFETY

Most tower cranes are exposed to the wind pressure and are therefore liable to collapses as

compared to the other forms of cranes. In Ghana the operation of tower cranes and ensuring

of the compliance of safety regulations are regulated by the respective project managers and

contractors who undertake the projects.

In the UK, the Construction Industry Advisory Committee (CONIAC) seeks the welfare of all

tower crane operators and is therefore circumspect about the safety of workers and their jobs

thereof. This facilitated the strategic forum for construction tower crane group to publish a

book titled “tower crane working conditions best practice guidance”. In this book, the forum

stated the following as responsibilities of tower crane operators in ensuring safety on site:

2.5.2.1.2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF OPERATORS

1. Operate the crane in a correct, safe and efficient manner in accordance with the

manufacturer‟s manual

2. Keep the manufacturer‟s manual in the cab at all times

3. Follow all site safety rules

19
 4. Carry out basic maintenance duties including pre and post start checks

5. Keep all areas of the crane including the crane cab, walk ways, rest platforms and

back jib clear of obstructions and debris

6. Immediately report any breakdown or faults to supervisor

7. Immediately report any health or safety issues including incidents or change in

external factors which could affect safe operation

8. Accurately complete all documents such as timesheets, check sheets and training log

book.

9. Ensure not under the influence of alcohol or drugs during working hours.

10. Not to operate override keys/limit switches

11. Not to use mobile phones (or other mobile devices) when operating the crane

12. Be competent in authorized communication (e.g. radio)

2.5.2.1.3. TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE

1. As a minimum, should hold a CTC 3 certificate and be adequately trained for the type

of equipment being operated and have sufficient knowledge of the machine and its

safety devices. Evidence of training must be provided to the site management.

2. Must be familiar with the controls of the particular crane being operated. This should

be confirmed by the provision of record of familiarization training provided by the

crane supplier prior to commencing work on site.

3. Should have been trained sufficiently in the mechanics of their machine so as to be

able to carry out daily checks and weekly inspections.

4. Should have been trained in the hand-signaling system to be used and, where

necessary, in the use of radios for receiving instructions.

5. Should be familiar with the use of any firefighting appliances fitted to the equipment.

20
Should only carry out roles they are trained to undertake and under the direct instruction of an

appropriate person.

2.5.2.1.4. SAFETY NOTES FOR THE CRANE OPERATOR

Operators should:

1. Be familiar with the emergency procedure and means of escape, where relevant.

2. Attend regular site co-ordination meetings to keep abreast of current activities.

3. Be provided with lifting plan, method statement on the safe operation of the crane.

4. Be familiar with the method and system for inspection and maintenance of the crane

and lifting equipment.

5. Be familiar with the crane manufacturers operation and service manuals.

6. Have understanding of the electrical safety procedures.

7. Be aware of the procedures to be adopted in the event of an accident or injury.

(The Tower Crane Group_2009)

2.5.2.2. TYPES OF TOWER CRANES

2.5.2.2.1. STATIC TOWER CRANES

This is the most common type of tower crane. Carefully consider all the factors affecting its

use before deciding on the position for a static tower crane on any site. If possible a tower

crane should be tied into a structure. The method of erecting and dismantling this must be

agreed with the designer of the permanent structure. Savings can sometimes be made in the

size of the crane mast sections. However, modern structural design often precludes this. The

base of a fixed tower crane is often dictated by site restrictions. However, in many cases

where there is room, a ballasted travelling or cruciform base for a fixed crane is more

economic than a fixed base requiring a heavy mass concrete foundation.

21
 FIG. 2.3.L

Static Tower Crane

Foundation under
Construction.

(Shapiro and Shapiro,

2.5.2.2.2. TRAVELING TOWER CRANES

Although crawler bases are available for a few types of tower crane (but not to be confused

with crawler cranes in tower configuration), most travelling bases are rail mounted. The track

gauge is wide, ranging from 3.8m to 15 m or more to give stability. Tower crane rail track

must be laid level, and there can be no exception to this. Large radius curves can be

negotiated.

Fig. 2.3.2.3

Traveling crane
base

(Shapiro and
Shapiro, 2011)

22
2.5.2.2.3. CLIMBING TOWER CRANES

Most tower cranes can be climbed, but the present economics of mobile crane hire for

maximum height erection, as against labour for periodic climbing, generally favors

immediate maximum working height installation. Internal stairwell/lift-shaft climbing tower

cranes are useful in certain cases and can have the advantage of a much shorter jib while still

reaching all points of the building. On high-rise work, there can be a considerable saving on

mast sections. Any proposal to use this type must be discussed with the engineer responsible

for the design of the permanent structure.

Fig. 2.3.2.4.A

A typical stairwell for a

climbing tower crane.

(The Tower Crane Group

2009)

2.5.2.2.4. MAST CRANES

These are similar in appearance to the familiar tower cranes but they have one major

difference in that the mast or tower is mounted on the slewing ring and thus rotates whereas a

tower crane has the slewing ring at the top of the tower and therefore only the jib portion

rotates. Mast cranes are often mobile, self-erecting, of relatively low lifting capacity and are

usually fitted with a luffing jib. A wide variety of models is available and has the advantage

over most mobile low pivot cranes of a closer approach to the face of the building.

23
2.5.2.2.5. SELF-ERECTING TOWER CRANE

Self-erecting cranes have been around for some decades in Europe, but in the U.S. they have

only recently advanced from being an oddity to becoming an important and fast-growing

segment of the lifting machine market. Functionally these are tower cranes but deploy like

mobile cranes. A typical machine of this type is driven to the construction site and folds out

like an origami crane, strangely mimicking the paper version of its bird namesake. When the

work is done, it folds up as easily and is hauled away. If a storm is coming, the crane is

folded up readily and need not ride it out. The larger of these cranes have maximum lifting

capacities of 4 metric tons and can reach 54 m in height. (Shapiro and Shapiro, 2011)

A self-erecting crane is pulled to the site and deployed rapidly with a small erection crew. Its

base is mounted on outriggers. There may be ballast blocks to impart stability. The

telescoping mast, composed of tubular or latticed sections, gives it the ability to operate close

to buildings. A larger model may be mounted to an integral truck carrier and have an

operating cab that rides up the mast. Nearly all self-erecting cranes are bottom slewing. A

crane of this type fits into tight spaces such as a narrow street, alleyway, or courtyard. The

saddle jib with an under slung trolley can operate flat or at an inclined angle. This nimble jib

can tilt and fold to clear obstacles. The self-erecting concept is generally applied to cranes

that service light construction, but there are exceptions, and the future is apt to expand

production to heavier applications. One that presently stands apart due to its extraordinary

size and capacity is the GTK 1100, a specialty machine developed for wind turbine erection.

It can lift 77 tons and reach as high as 140 meters. This model also stands apart from other

self-erecting cranes because it requires multiple truck loads to be brought to the site, and it

must be assembled. (Shapiro and Shapiro, 2011)

24
 Fig. C.2.5. A Self-Erecting Crane at the site of the New Judicial Complex Accra – Ghana

2.5.2.2.6. GANTRY CRANES

These are sometimes called portal cranes and consist basically of two `A' frames joined

together with a cross member on which transverses the lifting appliance. According to

Shapiro and Shapiro (2011), small gantry cranes have up to 10 tons lifting capacity. The `A'

frames are usually wheel mounted and manually propelled. The large gantry cranes also have

up to 100 tons lifting capacity. The `A' frames are mounted on powered bogies running on

25
rail tracks with the driving cab and lifting gear mounted on the cross beam or gantry. Small

gantry cranes are used primarily for loading and offloading activities in stock yards whereas

the medium and large gantry cranes are used to straddle the work area such as in power

station construction or in repetitive low to medium rise developments. All gantry cranes have

the advantage of three direction movement:

1. Transverse by moving along the cross beam.

2. Vertical by raising and lowering the hoist block.

3. Horizontal by forward and reverse movements of the whole gantry crane.

2.5.2.2.7. REVOLVER CRANES

These are a series of large latticed boom cranes that resemble mobile-crane superstructures,

available in capacities of 4200 tons (3800 t) or more. They are often barge-mounted or ship-

mounted, but when portal, pedestal, or tower mounted, they are used at such places as dam

construction sites and shipyards. Many can be seen in fabricating yards preparing deep-sea

drilling platforms and other facilities for oil exploration and extraction.

(Shapiro and Shapiro 2011)

2.6. CRANE ACCIDENTS

2.6.1. CAUSES

Globally, annually, dozens of workers are reportedly injured when a crane on their job site

collapses. Injuries happen not just to the men and women operating the cranes, but also to the

workers on the ground, even those who are believed to be a safe distance from the site of the

crane work. Most crane accidents involving a collapse happen with the crane boom breaks or

malfunctions. Occupational Health and Safety reports has it that 8% of all crane incidents are

cause by the boom on a crane buckling or collapsing; this is the leading cause of crane

26
accidents after electrocution and problems during crane assembly or disassembly.

Unfortunately, many times, these boom collapse-related injuries and deaths could have been

prevented. The boom is the arm of a crane, and for many, this is the most recognizable

feature of a crane. Not all cranes have booms, but in the construction industry, and even in

most factories, there is usually at least one crane with a boom on site. Cranes without booms,

such as those on tracks or floor supports that work overhead can also collapse if not used

properly.

One of the biggest reasons that a boom collapses is improper blocking. Also known as

“cribbing,” and is the use of wood or metal supports to stabilize and balance loads that are

lifted off of the ground. Blocking is extremely important, especially with latticework booms.

Without blocking, the unbalanced load will shift and move unpredictably, which in and of it

are dangers. If the load gains momentum and twists or swings, the boom may not be able to

withstand the movement and can collapse. A boom can also collapse if the load being picked

up is too large. All cranes have weight limits. While it is the responsibility of the crane

operator to track load weight, it is also the responsibility of the employer to train crane

operators on proper load maximum weights. The load weight is typically most important for

making sure that the crane doesn‟t tip over.

Cranes use counterweight and out-rigging systems to ensure that the crane‟s weight is

balanced. If the maximum weight is exceeded, it is most likely that the crane will tip over

before the crane‟s boom will collapse (both are dangerous situations). Thus, some workers or

employers add additional weight to cranes to prevent tipping over while exceeding the

maximum weight limits. This is extremely dangerous. A crane is only meant to withstand a

certain amount of weight, and if you attempt to pick up more, the boom could collapse, even

if you use excess counterweight to prevent tipping over. Always verify weights and listen to

27
overload indicators to ensure that you are staying within a safe range for the crane you are

using.

Mobile cranes have the tendencies of overturning when blocking/cribbing is improperly done,

design loads being exceeded and wind pressure becoming excessive while crane is working.

The entire lorry/truck on which the crane is mounted overturns in the process.

2.6.2. CRANE ACCIDENT RECORDS

Lambeck and Eschemuller, 2009 published that, on March 15, 2008, a crane collapsed in a

densely populated neighborhood of New York City killing seven people of which five were

from the crane rigging company, one being the crane operator, and the other was a woman

staying in one of the buildings that was hit by the crane‟s tower). The collapse occurred when

the riggers were jumping the tower crane and placing the support collar onto the building

structure. The collar broke away from the riggers (supposedly due to a faulty $50 nylon

sling), slid down the crane‟s support tower, and caused the other support collars to break

away from the building. The tower crane became unstable and fell onto several apartment

buildings just south of where the original construction was taking place.

Exhibit 2.4.A shows part of the crane that fell onto a building.

The crane‟s collapse caused the death of 7 people and injury to an additional 25 people. In

addition, a high-density urban area (affecting 300 apartments) was shut down several months,

affecting businesses and preventing residents from occupying their apartments.

(Lambeck and Eschemuller, 2009)

The filing of lawsuits, loss of business, fines, and the project being shut down are just some

of the adverse secondary losses that have occurred with the crane‟s collapse.

28
 EXH.2.4.A.

EXHIBIT 2.4.A. Lambeck and Eschemuller 2009

According to Lambeck and Eschemuller (2009), on May 30, 2008, another crane accident

occurred in New York City, which killed the crane operator and another worker on the

ground. Initial indications were that mechanical failure occurred at the turntable below the

cab, which caused the cab to fall from the mast and land on a busy New York City street. The

falling cab and boom caused extensive damage to several apartment buildings surrounding

the construction site. As in the March 15, 2008 incident, not only is a construction project

stopped but also a dense urban neighborhood is being adversely affected. The New York City

Department of Buildings issued a stop work order to all construction sites using jumping

cranes.

Shapiro and Shapiro, 2011 published that in 2002, two tower cranes toppled from the 60th

floor of a steel frame building under construction in Taipei, Taiwan, during a severe

earthquake. The failures were not caused directly by the earthquake, but rather by the cranes

oscillating in resonance with the building.

29
According to Lambeck and Eschemuller (2009), on March 24, 2008, another crane collapsed

in Miami Beach, Florida and caused two deaths and five injuries. This collapse seems to have

been caused by heavy winds. It is presumed that the riggers were rushing to jump the crane

after several days of delays caused by high winds. With the number of cranes operating in

major urban centers, it behooves all project managers (PM) to review and evaluate the safety

requirements, rigging equipment used, connections inspected, and operator certification for

the cranes. Just as the crane collapses in New York City on March 15, 2008 and May 30,

2008 caused several deaths and extensive damage to dense neighborhoods, additional and

more extensive safety care has to be exercised by all participating members of the

construction process in an urban environment.

2.6.3. CRANE SAFETY GUIDELINES

Significant and serious injuries may occur if cranes are not inspected before use and not used

properly. Often these injuries occur when a worker is struck by an overhead load or caught

within the crane‟s swing radius. Many crane fatalities occur when the boom of a crane or its

load line contact an overhead power line.

1. Check all crane controls to ensure proper operation before use.

2. Inspect wire rope, chains, and hook for any damage.

3. Know the weight of the load the crane is to lift.

4. Ensure that the load does not exceed the crane‟s rated capacity.

5. Raise the load a few meters to verify balance and the effectiveness of the brake

system.

6. Check all rigging prior to use; do not wrap hoist ropes or chains around the load.

7. Do not move a load over workers.

8. Fully extend outriggers and make sure crane outriggers are extended when required.

30
9. Watch for overhead electrical distribution and transmission lines, and maintain a safe

working clearance of at least 4 meters from energized electrical lines

10. Make sure the upper rotating structure supporting the boom and materials being

handled are provided with an electrical ground while working near energized

transmitter towers.

11. Post and make visible to the operator the rated load capacities, operating speed, and

instructions.

12. Make sure cranes are equipped with a load chart, and that operators understand and

use the load chart.

13. Make sure the operator can determine the angle and length of the crane boom at all

times.

14. Make sure crane machinery and other rigging equipment is inspected daily prior to

use to ensure that it is in good condition.

15. Barricade accessible areas within the crane‟s swing radius.

16. Use tag lines to prevent dangerous swing or spin of materials when raised or lowered

by a crane or derrick.

17. Post illustrations of hand signals to crane and derrick operators on the job site.

18. Make sure the signal person uses correct signals for the crane operator to follow.

19. Remove broken, worn, or damaged wire rope from service.

20. Make sure load testing reports/certifications are available.

21. Make sure tower crane mast bolts are properly torqued to the manufacturer‟s

specifications.

22. Make sure overload limits are tested and correctly set.

23. Post the maximum acceptable load and the last test results on the crane.

31
24. Make sure periodic inspections of all hoisting and rigging equipment are performed;

and the reports are initialed and maintained.

25. Allow only properly trained and qualified operators to work with hoisting and rigging

equipment.

26. Make sure crane outriggers are extended when required.

27. Make sure crane platforms and walkways have antiskid surfaces.

28. Provide guardrails, handholds, and steps for safe and easy access to and from all areas

of the crane.

29. Post the maximum acceptable load and the last test results on the crane.

30. Make sure annual inspections of all hoisting and rigging equipment are performed;

and the reports are initialed and maintained.

32
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0. METHODOLOGY

3.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter of the research works deals with the method used in meeting the desired

objectives of the study. It highlights how the research works was designed and the method of

data collection and analysis. This section help to know the implication of the research study

and the effort being put in place to ensure that aims and objectives will be achieved.

3.2. THE STUDY AREA

The study was conducted in the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (The largest city in Ghana). It

is where most business activities take place i.e. trading, commerce and construction. It is the

capital city of Ghana where most large construction sites on going and use cranes for

construction works yet the smallest of the 10 administrative regions in terms of area (3245

square kilometers). The region is divided into five districts namely; Accra Metropolitan

Assembly, Tema Municipal Area, Ga East District, Ga West District, Dangme West and

Dangme East District. It is therefore imperative and not worthy that, the findings of this study

would be a true reflection of what is happening across the country.

3.3. SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND POPULATION OF THE STUDY

Purposive sampling and Accidental sampling were adopted for the research. These sampling

methods aided in the selection of specific sites which suited or were of great importance in

realizing the objects of this research work.

33
3.3.1. ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING

Accidental sampling (sometimes known as grab, convenience sampling or opportunity

sampling) is a type of nonprobability sampling which involves the sample being drawn from

that part of the population which is close to hand. That is, a sample population selected

because it is readily available and convenient. The researcher using such a sample cannot

scientifically make generalizations about the total population from this sample because it

would not be representative enough. (Eleanor et al. 1997)

The researcher‟s selection of samples though unguided was also not random. The researcher

used the correct definition of everyone in the population having equal chance of being

selected; Crane Operators, City Engineers and Project Managers and also based on the fact

that these persons were directly involved in the subject matter of the research.

3.3.2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

A purposive sample is a non-representative subset of some larger population, and is

constructed to serve a very specific need or purpose. A researcher may have a specific group

in mind, such as high level business executives. It may not be possible to specify the

population - they would not all be known, and access will be difficult. The researcher will

attempt to zero in on the target group, interviewing whoever is available.

(psychology.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/sampling/types.htm)

Selected construction sites in the metropolis are not a representative of the larger population

of construction sites involved in the use of cranes in urban centers. The selection was based

on how close they were to major streets and public areas. It was not possible to specify the

population, however the purposive sampling technique enabled the study to be undertaken on

five construction sites where cranes and other stationary construction plants are used and

whose site situations were life threatening and possess a major risk to the city.

34
 3.3.3. POPULATION OF STUDY

The study engaged a total of twenty one persons out of which

 1 was a Safety Officer

 14 were Crane Operators

 4 were Project Managers

 2 were City Authorities

Table. 3.3.3. Statistics of personalities engaged for the study

S/N COMPANY/ PROJECT SITE SAFETY CRANE PROJECT

TITLE LOCATION OFFICERS OPERATORS MANAGERS
1. Dream Realty Construction Kimbu 0 4 1
Company – The Octagon Gardens
2. M. Babbisotti and Sons – La Labadi, Accra 1 6 0
Beach Towers
3. Trasacco Estate Development Airport City, 0 1 1
Company – Villagio Vista Accra
4. Chinese construction Company – Airport City, 0 2 1
New Foreign Affairs Ministry Accra
Building
5. Accra Polo Heights Building Airport City, 0 1 1
Accra
Total 1 14 4

6. Accra Metropolitan Assembly City Authority – 2 = 9.52%

35
 7

4 Crane Operator

3 Project Managers

Safety Officers
2

0
M. Babbisotti Dream Realty Chinese T.E.D.C. Accra
and Sons Construction (Villagio PoloHeight
Vista)

Figure. 3.3.3. Respondents

3.4. RESEARCH DESIGN

The following procedures were used in carrying out the research.

 A research was made into the types of cranes available and suitable locations and

conditions for use.

 Questionnaires were sent out to construction sites, Contractors and crane operators

 Personal interviews were conducted for stakeholders to enable respondents to contribute

to the research work.

 Finally personal observations were made to ascertain useful information and to acquaint

with realities on the ground.

36
3.5. TYPES OF DATA AND INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

A well administered questionnaire and interview schedule were used in collecting primary

data for the research. Secondary data were also extracted from documented facts and the

World Wide Web (Internet)

3.6. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

The research was engaged with three enumerators who were trained for the exercise or the

collection of primary data.

3.7. LIMITATIONS OR CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN DATA COLLECTION

During the distribution of questionnaires to project managers / safety officers, some of them

were reluctant to respond however, after managers had a full conviction about the purpose of

the research, they accepted to respond to some questions. It was also difficult to interact with

crane operators because they were always busy anytime a visit was made to the sites. In view

of these, the researcher had to leave the questionnaires in the care of safety officers or project

managers. At the Accra Metropolitan Assembly, it was also very difficult to identify and

know particularly persons responsible to respond to questions. On one of the sites visited, it

was very difficult to communicate to project managers because the only language they could

speak was Chinese. The researcher had to search further to get a Chinese interpreter to aid the

collection of information this survey.

37
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1. INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the results, analysis, discussions and findings of the data collected.

Analysis of responses was done according to the research objectives. This chapter established

if really project managers ensure best practices in the use of cranes for their construction

projects. It also proves if really city authorities checked the safety of cranes on the

construction site in the dense neighborhood of these construction sites. Simple percentages

and charts were used for the analysis.

4.2. DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Respondents of the survey represented companies undertaking construction activities in the

Accra Metropolitan Assembly and some persons representing the Accra Metropolis.

A total of seventeen (17) respondents from three out of five companies and the Accra

Metropolis representing 80.95% response rate were received and used in the analysis.

Figure.4.2. RESPONDENTS / NON RESPONDENTS

RELATION

Total Number of Non

Respondents

Total Number of Respondents

38
4.3. PRESENTATION OF RESPONSES FROM CITY AUTHORITIES

There were two respondents from the Department of Works of the Accra Metropolitan

Assembly representing 100 percent response rate on administered questionnaires. These

representatives of the City‟s department of works are educated technocrats. One is a civil

engineer whereas the other is a building technologist.

Table 4.2. Responses from City Authorities

S/N RESPONSE PERCENTAGE %

1. Awareness of city authorities of crane Yes 2 100
usage on selected project sites No 0 0
2. Safety regulations Yes 2 100
No 0 0
3. Cranes security Yes 0 0
No 2 100
4. Awareness of threats posed by tower Yes 0 0
cranes in city No 2 100
5. Queries from other construction expects Yes 0 0
No 2 100
6. Pedestrians and motorist safety Yes 2 100
No 0 0
7. Minimum required Education of crane None 100
operators
8. Classes of contractors allowed to use D1K1, D2K2 100
cranes
9. Training of crane operators Yes 2 100
No 0 0
10. City authorities‟ involvement in training Yes 0 0
No 2 100

39
In addition to survey findings from city authorities, metropolitan authorities were supposed to

take responsibility of checking the safety set up of all cranes mounted in the city but have not

done so for the trust they have in the various contractors who operate their sites

In making sure crane accidents do not cause severe adversities, efforts were made in the past

to bring into being a department that shall take responsibility of checking cranes; however,

efforts were thwarted for political reasons and also based on the fact that, that department was

going to be privatized.

Based on the above, the Accra Metropolitan Assembly had several works to do as far as the

safety checks of cranes were a concern but authorities had simply neglected that role because

there is no legal backing to that effect; - A bill is waiting in parliament to be passed on

Occupational Health and Safety. This gives the indication that until the bill is passed into law,

the Metropolitan Assembly shall remain inactive in occupational health and safety.

As to the qualification for crane operators, it was realized that, crane owners had no specific

qualification for operators rather; they trained persons who assisted operators in discharging

duties and all other persons who had the courage to operate cranes. Banks men were the most

of people who venture crane operations. It was also known that D1 K1 and D2 K2 contractors

were the only class of contractors allowed to operate cranes in the city. Since complex

projects with large volume of works are undertaken by these firms.

40
4.4. PRESENTATION OF RESPONSE FROM PROJECT MANAGEMENT / SAFETY

OFFICERS

The following are the list of sites attended sites and their corresponding number of

respondents (Project Management and Safety Officer) representing 100 percent response rate

on administered questionnaires

1. La Beach Towers - 01

2. Dream Realty Constructions - 01

3. New Foreign Affairs Building Project - 01

Total - 03

Table 4.3. Responses from project managers/safety officers

S/N RESPONSE PRECENTAGE %

1. Construction project managers owned Yes 2 66.67

plants used No 1 33.33
2. sites operated cranes Yes 3 100
No 0 0
3. Plant insurance Yes 3 66.67
No 0 0
4. Operators‟ insurance Yes 3 100
No 0 0
5. Education level of Crane Operators
Junior Secondary 1 33.33
Senior secondary 0 0
Construction Technician Course 0 0
N.V.T.I. 2 66.67
H.N.D. 0 0
BSc. 0 0
6. Operators‟ experience
0 to 3 years 1 33.33
4 to 6 years 2 66.67
7. Operators‟ training Yes 3 100
No 0 0

41
 8. Operators‟ application of training on job Yes 3 100
No 0 0
9. Awareness of regulations on the use of Yes 1 33.33
cranes No 2 66.67
10. Safety precautions Yes 3 33.33
No 0 0
11. Frequent crane security/safety check
1 to 5 weeks 3 100
5 to 10 weeks 0 0
11 to 15 weeks 0 0
12. Frequent visits to site by city authorities
1 to 5 weeks 3 100
5 to 10 weeks 0 0
11 to 15 weeks 0 0
13. Crane safety regulations Yes 2 66.67
No 1 33.33
14. Awareness of threats of cranes Yes 2 66.67
No 1 33.33
15. Queries from other construction expects Yes 0 0
No 3 100
16. Intended duration of cranes on site
1 to 3 years 2 66.67
4 to 6 years 1 33.33
17. Pedestrian safety Yes 3 100
No 0 0
18. Alternate cranes Yes 3 100
No 0 0
19. Safety of alternate cranes Yes 0 0
No 3 100

On all the three sites visited, there was only one site which had a Safety Officer. This gives

an indication that, issues of safety and health is not given proper attention on our various

construction sites in the city.

42
It was also realized that, most construction project managers managed cranes owned by their

companies; these cranes as well as their operators were insured against accidents. These

operators had very little formal education, however had an average of 4 to 6 years of

experiences.

Moreover, these operators had frequent training on their jobs. Trainings received were

applied on their jobs to enhance efficiency and conform to modernization in the industry.

These trainings is perceived to have saved the city from a lot of challenges. The National

Building Regulation 1996 (L.I. 1630) needed a review since it did not contain regulations for

the use of cranes in urban construction.

Finally, project managers for a good record of their operations have managed to frequently

check the safe set up of their cranes to avoid possible accidents. Project managers also

admitted to the fact that, their projects could use other cranes for operation; - telescopic tower

cranes, mobile and self-erected tower cranes were listed as examples of alternate cranes.

43
4.5. PRESENTATION OF RESPONSES FROM CRANE OPERATORS

The following are the list of sites attended and their corresponding number of respondents

(Crane Operators)

 La Beach Towers - 06

 Dream Realty Constructions - 04

 New Foreign Affairs Building Project - 02

The twelve (12) crane operators shall constitute the total 100 percent.

Formula for calculating for percentage of answers shall be number of respondents x 100
12

FIGURE. 4.5. - CRANE OPERATORS

M. Babbisotti and Sons

6
Dream Realty

4 China Construction

Table 4.4. Responses from crane operators

S/N RESPONSE PERCENTAGE %

1. Cranes operated
Mobile crane 2 16.67
Tower crane 10 83.33
2. How crane operation was
learnt
Training and education 2 16.67
Mentorship 8 66.67
Site Experience 2 16.67

44
3. Duration of crane operation
1 to 3 years 3 25
4 to 6 years 9 75
7 years and above 0 0
4. Operators who have Yes 2 16.67
experienced accidents No 10 83.33
5. Causes of crane accident
Strong wind 2 100
Site Congestion 2 100
Response to this question is based on the number of (Yes) response from
statement 4. The two respondents shall represent a 100 percent response.
6. Availability of crane safety Yes 11 91.67
precautions No 1 8.33
7. Frequent Safety and security
check of cranes
1 to 5 weeks 8 66.67
6 to 10 weeks 2 16.67
11 to 15 weeks 2 16.67
8. Frequent visits by city
authorities to site
1 to 5 weeks 0 0
6 to 10 weeks 0 0
11 to 15 weeks 2 16.67
9. Awareness of precautions from Yes 3 25
city authorities No 9 75
10. Cranes pose risks to pedestrians Yes 7 58.33
and motorists No 5 41.67
11. Queries from other construction Yes 0 0
expects No 12 100
12. Crane operations is based on
Education 2 16.67
Experience 10 83.33
13. Years of experience
0 to 3 years 5 41.67
4 to 6 years 7 58.33
7 years and above 0 0
14. Frequency of training
Weekly 5 41.67
Fortnightly 2 16.67

45
 Monthly 5 41.67
Annually 0 0
15. Ability to apply training on job Yes 12 100
No 0 0
16. Alternate cranes Yes 12 100
No 0 0

Analysis of the survey reveals that, all crane operators had very little formal education. These

operators operated their plants with experiences from them being mentored by some other

crane operators‟ whiles they were banks men. Some Operators narrated in a one-to-one chart

how they had to learn the operation of the plant the hard way from their Chinese employers.

An operator recounted his experience when on May 19th, 2012, a strong wind caused the

boom of a tower crane he was operating to swing uncontrollably and hit an electricity power

line causing a bucket of concrete to spill over. The boom of the concrete falling on the power

lines caused a complete blackout in some neighboring communities.

Another also recounted an accident involving the booms of two tower cranes crashing on the

restricted site which caused work to halt for some time. The two cranes were of the same

heights and were operational at the same time when the incident happened.

These operators though had site safety meetings every two weeks, encounted these accidents.

The accident was caused by forces beyond their powers (force majore – Act of God)

46
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Crane accidents could have serious economic impact on the construction projects and the

industry as a whole. The cost of reconstruction and compensations to affected individuals can

cost several millions of money as a result of one crane collapse. Tower cranes collapse causes

the worst damage to any other crane in the construction industry. It is however necessary, that

tower crane operators take all the necessary precautions, adhering to strict instructions in the

operation of tower cranes. Appendices C1 and D1 illustrates the devastation levels that

mobile cranes and tower cranes could cause as a result of their accidents.

5.2. CONCLUSION

Cranes vary and based on their variations, they perform several functions with regards to

their lifting capacities. If a particular crane does not suit some conditions, it should be

changed for the appropriate types which shall suit all related regulations. Furthermore, it

should not be overlooked or ignored for reasons of selfish interest to construction companies.

The use of cranes for construction activities shall continue so long as the city is still

developing and is seeing the construction of new high rise buildings. This calls for strict

enforcement of regulations necessary for checking safety in the operation of the plant. The

leadership of Ghana must change from reacting to incidence and focus on creating an

environment which shall discourage the occurrences of such incidence since they have direct

or indirect economic loss to the country.

47
 5.3. RECOMMENDATION

Based on analysis of findings and conclusion of previous chapters of this research work the

following were drawn for consideration and implementation.

5.3.1. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS (GHANA)

The Bill on Occupational Health and Safety should be passed quickly to check the safe use of

the plant especially when high-rise buildings are springing up in the cities of this country.

In the interim, the City Authorities should start with checks on the safe use of the plant with

authoritative backings from persons who matter as far as the construction industry in Ghana

is concerned.

5.3.2. CRANE SAFETY

Crane operators should strictly adhere to safety principles learnt from workshops and training

sessions; with a minimum qualification of Construction Technician Course [CTC] III, crane

operators should be examined periodically for the use of the plant. This will ensure that,

operators are able to read and understand from manuals and apply what is learnt on the job.

With the continuous up springing of high rise buildings in locations where population is

dense and area near to streets, the self-erecting/telescopic cranes should be encouraged for

used since it has the potential of performing roles that are performed by other tower cranes.

48
 5.3.3. SAFETY PERSONNEL

To every construction site where major building projects are being undertaken, there should

be safety officers who are Ghanaians.

The Trades Union Congress of Ghana has an active role in checking safety of workers on

construction sites; the researcher is of the view that crane operators with the support of the

G.T.U.C should form a group that will bring Crane operators together to pursue common

interests.

49
REFERENCES

1. Richard LAMBECK P.E., John ESCHEMULLER P.E. (2009) – Urban Construction

Project Management. McGraw-Hill Construction series. Page 102 – 103.

2. The Tower Crane Group – Tower Crane Working Conditions Best Practice Guidance.

Strategic forum for construction. Page 1 - 2

3. David DORAN (2004) – Site Engineers Manual. Whittles publishing, Page 41 – 46.

4. Frank J. G. et al (2007) – Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology;-Use of a

Large Crane for Wind and Tracer Profiles in an Urban Setting. American

Metrological Society. Pages 1750 – 1756.

5. MACDONALD J. A. et al. (2009) – Handbook for Rigging Fifth Edition. McGraw-

Hill Construction series. Page 457 - 465

6. Lawrence K. SHAPIRO and Jay P. SHAPIRO (2011) – Cranes and Derricks Forth

Edition . McGraw-Hill Construction series.

7. Ing. J. Verschoof (2002) – CRANES – Design, Practice and Management Second

Edition. Professional Engineering Publishing Limited. Page 1 – 16

8. Boxill et al (1997) – Introduction to Social research With Applications to the

Caribbean. University of the West Indies Press. Page 36.

9. Larry Lam and Soon Chong Tok (2007) – Crane Accidents and Emergencies Causes,

Repairs and Prevention. Porqtek International Limited

10. OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration (2007) – Tip sheet,

construction plants and equipment. RTA Page 1 – 2.

11. New Jersey Fatality Assessment And Control Evaluation Project (FACE05 –NJ-099) (2009) -

Crane Failure Kills Workers At Scrap Metal Recycling Yard

12. National Building Regulation 1996 (L.I. 1630). Assembly Press of Ghana.

13. Peace FM Online, 10th October, 2002. http://www.peacefmonline.com

50
 APPENDIX A

A Telescopic self-erected tower crane used by the EnergoProjekt for the construction of the
New Judicial Complex in Accra – Ghana

51
APPENDIX B1

A tower crane mounted on the sites of the Octagon Building Project, facing the Novotel
Accra Hotel, Kimbu Garden – Accra

APPENDIX B2

A tower crane mounted on the Octagon Building project, facing the Kimbu Secondary
Technical School, Kimbu – Accra

52
 APPENDIX C1

A Collapsed Mobile Crane Destroying a part of a Chapel in the United State of America –
USA

APPENDIX C2

A Tower Crane with a collapsed Boom

53
APPENDIX D1

A collapsed tower crane destroying an Office Building

APPENDIX D2

An overturned mobile crane

54
 APPENDIX E

ACCRA POLYTECHNIC

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT WORK (BUT 314)

NAME OF STUDENT: OFORI MICHAEL KUMI

INDEX NUMBER: 01093517D

PROGRAMME: HND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

I (OFORI MICHAEL KUMI) am a final year student of Accra polytechnic offering Higher
National Diploma in building technology.

Project work forms part of the academic program, and project is titled: SAFETY OF LARGE
STATIONARY CONSTRUCTION PLANTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN URBAN
CENTRES

CASE STUDY: CRANE USAGE ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN THE ACCRA

METROPOLITAN ASSEMBLY, GREATER ACCRA REGION.

I would be grateful if you can contribute to the success of the objective of this project work by
answering these questionnaires.

Please be assured that, all the data collected are purely for academic purposes and would be put to that
use only. Information given will be observed confidentially.

CLASS OF FIRM: …………...………………………………..……………………………………...

PROJECT UNDERTAKING: ……………...………………………………...……………….……..

LOCATION OF PROJECT: …………………….……………………………...…………………...

55
PROJECT MANAGERS / SAFETY OFFICERS

Please tick [√ ] where appropriate. You are allowed to add supplementary sheets where necessary.

SECTION ONE – CRANE AND OPERATIONS

1. Do you own all the plants you use?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

2. Do you manage the operation of large plants like, Cranes?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

3. Have you insured your plants?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

4. Have you insured your crane operators?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

5. What is the educational qualification of your crane operators?

Construction Technician Course III [ ]

Higher National Diploma [ ]

First Degree [ ]

Others [ ] please specify

…………………………………………………………………….

6. How many years of experience do your operators have in operating cranes

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Do you give your crane operators training on crane operation techniques

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes, how often?

…………………………………………………………………………...……

8. Are operators able to apply skills acquired from training on the job?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

56
SECTION TWO - CRANE SAFETY

9. Are you aware of regulatory documents in the city with regards to the use of cranes?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

10. Do you have all the safety precautions in place to prevent adversity in case of accidents

caused by large plants on your site?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, please list a few of the precautions

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11. How often do you check the safe set up and security of your cranes?

01 to 05 weeks [ ]

06 to 10 weeks [ ]

11 to 15 weeks [ ]

Others [ ] Please specify:

………..………………………………………………………….

12. How often do city engineers visit your site to check the safety of your cranes?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes, how often?

1 to 5 weeks [ ] 6 to 10 weeks [ ] 11 to 15 weeks [ ]

Others [ ] Please specify:

………..………………………………………………………….

13. Are you aware of any regulations from the city authorities with respect to the mounting of

cranes in heavily populated areas?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

57
14. Are you aware of the threats your cranes pose to the city?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

15. Have you received any queries from other construction expects as to how and where your

cranes are mounted?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

a. If yes what were the queries?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

..…………………………………………………………………..………………………….………

…………………………………………………………………………..…………………………...

b. What answers did you have for the queries you received?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. How long do you intend to use the cranes on your site?

….……………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. What safety measures have been put together for your operatives, pedestrians and motorists

who move by your sites as far as their motorability safety is concerned with regards to the

position of your cranes.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

58
SECTION THREE – OTHER ALTERNATIVES

18. Are there other cranes that could be used other than what you have on site, with regards to the

space available on your site and the location of your site?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, what could be the other alternative?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

19. Will the other alternatives more safe for use as compared to the previous choice of cranes?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

Please add any information that might be relevant to this research work

59
 APPENDIX F

ACCRA POLYTECHNIC

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT WORK (BUT 314)

NAME OF STUDENT: OFORI MICHAEL KUMI

INDEX NUMBER: 01093517D

PROGRAMME: HND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

I (OFORI MICHAEL KUMI) am a final year student of Accra polytechnic offering Higher
National Diploma in building technology.

Project work forms part of the academic program, and project is titled: SAFETY OF LARGE
STATIONARY CONSTRUCTION PLANTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN URBAN
CENTRES

CASE STUDY: CRANE USAGE ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN THE ACCRA

METROPOLITAN ASSEMBLY, GREATER ACCRA REGION.

I would be grateful if you can contribute to the success of the objective of this project work by
answering these questionnaires.

Please be assured that, all the data collected are purely for academic purposes and would be put to that
use only. Information given will be observed confidentially.

NAME OF RESPONDENT: …………...……………………..……………………………………...

ADDRESS: ……………………………………….……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………

60
ACCRA METROPOLITAN ASSEMBLY (CITY ENGINEERS)

Please tick [√ ] where appropriate. You are allowed to add supplementary sheets where necessary.

SECTION ONE - CRANE SAFETY

1. Are you aware of the use of cranes on the following projects in the following parts of the

city?

a. Kimbu Garden (the Octagon building) Yes [ ] No [ ]

b. Labadi (La Beach Towers) Yes [ ] No [ ]

c. Airport City (Accra polo heights) Yes [ ] No [ ]

d. Ridge, (Ghana Shippers council Building project) Yes [ ] No [ ]

e. Tetteh Quarshie Interchange area (Villagio Vista) Yes [ ] No [ ]

2. Do you have safety regulations in place to check the use of cranes in the city?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

3. Do city engineers check the safe set up and security of cranes used by contractors in the city?

If yes How often?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

01 to 05 weeks [ ]

06 to 10 weeks [ ]

11 to 15 weeks [ ]

Others [ ] Please specify:

………..………………………………………………………….

4. Are you aware of the threats tower cranes pose to those parts of the city listed under question

one above?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

61
 5. In what way have you reacted to these threats?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Have you received any queries from other construction expects as to how and where cranes

are mounted in the city?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

a. If yes what were the queries?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b. What answers did you have for the queries you received?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. What safety measures have been put together for pedestrians and motorists who move by the

sites where these cranes are used?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

62
SECTION TWO – TRAINING AND EDUCATION

8. What is the minimum qualification one needs to operate a crane?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. What class (es) of construction firm(s) is/are allowed using cranes on site?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………

10. Are you aware of training received by operator for the operation of cranes?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes do city engineers attend those training sessions for quality assurance?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes, at the training sessions, what are the contributions of city engineers in ensuring quality

training and education?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

63
 APPENDIX G

ACCRA POLYTECHNIC

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT WORK (BUT 314)

NAME OF STUDENT: OFORI MICHAEL KUMI

INDEX NUMBER: 01093517D

PROGRAMME: HND BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

I (OFORI MICHAEL KUMI) am a final year student of Accra polytechnic offering Higher
National Diploma in building technology.

Project work forms part of the academic program, and project is titled: SAFETY OF LARGE
STATIONARY CONSTRUCTION PLANTS ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN URBAN
CENTRES

CASE STUDY: CRANE USAGE ON CONSTRUCTION SITES IN THE ACCRA

METROPOLITAN ASSEMBLY, GREATER ACCRA REGION.

I would be grateful if you can contribute to the success of the objective of this project work by
answering these questionnaires.

Please be assured that, all the data collected are purely for academic purposes and would be put to that
use only. Information given will be observed confidentially.

CLASS OF FIRM: ………………...…………………………..……………………………………...

LOCATION OF PROJECT: …………………….……………………………...…………………...

64
CRANE OPERATORS

Please tick [√ ] where appropriate. You are allowed to add supplementary sheets where necessary.

SECTION ONE - CRANE SAFETY AND OPERATIONS

1. What type of cranes do you operate?

Tower crane [ ]

Mobile crane [ ]

Others [ ] Please specify

……………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. How did you learn how to operate a crane?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. How long have you operated cranes?

………………………………………………………………………………….………………………

4. Have you experienced accidents in operating a crane?

Accident in this case could be one you have seen on the side of another operator or one that you

have personally experienced

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes, what caused the accident?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

65
 5. What were some of the major causes of crane accidents you have experienced?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Do you have all the safety precautions in place to prevent adversity in case of accidents

caused by cranes on your site?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If yes, please list a few of the precautions

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. How often do you check the safe set up and security of your cranes?

01 to 05 weeks [ ]

06 to 10 weeks [ ]

11 to 15 weeks [ ]

Others [ ] Please specify:

………..………………………………………………………….

8. How often do city engineers visit your site to check the safety of your cranes?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes, how often?

1 to 5 weeks [ ]

6 to 10 weeks [ ]

11 to 15 weeks [ ]

Others [ ] Please specify:

………..………………………………………………………….

66
 9. Are you aware of any regulations from the city authorities with respect to the mounting of

cranes in heavily populated areas?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

10. Do you sometimes feel your crane poses some dangerous risks to pedestrians and motorists?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

11. Have you received any queries from other construction expects as to how and where your

cranes are mounted?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

a. If yes what were the queries?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

..……………………………………………………………………………………………………

………...……………………………………………………………………………………………

b. What answers did you have for the queries you received?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION TWO – TRAINING AND EDUCATION

12. Do you operate the cranes based on your experience or on education received on how to

safely operate a crane?

Education [ ]

Experience [ ]

What is your level of education? …………………..…………………………………………

67
 13. How many years of experience do you have in the operating of cranes?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

14. How often do receive training in operating cranes?

Weekly [ ]

Monthly [ ]

Annually [ ]

Others [ ] please specify: ………………………………………………………

15. Do you apply what you have learnt on the jobs you handle?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If No state reason(s)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION THREE – OTHER ALTERNATIVES

16. Do you believe other cranes could perform the same tasks you are handling with the cranes

you are currently operating?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

If Yes, What cranes would that be?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………..…………..……………………………………………………………

68