Digital

Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 What is digital image processing

1.2 The origins of digital image processing
1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP
1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP
1.5 Components of an image processing system

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.1 What is digital image processing?

ƒ Image
ƒ A 2D function, f(x, y)
ƒ x and y are spatial coordinates
ƒ Amplitude of f is called the intensity or gray level

f(x0 , y0 ) f(x1 , y1 )

y0
y1
x0 x1

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

1
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.1 What is digital image processing?

ƒ Digital image
ƒ x, y, f(x, y) are all finite and discrete
ƒ is composed of a finite number of elements
ƒ These elements are referred to as
ƒ picture elements
ƒ image elements
ƒ pels
ƒ pixels - most widely used

pixel
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.1 What is digital image processing?

ƒ Digital image processing

ƒ Processing of digital images on a
digital computer
ƒ Not just limited to the visual band of
the electromagnetic(EM) spectrum
ƒ Entire EM spectrum
ƒ Ultrasound
ƒ Electron microscopy
ƒ Computer generated images

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Source: http://www.cwb.gov.tw

2
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.1 What is digital image processing?

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.1 What is digital image processing?

ƒ Image processing to computer vision

High-Level
High-Level Processing
Processing attributes making sense
Object recognition
Object recognition
Artifact
ArtifactIntelligence
Intelligence

Mid-Level
Mid-Level Processing
Processing Image attributes
segmentation
segmentation
classification
classification

Low-Level
Low-LevelProcessing
Processing Image Image
noise
noisereduction,
reduction,contrast
contrastenhancement,
enhancement,
image
imagesharpening
sharpening

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

3
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Newspaper industry
ƒ Pictures were sent by submarine cable (海底電纜)
between London and New York
ƒ Bartlane cable picture transmission system
(1920s)
ƒ Transport a picture : a week Æ < 3 hours
ƒ Figures 1.1 ~ 1.3

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Reproduced by a telegraph printer with a special typeface

ƒ This printing method was abandoned toward the end of 1921

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

4
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ based on photographic reproduction - 1922

ƒ 5 levels of gray
ƒ with better tonal quality and resolution than Figure 1.1

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ 1929
ƒ Reproduced with 15 levels of gray

No image processing introduced

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

5
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Computer Advances
ƒ the invention of the transistor by Bell Labs. in 1948
ƒ the development of the high-level programming languages
ƒ the invention of the IC at Texas Instruments in 1958
ƒ the development of operation systems in the early 1960s
ƒ the development of microprocessor by Intel in the early 1970s
ƒ introduction by IBM of the personal computer in 1981
ƒ Large Scale IC in the late 1970s
ƒ VLSI in the 1980s, ULSI present
ƒ IC Technology, Mass storage and display systems
ƒ Computers have powerful processing capability to process
images
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Image processing applications

ƒ The first computers powerful enough to carry out
meaningful image processing tasks appeared in the
early 1960s - Fig. 1.4

Image enhancement
Image restoration
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

6
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Image processing applications

ƒ the late 1960s and early 1970
ƒ medical imaging
ƒ remote Earth resources observations
ƒ astronomy(天文學)

Source:http://www.barco.com North Pole, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov Solar System, http://en.wikipedia.org

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Image processing applications

ƒ Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

http://training.seer.cancer.gov

Source:http://w3.csmu.edu.tw/~sunday/psychology/93_1/chap02.ppt
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

7
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

ƒ Image processing applications

ƒ From 1960s to present
ƒ image processing are used in a broad range of applications
ƒ Contract enhancement or code the intensity into color
ƒ X-RAY, Industrial, Medicine, Biological sciences
ƒ to study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite imagery
ƒ Image enhancement and restoration
ƒ used to process degraded images of unrecoverable objects
or experimental results too expensive to duplicate
ƒ Archeology(考古學) - image restoration
ƒ Physics - electron microscopy
ƒ Astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law enforcement,
defense, industrial applications
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

ƒ Principal energy source for images

ƒ Electromagnetic Spectrum - Figure 1.5
ƒ Acoustic
ƒ Ultrasonic
ƒ Electronic

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

8
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

Source:http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/pictures/emspec.gif
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging

1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging
1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band
1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band
1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging
modalities are used

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

9
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging

ƒ Applications
ƒ Nuclear Medicine 正子放射斷層掃描儀
Positron Emission Tomography
ƒ Astronomical

天鵝座 核子反應爐汽閥
Gamma 放射線

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging

ƒ Applications 胸部X
胸部X光
ƒ Medicine 電路板
ƒ Industry
血管造影法
contract-enhancement
radiography(X光照像術))
radiography(X光照像術
導管

電腦斷層掃描 天鵝座

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

10
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

ƒ Applications
ƒ lithography-平面印刷術
ƒ industrial inspection
ƒ Fluorescence microscopy 螢光顯微鏡
ƒ lasers
ƒ biological imaging
ƒ astronomical observations

http://www.monos.leidenuniv.nl

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

患病的玉米
Fluorescence microscopy

正常的玉米
Fluorescence microscopy

天鵝座

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

11
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

ƒ Applications
ƒ Light microscopy
ƒ Astronomy
ƒ Remote sensing
ƒ Industry
ƒ Law enforcement

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

ƒLight microscopy
ƒ抗癌藥物
ƒ膽固醇
ƒMicroprocessor
ƒ鎳氧化物
ƒAudio CD表面
ƒ有機超導體

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

12
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

13
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

ƒInfrared images
ƒ10-13.4um

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

14
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

ƒVisual Spectrum
ƒAutomatic visual inspection
ƒPCB
ƒPackaged pills
ƒBottles
ƒBubbles in plastic products
ƒCereal
ƒ人造眼部水晶
structed light

deformations

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

15
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

ƒVisual Spectrum
ƒThumb print
ƒPaper currency
ƒTraffic monitoring

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band

ƒApplications
ƒradar image
ƒSoutheast of Tibet(西藏)
ƒ5800m above sea level

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

16
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band

ƒ Applications
ƒ Medicine
ƒ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -磁共振影像

膝蓋 脊椎

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band

ƒ Applications
ƒ Astronomy
ƒ Crab Pulsar
ƒ 蟹脈沖星
ƒ 高速旋轉之中子星
ƒ 一秒可自轉30次

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

17
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

ƒ Acoustic imaging
ƒ Hundreds of Hertz
ƒ Geological exploration
ƒ Millions of Hertz - ultrasound
ƒ Industry
ƒ Medicine
ƒ Electron microscopy
ƒ Synthetic (computer generated) imaging

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

ƒ Ultrasound
ƒ Mineral or Oil exploration

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

18
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

ƒ Ultrasound
ƒ Medicine

甲狀腺

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

ƒ Electron Microscopy (EM)

ƒ TEM - Transmission EM
ƒ SEM - Scanning EM

鎢絲 damaged IC

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

19
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

ƒ Synthetic imaging

Fractals

3D objects

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP

color model for reducing tools for extracting

color processing the storage required image components

restoration of partition an image

degraded images into objects

makes images better

human preferences
very subjective

Image Display
preprocessing can take place at the output of any stage
involved
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

20
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.5 Components of an image processing system

Moniter
LCD Short-Term-Memory
Display Card On-Line-HD, CD-ROMs
Archival-Tapes, CD-ROMs

Printers
Film cameras
Digital Units

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

• ID Card 製作系統

CCD
CCD

本人 ID
IDCard
Card Printer
製作系統
製作系統
Printer

Scanner
Scanner

大頭照

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

21
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

d f
c input device
Member
parameter
generation e Database
CCD
Image
image input device background Save
Processing
acquisition correction processing Image
and Editing
Scanner

i h g
c.Image Acquisition
d.Input Device Calibration printer Card Image
Printing
e.Image Processing and Editing correction Generation
f.Employee/Client Database
g.ID Card Designer & Generator printer
ID Card
h.Printer Calibration parameter
Editing
generation
i.Printer Controller

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

• Image Acquisition
– Scanner
• Scanner控制介面 CCD
image
– CCD acquisition bitmap file
• CCD&影像擷取卡 Scanner 固定大小

• CCD控制介面

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

22
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

input device
parameter
• Input Device Parameter Generation generation

input device
Reference File correction
Target CCD
Correction Correction
image
Parameters
acquisition
Generation Parameters
Target Scanner

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

input device
parameter
• Input Device Correction generation

correction parameters input device

correction

parameters
analysis

input device
input image corrected image
correction
Input Device RGB sRGB

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

23
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

background
• Background Processing processing

– 去背與加背(背景) Image
Editing
• Image Processing and Editing
– Image Editing Interface
• 提供去雜點,修補影像,影像強化(明暗,對比,色
相調整,色調曲線)等功能
• 提供存取影像調整參數及自動調整影像功能

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

Employee
• Member Database Database

– 儲存成員編號, 姓名, 照片, 及其它相 Save

Image
關資料
• Save Image
– 將影像存入Member Database

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

24
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

ID Card
• ID Card Editing Editing

– 供編輯及儲存卡片模版 Card Image

Generation
• 底圖
• 人像位置大小
• 成員基本資料(link to employee/client database)
• 其它圖示及說明文字

• Card Image Generation

– 結合人像,成員資料,及卡片模版產生ID Card
影像

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

printer
parameter
• Printer Parameter Generation generation

printer
Reference File correction
Printer

Scanner Correction Correction

image
Target or Parameters
CCD
acquisition
Generation Parameters

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

25
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

Example for an image processing system

printer
parameter
• Printer Correction generation

correction printer
parameters correction

parameters
analysis

input image Printer corrected image

correction
sRGB Printer RGB

• Printer Controller

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

TGA File Format

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

26
 Digital
Digital Image
Image Processing,
Processing, 2nd
2nd ed.
ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

TGA File Format

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

27