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Version 1.3
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Dave Payne
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Company Confidential.
Tenet 7
regulations.”
1- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 1 - Preparation
Introduction
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
The procedures and methods detailed in this handbook can be referenced and
used to help implement, maintain, and restore well control for all operations and
rig-work employed by Chevron.
Chevron rig-work and operations include drilling, completions and workovers, and
well intervention work. Rig types used to achieve the objectives of each
operational plan include:
• Land drilling rigs
• Offshore jack-ups and platform rigs (surface BOP)
• Offshore semis and drillships (subsea BOP)
• Pulling units, hydraulic workover rigs, snubbing units, wireline/slick line units
and coiled tubing units
Each application of this equipment requires specific operational plans but all
require sound well control practices and procedures.
Introduction - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Drilling Program
• Casing Depths
• MW vs Pore psi
• Bit & Hydraulics
Completion Plan
• Cleanout Run
• Perforating Details
• Frac / Gravel Pac
Common Goal: • Run Completion Assy
Well Control • Well Testing
• ND BOP, NU Tree
Workover Work
• Kill Well
• ND Tree, NU BOP
• Pull Completion Tubing
• Run Workstring
• Conduct WO Work
• ND BOP, NU Tree
Subsea Operations
• Choke line friction pressures should be taken any time there is
a change in mud weight or mud properties.
• Choke and kill lines should be flushed regularly and left filled
with current mud weight. These lines should be circulated prior
to BPUTS during well control operations.
To mitigate risk associated with potential well control events, Chevron has
adopted the following Well Control Requirements (taken from the Global
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Standard).
1. Reporting protocol for well control event shall include a discussion, before
the well control operations commence, that covers at least the following:
o Kill method
o Kill weight mud
o Use of safety factors in excess of the initial circulating
pressure
o Kill pump rate
o Maximum initial shut-in casing pressure
o Kick tolerance
o Stabilized shut-in casing pressure
2. For subsea stack operations, each rig shall have defined requirements for
pipe hang-off. These requirements shall include the following, at a minimum:
• Criteria used to make the determination to hang-off.
• Method to determine the set down weight on the hang-off rams
and/or the tension required on the drillpipe at the stack.
• Action to take with the annular after hang-off.
• Clear understanding of capacities of the variable-bore rams as hang-
off rams.
• Location and justification of the shear blind rams in the stack.
3. Each rig shall have a defined process to determine if and/or when pipe
movement will be allowed if the annular is used for well control.
4. Each rig shall define which BOP element is to be used during the well
kill procedure.
• The uppermost BOP element should be used during initial shut-in
conditions unless current operations dictate otherwise.
• The uppermost BOP element is usually the annular, which allows for
location of tool joints as well as movement of pipe if required.
Note: The lowermost set of pipe rams should be defined as
“master/safety pipe rams.”
5. Communication and documentation protocols shall be defined to authorize
the use of an off-bottom kill procedure. At a minimum, management of
change (MOC) with risk and uncertainty management documentation should
be completed with approval from BU D&C management.
site. The Chevron DSM/WSM that oversees the well kill operation should be
the most senior and / or lead DSM/WSM.
7. Bridging document for each rig or workover unit shall identify the primary
choke operator, verify the choke operator’s competency, and explain the
process for confirming choke operator competency.
8. To prepare for and respond to potential well control situations, specific well
control procedures shall be defined and developed for non-routine
operations that require special consideration. Examples include the following:
• Gravel pack screens or perforated liners across the BOP stack and
within the well.
• Tubing with control lines across the BOP stack.
• BOP equipment failure that requires remotely operated vehicle
intervention to operate stack functions and the like.
• Multi-string completions.
9. For rigs equipped with shear rams and blind shear rams, the BU shall ensure
that rig teams document well control procedures and operations when non-
shearable tubulars are across the stack. These procedures shall include
specific shearing instructions for any tubular, posting of specific shearing
instructions at the driller’s station, and a shear matrix (tubular shearing table)
that identifies non-shearable tubulars.
10. Well control procedures shall be defined and developed for special
operations, such as the following:
• High-pressure/high-temperature conditions
• Managed pressure drilling
• Dual gradient drilling
• Closed hole circulating drilling
• Mud cap drilling
• Casing drilling
• Horizontal drilling
• Slim hole drilling
• Steam boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)
considerations
• Air blows
• Air drilling
• Shallow Hazards
Hydrostatic Barrier
A hydrostatic barrier is achieved through the effect of hydrostatic pressure
from a column of fluid.
Cement Barrier
A column of cement is defined as a barrier after it has reached its planned
minimum compressive strength.
Mechanical Barrier
A mechanical barrier is achieved through mechanical means. The barrier
elements may contain metal and/or elastomeric rubber or polymer.
Barriers - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Non-routine Operations
During non-routine operations (operations where maintaining 2 barriers is not
possible or practical), proceeding with a single barrier for a finite duration is
permissible if supported by SOP and risk assessment.
Well Assessments
All personnel will be regularly assessed to ensure competency is maintained.
Toolpusher
• Ensures that the crew is organized and prepared for killing the well.
• Liases with the Drill /Well Site Manager (DSM/WSM) throughout the well kill
operation.
• May operate the choke (or his designee).
Driller
• The Driller is responsible for monitoring the well at all times, identifying kick
indicators, and shutting-in the well quickly and safely.
• Once the well is shut-in, calls the Person-in-Charge.
• On floating rigs, calls the Subsea Engineer to the drill floor initially.
• Monitors key parameters (pressures, volumes and time) and designates a
crew member to record same during the kill operation.
• Operates the mud pump during the kill operation.
Assistant Driller / Derrickhand
• Lines up the mud gas separator and vacuum degasser.
• Lines up the mixing pumps and bulk barite system for weighting up the mud
and stands by for specific instructions from TP and Mud Engineer.
• Once pumping starts, keeps constant check on mud weight and pit volumes
and reports these to the Driller.
Floormen
• Follow instructions from Driller
Mud Engineer
• Reports to the pit room to check the AD/Derrickhand’s preparations and co-
ordinates the building and maintenance of the required mud system.
• Checks and confirms all volumes of mud and chemicals on board. Monitors
mud properties and return flow for any abnormalities.
• Checks and confirms calibration of mud balance.
Barge Supervisor / Captain
• Ensures that the bulk system is charged and ready for use.
• Notifies the standby vessel (if available) to move into evacuation position.
• Ensures readiness of the evacuation equipment.
Crane Operator
• Ensures that doors and hatches are closed, where necessary.
• Assists mud mixing operations.
• Supervises Roustabouts
• Report to mud pits / sack room to assist the AD and Derrickhand.
Subsea Engineer
• Reports initially to the drill floor to check functions and operating pressures on
the BOP control panel. He/she must be present at the control panel in case of
equipment problems.
Mud Logging Engineers
• Report to the mud logging unit and continuously monitor the circulating and
drilling systems.
• Review all data and report any abnormalities to the DSM/WSM, Driller, and
Senior Toolpusher.
Cementer
• Ensures that the cement unit is tested and ready for operation.
• Ensures slurry formulation and additives are ready in case a cement plug is
required.
• Operates the cement unit, if required, under the instruction of the Senior
Toolpusher.
Electrician / Mechanic
• Standby for possible instructions.
Control Room Operator
• Ensures that rig stability is maintained and monitors safety systems (Gas
Alarms, etc.) during well control operations.
Radio Operator
• Logs all calls, telexes and faxes and keeps the lines open for the DSM/WSM,
OIM and any other personnel authorized by the OIM to use the
communications system.
• Assists the OIM and DSM/WSM in all matters of communication.
Hydrostatic Pressure
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑃 = 0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
6000’
4596 ‘
4828 psi
Displacement
TVD=8,596’ TMD=10,000’
500 psi
𝐀𝐝𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐬
𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃 + 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Gas 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑃 + 𝐻𝑃𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑠 + 𝐻𝑃𝐺𝑎𝑠 + 𝐻𝑃𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝐵𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐺𝑎𝑠
400’
2 ppg
𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 500 + 0.052 × 2 × 400 + 0.052 × 10.8 × (8596 − 400)
𝐵𝐻𝑃 ≅ 500 + 42 + 4603 = 5145 𝑝𝑠𝑖
MW
6000’ 10.8 ppg 5145 psi
TMD=10,000’
TVD=8596’
U-Tube Concept
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
SIDPP SICP
Original MW
(OMW)
ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
Well TVD
Formation Pressure
Pressure gauges read the hydrostatic pressure on top of the gauge and the friction
pressure downstream of the gauge location. When the total annular component
of friction pressure is converted to a MW term and added to the MW in the well it
is known as the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD).
𝐹𝑟𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛
𝐸𝐶𝐷 = 𝑀𝑊 +
0.052 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷
Example:
Total depth (straight hole) is 14,000 ft and the MW is 12.0 ppg. The annular
friction loss @ 120 spm while drilling ahead is 140 psi. What would the ECD be?
140
𝐸𝐶𝐷 = 12.0 + = 12 + 0.19~ 12.2 𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑒
0.052 × 14000
The following formula relates the circulating system friction pressures with the
surface choke back pressure and yields BHP used for circulating kill procedures.
Open Wellbore
Boyle’s Law
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
10 bbl
Using Boyles Law the new volume of the gas
TVD
10,000 ft would be:
P1≅ 5200 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑃1 × 𝑉1 5200 × 10
(Neglecting HP of the gas) 𝑉2 = = = 20 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝑃2 2600
Mud Balance
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Company Confidential.
Tenet 2
2- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 2 - Causes of Kicks
30
20 40 The drop in fluid level when pulling
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Str 48.0
Pump 20 bbl slug OK!
t
15 5
20 5
Tripping Considerations
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Trip Tank
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Slugs
A slug should be pumped to allow for pulling pipe dry
whenever possible. The pumping of the slug should be
monitored using the PVT of the entire pit volume to accurately
measure volume returns while the slug is pumped and falls. Slug
volume and weight should be consistent from trip to trip when
practical.
Pumping Out
If hole conditions dictate, the drill pipe should be pumped out of
the hole to the casing shoe, liner top, or other pre-determined
depth to minimize swab pressures. A rig specific procedure
should be developed to ensure consistency, accurate
monitoring, and fingerprinting.
Tripping-In
The trip in shall be done with attention to running speeds to
prevent excessive surges. Be aware that high surge pressures
can be caused when initiating circulation and also when lowering
(or raising) the pipe during circulation.
Breaking Circulation
Very high surge pressures can be induced when breaking
circulation. Consider staging in the hole to help in breaking
circulation, particularly if the mud is in poor condition and gels
are high.
Causes of abnormal
formation pressure include:
• Under–compaction of shale
• Anticline gas cap
• Uplifting / faulting
• Artesian effect
• Flow between zones Abnormally Pressured Shale
Under-compaction of Shale
In marine basins, the formations are
Sea Water formed over time by a process of
deposition, subsidence, and
compaction of sediments. The weight
or “overburden” of the sediments
causes subsidence, and compaction.
Formation Water
Migrating to Surface Compaction squeezes the marine
water present upward toward lower
pressure. If the flow of sea water in
the rock is impeded due to an
impermeable barrier (cap rock), the
Caprock or Impermeable Barrier fluids become abnormally pressured
and begin to support some of the
overbalance.
A change in the balance of the
sedimentation, subsidence,
compaction process, such as the case
for turbidite flows or other geologic
Under-compaction of Shale forces, can also cause shale to be
under-compacted.
GAS
Well B:
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 1860 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 𝐻𝑃𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 1860 𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 0.103 × 1000 = 1757 psi
1757
𝑀𝑊𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = = 11.3 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 × 3000
Artesian Effect
Artesian springs carrying water from an elevated source can cause abnormal
pressure conditions when drilling near the base of the structure. This occurs in
mountainous or hilly geographic regions.
Flow Between Zones
Cross flow between zones can occur due to communication within the fault lines
or when drilling in an area where an underground blowout may have occurred.
Higher pressure from a lower zone is unchecked and flows to a shallower zone.
Faulting
A formation originally deposited
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Swabbing
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Causes of Swabbing
Indicators include:
• Torque / Drag
• Well flow w/upward pipe
movement
• Trip Tank Readings
Loss of Circulation
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Version 1.3
KLP
Dilution of
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
drilling fluid
due to influx.
riser to kill mud.
Failing to displace
All Rights Reserved.
materials in
surface pits.
Pumping “light”
or Negative tests)
fluid pills (sweeps
Settling of weight
HUMAN ERROR!
2- 9
2 - Causes of Kicks
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 2 - Causes of Kicks
Shallow Hazards
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Shallow Hazard
A shallow hazard is a formation which has the potential to flow to the surface
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
and is encountered before a competent shoe is set (no BOP is installed). Types
of shallow hazards include both shallow water and shallow gas flow. The most
prudent option available is to avoid the hazard but if encountered the flow must
be diverted and personnel evacuated. Shallow hazards occur on land, and on
both bottom supported and floating operations.
Shallow gas is often due to unexpected pressure at the top of a gas bearing
zone and may be extremely prolific and capable of very high flow rates.
Offshore examples include: recently deposited sand lenses which become
totally enveloped by mudstones, as well as limestone reefs buried at a shallow
depth. These formations can be highly porous and permeable and may also be
unconsolidated which can cause severe erosion of BOP components when
diverting.
Diverter
Hydraulic Divert Valves
Vent Line
Vent Line
Conductor Casing
Planning:
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Note:
At a depth of 1000 ft, a 0.5 ppg
increase in MW only results in a HP
increase of 26 psi. This makes it
very difficult to maintain adequate
1000’ TVD overbalance when an over-
pressured zone is encountered.
MW 8.5 → 9.0 ppg
Slick line
• Alloys available for H2S & CO2
• OD of wire is easy to seal around /packing element
in stuffing box
Wireline Braided line
Operations • Multi-strand, stronger than slick line
• OD of wire require a grease seal arrangement
e-line
• Multi-strand with internal wires sheathed with
insulating material
Lubricators
• Sufficient length to cover tool string
• 5000 psi, 10000 psi, & 15,000psi units
BOPs, Slick line Valve/Ram and Seal
• Manual or hydraulic
Wireline • Cannot manually open a hydraulic slick line valve
• Can manually close a hydraulic valve if fitting on
Operations valve is removed
(continued) • Seal can contain pressure without wire
Braided Line BOP
• Grease must be injected between upper and lower
rams to effect a seal on well pressure
• Should wire break, a ball check or pump out plug
will stop flow from the top of lubricator
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Company Confidential.
Tenet 6
3- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 3 - Kick Indicators
DRILLER IS EMPOWERED TO
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Flow-Check Procedure
While Drilling:
1. Pick up off bottom
2. Shut the pump(s) off
3. Check for flow for a minimum of 15 minutes (do not break joint if on a
connection)
Increase in Flow-Out
w/No Change in Flow-In
If the flow show device indicates an increase in flow returns. The Driller should
immediately shut in the well.
If the flow check is positive, the well should be immediately shut in. If the flow
check is negative, trip to bottom carefully, circulate bottoms up, and condition
the mud.
Note:
When pulling a wet drill string (from a closed drill pipe float or plugged pipe
for whatever reason), internal string volume lost must be considered in
calculations unless it is recaptured into a measured mud tank.
Drilling
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Tripping
• Anytime pipe displacement or hole-fill is
incorrect during a trip
• Prior to pulling or running non-shearables
through the BOP
Subsea
• Anytime a trip is suspended in order to
boost the riser
• Prior to recommencing a trip after boosting
the riser
Drilling Breaks
A sudden change in ROP is known as a drilling break. This may be either an
increase or a decrease in penetration rate and can reflect a sudden change in
down-hole conditions. This sudden change could coincide with changes in
formation type, permeability, fluid content, or pressure.
Increased drag and / or torque are often noted when drilling into over-pressured
formations. This is due to the inability of the under-balancing mud column to hold
back physical encroachment of the formation into the wellbore.
Drag and rotating torque are indirect indicators of overpressure. Increases often
may indicate that a transition zone is being drilled. Up drag and down drag, as well
as off bottom & while drilling torque values, should be recorded at pre-
determined intervals (often at each pipe connection) and plotted. Plots should be
reviewed for changes in trends that may indicate an impending problem.
Trip Gas
Background Gas
Background gas describes the residual gas units measured during routine
drilling operations. It can be thought of as a baseline to compare increases and
usually manifests as an increasing trend as more open hole is exposed. When a
transition zone is penetrated, the background gas will increase at a rate in
excess of the normal trend.
Connection Gas
Whenever the pumps are stopped to allow for a connection, bottom-hole
pressure is reduced by the loss of ECD. This allows for a small quantity of gas to
enter the wellbore. It is indicated when pumped to the surface and displayed as
an increase in gas units appropriate to the bottoms-up time. Connection gas
peaks can also be influenced by swabbing, as the pipe is raised for a
connection.
Trip Gas
Trip gas is similar to connection gas but is usually greater in magnitude because
of the increased non-pumping time and the increased chances of swabbing.
Trip gas peaks will show on bottoms up after a round trip or after a time of non-
drilling activity. Swabbing of a formation exposed up hole may cause trip gas
peaks to correlate from a shallower depth than that of bottoms-up. Lag time
calculations may help determine the location of the formation producing the
trip gas peak.
Gas →
0 0 0
CG CG
CG CG CG
CG
CG
CG
CG
CG
Time
PP < ESD < ECD ESD < PP < ECD ESD < ECD < PP
Ballooning
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Fractures Open
Allowing Mud
Flow
Indications of Ballooning:
• The well flows with pumps off but the initial flow will gradually
reduce with time.
• If the well is shut-in, there may be low initial shut in casing
pressure, this pressure will be no higher than the annular friction
pressure from surface to the point of fluid loss. The casing
pressure will bleed off and not build back up when conducting a
trapped pressure check.
• ECD approaching fracture pressure.
Ballooning - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Kick
Flowback
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Connections Time →
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Tenet 3
Company Confidential.
4- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 4 - Well Shut-in
While Drilling
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
1. Space Out
Rig Floor
Driller should always know
the space out to prevent a
tool joint from being across Height RKB
To Annular BOP
a BOP element during well
control operations.
2. Shut Down
3. Shut-in
While Tripping
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
2. Space Out
3. Shut-in
HC1(NC) 13(NC)
5(NC)
To
4(NC) 8(NO) MGS
From BOP 6(NO)
9(NC)
1(NO) 3(NC) 7(NC)
2(NC)
MC2(NC) 11(NC)
Shut-in Considerations
Temperature / H2S
• Packing Elements
• Internal Seals Work Pipe?
• OBM / WBM Yes / No
Pipe in Hole (current operation)
• Pipe TJ across Stack
• Pipe On/Off Bottom
• No Pipe in Hole
Wireline in Hole
• Lubricator (pressure rating)
• No Lubricator: Annular, cut-drop
Diverting
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Downwind Side
Procedure (below)
For JU Rig with Conventional Diverter
The following procedure serves only as an example.
Prepare a specific diverter procedure for each rig.
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Company Confidential.
Tenet 4
procedures.”
5- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 5 – BOP Equipment
BOP Stack
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
MASP (psi) 0 - 500 0 - 500 501 - 1500 501 - 3,500 7,500 12,500 75% RWP
Minimum RWP of
2K or less 2K or less 2000 5000 10,000 15,000 >15,000
rams* (psi)
Use of Csg Head
Yes Yes No No No No No
Outlets Allowed
Use of BOP side
Yes Yes Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1
Outlets Allowed
Drilling Spool
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Required
Minimum ID of
2" 2" 3" 3" 3" 3" 3"
Outlets (in)
Hydraulic Operated
Ram Type BOP's No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Required
Hydraulic Operated
"Fail Close" C/K
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Valves Required
(minimum one each)
Manual Operated C/K
Valves (supplement Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hyd. Valve)
Check Valve Required No No No2 No2 No2 No2 No2
Class 2 -
API BOP Classification
A0/R2 Class 5-
(note: in accordance
Class 2 - A1/R4
with S53, the first ram Class 3 - Class 3 - Class 3 - Class 4 - Class 4 -
A2/R0 or
to be installed shall A1/R2 A1/R2 A1/R2 A1/R3 A1/R3
or Class 5 -
be a Blind Ram or
Class 2 - A2/R3
Blind/Shear Ram).
A1/R1
Minimum of two
closures required for
No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
wireline, pipe and
casings/liners.
Shear Rams Required No No Yes3 Yes3 Yes3 Yes3 Yes3
Annular
Pipe Annular Annular
Shearing
Pipe Spool Annular Annular Shearing Shearing
Blind
Allowable Blind Blind Shearing Shearing Blind Blind
Pipe
Configurations or or Blind Blind Pipe Pipe
Pipe
(Top to Bottom) Annular Annular Spool Spool Spool Spool
Spool
Blind Spool Pipe Pipe Pipe Pipe
Pipe
Blind
Continued
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
* = Based on the combined loading of the end connection as provided in API 16AF.
1 = Must have incorporated into PM Program a rigorous inspection process. (NTE Yearly)
2 = Not required because Hydraulically operated "Fail Close Valve(s)" installed.
3 = When BSR's are installed, they must have the shearing capabilities to shear the drill pipe, tubing and
those casings / liners installed across a production zone or exposed hydrocarbons that are capable of
flowing to surface.
4 = When clear, low viscosity fluids are used and the gas will break out in the BOP before it enters the
flowline, eliminating the necessity for installing flowline gas detector.
5= The BU well control plan must identify the interfaces required for the installation of a capping stack,
snubbing unit, coil tubing and wireline lubricator system. The well control plan must also include the
inspection, maintenance and testing requirements that need to be implemented to preserve those
interfaces in the event they are needed.
BOP Stack
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Vent
(weep) hole
Secondary packing
Check valve
Primary
packing
O-Rings
Piston
Weep hole location
Ram BOPs
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Ram
Preventer
𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 + 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 − 𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑚 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑚 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Annular Preventers
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
around most shapes or sizes of pipe and to close off on an open hole.
Types (Manufacturers)
• Hydril (MSP, GK, GL, and GX)
• NOV / Shaffer (Spherical )
• Cameron (Type D)
Performance Issues
• Closing pressure coupled with wellbore pressure can cause high internal
stress in the element, thus reducing the effective life.
• Flush cavities and inspect element after each well.
• Drilling tools (bits) should be run with caution through the BOP to prevent
element wear.
• Only close on open hole in emergencies as causes excessive wear on
element.
• Reduce closing pressure when stripping, lower tool joints slowly through
element.
• Rotation and / or reciprocation of pipe through the annular is possible but it
can cause excessive wear on the element.
Closing Port
Annular
Preventer
Operating
Piston/Cylinder
3000 psi
600 - 1200 psi
Atmospheric
Diverters
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
A diverter system is designed to route shallow hazard flows away from the drilling
rig/platform while allowing time for evacuation of rig personnel. The diverter is
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
installed on conductor or drive pipe prior to running the surface casing and
installing a full BOP stack and choke manifold. The diverter works similarly to the
annular preventer and is designed to pack off around the kelly, drill string or casing
and direct flow to a safe location. Valves in the system direct the well flow when
the diverter is actuated.
Conventional annular blowout preventers or rotating heads are commonly used as
diverters. The rated working pressure of the diverter and vent line(s) is not of
prime importance; rather they are sized to permit diversion of well fluids while
minimizing wellbore backpressure. A minimum of 10 in. vent lines are required for
land and jack-ups and a minimum of 12 in. diameter for floaters.
Bell
Flowline Nipple
Automatic
Pump
Accumulator
Unit
MSP 30 in.
Close
Open Diverter Vent
Line Drilling
Spool
-
MSP 30 inch Diverter
Rigged for Surface Installation
The BOP control system should be equipped with a minimum of three control
manifolds; main control at the accumulator unit, a Driller’s control panel located
on the rig floor, and a remote panel which may be located in the Toolpusher’s
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Driller’s panel
• Controls for each BOP stack function
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Remote panel
• Controls for each BOP function
• Schematic of BOP arrangement,
showing kill and choke line outlets
and ram sizes and positions
• Covers or locks for critical functions
• Visual and / or audible warning
alarms for low accumulator pressure, Driller’s Panel
air pressure, or fluid levels
Regulated
Supply psi
OPEN
3 Position
To
4- Way
Reservoir Valve / Solenoid (close position)
Bank of Bottles
Air Power Source
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Power Source
Electric
#2 (electric) Pressure
Switch
ACCUMULATOR
PRESSURE
Manifold
By-Pass Valve MANIFOLD
Manifold Annular An PRESSURE
Regulator Regulator Reg
ANNULAR
MANIFOLD PRESSURE
C O
O
ANNULAR
RAM RAM RAM HCR To C
Reservoir
3.3 gal
N2
8.3 gal
10 gal N2
6.7 gal 5 gal
N2
Hyd
Fluid
1.7 gal
H Fluid
𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑉𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 × −
𝑃𝑀𝑖𝑛 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
1000 1000
𝑉𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 10 × − = 10 × 0.833 − 0.333 = 5 𝑔𝑎𝑙
1200 3000
Purpose of Test:
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
• Verify the system is able to support the volume and pressure requirements of
the BOPs in use.
• Ensure the system is capable of securing the well in event of total loss of
power.
• Checks the plumbing and valve line-up
• Ensure each bottle is working appropriately
Shall be performed after the initial nipple-up of the BOPs, after any repairs that
required isolation/partial isolation of the system, or every 6 months from previous
test.
Closing Times:
• Each ram shall close in 30 seconds or less.
• Annular BOPs less than 18 ¾ inch must close in 30 seconds or less.
• Annular BOPs 18 ¾ inch or greater must close in 45 seconds or less.
5(NC)
To
HCR MGS
4(NC) 8(NO)
6(NO)
9(NC)
1(NC) 1(NO) 3(NC) 7(NC)
2(NC)
MC2(NC) 11(NC)
Detection Equipment
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Pit volume measuring systems, complete with audible and visual alarms, should be
installed to detect fluid gains and/or losses. These devices transmit a signal from
sensors located in the drilling fluid pits to instrumentation near the Driller’s station
on the rig floor.
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Tenet 1
Company Confidential.
6- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 6 - Kick Tolerance
8110 MASP
SICP MISICP
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
MISICP Relevance
Remains Constant
Decreasing due
to gas expansion
ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
Definition:
Kick Tolerance is the maximum kick volume (KV) for a given kick intensity (KI) at a
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
particular depth that can be successfully shut-in and circulated out of a well
without exceeding the well’s weak point fracture pressure.
Applications:
1. Design KT
Kick tolerance criteria should be specified for each planned hole section
with the designed KT criteria associated with that interval’s TD.
2. Operational KT (During Drilling Operations)
For the wellbore being drilled the kick tolerance will change from day to
day due to the changes in mud weight and the increasing depth of the
well. For these reasons, the “actual” KT should be calculated regularly and
discussed with the drill crew to reinforce the importance of early kick
detection and well shut-in.
Determination:
The wellbore is under increased pressure during well control operations. This
includes from initial shut-in to circulating out and killing the well. The
MISICP/MAASP value is the indication used for shoe “breakdown” during the shut-
in and initial circulation phase and is the primary parameter associated with
calculating KT.
𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃 = 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑃𝑃 + 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃 = 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑃𝑃 + 0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 − 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 × ℎ 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥
By setting the CP at shut-in and when circulating the influx to the shoe (maximum
condition of shoe stress) equal to MISICP/MAASP allows a determination of the
“window” of KV values for varying kick intensity.
For KV=0
For KI=0
●
KV (bbl)
Operational KT
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Operational KT - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
5. Using the same KHmax calculate kick volume with the top of the gas at the
casing shoe (KVshoe). (Note: Skip this step for Oil or Saltwater Influx)
𝐾𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 𝐾𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 687 × 0.046 = 31.6 𝑏𝑏𝑙
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
KT target.
Example:
Plan is to drill 8 ½” hole to 9800’ TVD/MD
with a planned MW of 13.0 ppg at TD. The 9 5/8”,47#
well plan calls for setting 9 ⅝ 47# casing @ 4200 TVD
at 4200 ft TVD/MD. Anticipated shoe LOT
8 ½”X 5” DP
is 14.8 ppge. ACF- 0.0459 bbl/ft
1. Use the formula below to calculate the maximum TVD for a planned hole
section that can be drilled with a given KI and KV target.
𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝐿𝑂𝑇 × 𝐿𝑂𝑇 − 𝑀𝑊 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 2
=
𝑀𝑊 + 𝐾𝐼 × 𝑀𝑊 − 𝑊𝑇𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 × 𝐾𝑉 + 𝐾𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝐿𝑂𝑇 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒
3. Use the formula below to calculate the minimum LOT required to meet the TD
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Where:
𝑎 = 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 2 = 0.0459 × 42002 = 809676.00
𝑏 = 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 2 × 𝑀𝑊 + 𝐴𝐶𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷 × 𝐾𝐼
b = 0.0459 × 42002 × 13.0 + 0.0459 × 4200 × 9800 × 0.5 = 11470410.00
𝑐 = 𝐾𝑉 × 𝑀𝑊 + 𝐾𝐼 × 𝑀𝑊 − 𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷
Where:
𝑇𝑉𝐷 × 𝐾𝑉 × (𝐾𝐼 − 𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 ) + 𝐿𝑂𝑇 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 2
𝑎=
𝑇𝑉𝐷 × 𝐾𝑉
𝑇𝑉𝐷 × 𝐾𝐼 × 𝐿𝑂𝑇 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹 − 𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 × 𝐾𝑉 − 𝐴𝐶𝐹 ∗ 𝐿𝑂𝑇 2 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 2
𝑏=
𝑇𝑉𝐷 × 𝐾𝑉
9800 × 5.0 × 0.5 − 2.0 + 14.8 × 0.046 × 42002
𝑎= = 243.59
9800 × 5.0
9800 × 0.5 × 14.8 × 4200 × 0.046 − 2.0 × 5.0 − 0.046 × 14.82 × 42002
𝑏= = 3342.37
9800 × 5.0
𝑎 𝑎 2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑊 = − + +𝑏
2 2
2
243.59 243.59
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑊 = − + + 3342.37 = 13.02 𝑝𝑝𝑔
2 2
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Company Confidential.
Tenet 10
7- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 7 - Well Control Procedures
How to Remove
Bleed very small increments of mud (coffee
cups) from the choke and verify that
pressure has reduced and stabilized.
SIDPP
SICP
DPP
Procedure CP
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
900
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
ICP
800
500
Example:
SICP
SIDPP from BTF = 250 psi
400 Original SICP = 400 psi
Drill Pipe Casing
Desired Kill Rate = 30 spm
30 DPP Value = 900 psi
Safety Margin 100 psi
SPM Choke Position
0024
Pump % Open % Closed
Strokes
Open Close
1. As the pump comes on line the Choke Operator should crack open the choke
as needed to maintain casing pressure at the Original SICP value (plus any
desired Safety Margin). Choke Operator should provide constant feedback to
the Driller as to the progress.
2. Use choke to control CP constant until DP pressure has stabilized @ the kill
pump rate. Read and record this drill pipe pressure as the BPUTS Value.
3. Determine the Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP) and mark this on the Choke
Panel Gauge for reference.
Note: Bring Pump To Off (BPTO) is done to shut down the mud pump (at any
time) during well control operations. BPTO is done the same way as BPUTS,
but pump rate is slowly reduced to zero while casing pressure held constant.
The float is bumped and the SIDPP obtained. Pumps are started and
brought up to the desired rate while choke pressure is held constant.
After which, the resulting pressures are shown below :
(DP pressure = 900 psi and Casing pressure = 500 psi).
What is the correct ICP?
900
500
First Circulation
ICP + Safety Margin
1. BTF and obtain SIDPP.
2. Using Original Mud Weight Fluid,
BPUTS to desired Kill Rate holding
casing pressure constant and establish
ICP. Mark the ICP on Choke Panel. Influx
Exiting Choke
3. Maintain DP pressure constant at the
ICP (plus desired safety margin) value
until all influx is circulated from the
well. Conduct a dynamic check: the Original
circulating CP should be at or nearly MW
equal to the original SIDPP if all influx is
removed.
4. BPTO (stop the pump) holding casing
pressure constant. Conduct a static
check: the SIDPP and SICP should be
equal and both should be at or near the
original SIDPP value (plus the safety
margin used).
5. Prepare or have available Kill Mud
Weight fluid.
Second Circulation
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
4. When Kill Mud Weight fluid begins exiting the drill string, note and record
the Drill Pipe Pressure (less any Safety Factor) as the Final Circulating
Pressure (FCP). Maintain the drill pipe pressure at the FCP value (plus
desired Safety Factor) until KMW returns to the surface.
5. BPTO (stop the pump) holding casing pressure constant. Conduct a static
check: SICP and SIDPP should be zero and the well dead (trapped pressure,
if any, will show on both SIDPP and SICP).
ICP
Pressure →
DP psi
Casing psi
Shoe psi
SICP X
SIDPP X
DP psi
Pressure →
Casing psi
ICP
Shoe psi
FCP
SIDPP XX
Pump Strokes →
Version 1.3 Chevron Well Control Handbook 7- 9
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 7 - Well Control Procedures
Pressure →
SICP X
SIDPP X
Version 1.3
ICP
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
To Bit
FCP
All Rights Reserved.
To Shoe
Company Confidential.
Surface
W & W Method
Pump Strokes →
Shoe psi
Casing psi
Total Circ
7 - Well Control Procedures
7 - 12
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 7 - Well Control Procedures
Note: For increased accuracy when calculating the drill string volume and
corresponding strokes, use the drill string IDs associated with any tapered strings
(if used). The strokes to bit and the corresponding strokes to KOP, and to EOB,
should be included in the DPP Schedule.
Strokes DP Pressure Strokes DP Pressure Strokes DP Pressure
Volumetric Method
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
10 50
9 ⅝” x 5”
ACF=0.0489 bbl/ft 0 60
Mud Weight
10.5 ppg Trip Tank
9 5/8 @ 11,000’
LOT = 15.0 ppge
P gas
15,000’ TVD/MD
1. Check the MISICP value and select a Safety Factor (SF). (Since the SICP of 200
psi is significantly less than the MISCIP of 2574 psi, a SF of 100 psi is acceptable.
Additionally, this well does not qualify for special treatment concerning the
annular geometry.)
2. Check the MISICP and select a Pressure Increment (PI). (Since the SICP of 200
psi is significantly less than the MISCIP of 2574 psi, a PI of 100 psi is
acceptable.)
3. Calculate Mud Increment using the uppermost ACF value.
𝑃𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹 100 × 0.0489
𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝐼 = = = 9.0 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 0.052 × 10.5
4. Allow CP to increase by the SF and PI to:
𝐶𝑃1 = 𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑆𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼 = 200 + 100 + 100 = 400 𝑝𝑠𝑖
5. Bleed mud from well while maintaining casing pressure constant at CP1 until
the Mud Increment (MI) has been bled back.
6. Close choke and allow CP to increase by the PI to:
𝐶𝑃2 = 𝐶𝑃1 + 𝑃𝐼 = 400 + 100 = 500 𝑝𝑠𝑖
7. Bleed mud from well while maintaining casing pressure constant at CP2 until
the Mud Increment (MI) has been bled back.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
8. Repeat steps 6 & 7 until casing pressure stops increasing and remains
constant, which indicates that all gas is at the surface, or until a preferred
circulating method can be implemented.
Schedule: Example A
800
Casing Pressure (psi) →
SF = 100 psi
200
Initial SICP = 200 psi
8700
8600
Bottomhole 8500
Pressure 8400
8300
8200
0 9.0 18.0 27.0 36.0
30
20 40 This well has a long liner
section which requires
10 50
additional consideration
0 60 concerning the MI
calculation and the selection
Trip Tank of an appropriate Safety
Factor.
9⅝
11,000’ Well Data: Kick Info:
14,403 ft
MW = 14.5 ppg = 0.754 psi /ft SIDPP = 140 psi
SICP = 700 psi
5” DP x over to 3½” DP @ 10600’ Pit Gain = 15 bbl
7” 9 ⅝ @ 11,000’ TVD/TMD MISICP = 2808 psi
18,000’ 7” Liner @ 18,000’ TVD/TMD
TOL @ 10750’ TVD (LOT=17.5 ppge) Annulus packed-
P gas 6” Open Hole 18,000’– 22000’ off above bit. Kick
is migrating
TD – 22,000’ TVD/TMD 9⅝” X 5”ACF = 0.0489 bbl/ft above pack-off.
6” Open Hole Diameter 7” X 3½” ACF = 0.0241 bbl/ft
6” X 3½” ACF = 0.0230 bbl/ft
Procedure: Example B
1. Consider MISICP and select a Safety Factor (SF). For this case, the gas location
will be tracked as the influx migrates up the hole so each ACF will be
considered. (For this example the SF = 200 psi).
𝑆𝐹 = 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2. Consider MISICP and select a Pressure Increment (PI). (For this example the
PI = 200 psi).
𝑃𝐼 = 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖
3. Calculate the Mud Increment (MI) for each annular section.
𝑃𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹
𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝐼 =
0.052 × 𝑀𝑊
200 × 0.0230
𝑀𝐼𝑂𝐻×3½" = = 6.1 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.052 × 14.5
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
200 × 0.0241
𝑀𝐼𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟×3½" = = 6.4 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.052 × 14.5
200 × 0.0489
𝑀𝐼9⅝"×5" = = 13.0 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.052 × 14.5
4. Allow CP to increase by the SF and PI to:
𝐶𝑃1 = 𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑆𝐹 + 𝑃𝐼 = 700 + 200 + 200 = 1100 𝑝𝑠𝑖
5. Select and use the Mud Increment MI corresponding to the location of the gas
(neglect BHA):
𝑀𝐼𝑂𝐻×3½" = 6.1 𝑏𝑏𝑙
6. Bleed mud from well while maintaining casing pressure constant at CP1 until
the Mud Increment (MI) has been bled back.
7. After each cycle, calculate the volume of gas (Vgas), pressure of gas (Pgas), and
top of gas bubble.
Note: If the influx volume is accurately known, these formulas can “track” the
location of the gas as it migrates up the hole. If the volume is not known then
skip this step and use the upper ACF and a “high” SF as discussed.
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠2 = 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠1 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠2 = 15 + 6.1 = 21.1 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠1 × 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠1
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠2 =
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠2
15 × 16728
𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠2 = = 11,891 𝑝𝑠𝑖
21.1
𝐵𝐻𝑃 − 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 𝑇𝑉𝐷 −
𝑀𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
16928 − 11891
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 22000 − = 15,320 𝑓𝑡
0.754
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 +
𝐴𝐶𝐹
21.1
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑝ℎ 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = 15,320 − = 14,403 𝑓𝑡
0.023
8. Close choke and allow CP to increase by PI to:
𝐶𝑃2 = 𝐶𝑃1 + 𝑃𝐼
𝐶𝑃2 = 1100 + 200 = 1300 𝑝𝑠𝑖
9. Repeat steps 5, 6, 7, & 8 until casing pressure stops increasing and remains
constant, which indicates that all gas is at the surface, or until a preferred
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2000
CP5= 1900 psi
Casing Pressure (psi)→
M-Migrate
B-Bleed
Note:
The time spent bleeding during the first “cycle” is normally the longest. Each
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The initial size of the influx relative to the calculated MI for that annular section,
dictates the cycle times. For this example, the if the original volume of the influx
was 5 bbl (instead of the 15), the calculated MI of 6.1 bbl for the first bleed, would
have the influx half-way up the well during the first bleed cycle (Influx size more
than doubled).
For the example given, if the influx was migrating at a rate of 750 ft per hour,
would require 9 hours to bleed the 6.1 bbl (bottom of gas migrates from 22,000 ft
to 15,320 ft).
To track the location of the gas as it migrates up the hole while implementing the
Volumetric Procedure, the following diagram can be used to determining the
bottom of the gas.
Gas
Pressure
Shoe MISICP
5200’ 1433 psi
Surface Equipment Requirements
LOT
15.5 ppg 1. Access to well via kill line.
2. Accurate measuring tank (Trip or
MW Stripping Tank).
10.2 ppg
3. High pressure, low displacement mud
pump.
Plugged Bit
4. Choke manifold that will allow for
small changes in CP to be made by the
choke operator.
5. CP Gauge that can measure small
Procedure | Example increments of pressure.
1. Pump Original Mud Weight (OMW) into the well and increase the CP by a
small, predetermined amount (recommend 50-100 psi). Accurately measure
the amount of mud that was added to the well coinciding with the change in
CP. Determine the initial gas volume & initial gas height using:
𝐶𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 × 𝑉𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 =
𝐶𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
ℎ𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝐴𝐶𝐹
Using the example wellbore above, pumps were kicked in and the CP was
increased by 100 psi (from SICP of 900 psi to the CPlube value of 1000 psi). Trip
tank shows this change in CP took 7 bbls of 10.2 ppg mud (OMW).
2. Determine the Lube Mud Weight (LMW) to be used. Options for LMW range
from Original Mud Weight (OMW) to Kill Mud Weight (KMW). If a well top kill is
desired, calculate the minimum LMW required using:
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𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃
𝐿𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑊 = + 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑝𝑝𝑔)
0.052 ∗ ℎ 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐿𝑀𝑊𝑂𝑀𝑊 = 10.2 𝑝𝑝𝑔 = 0.5304 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡
𝐿𝑀𝑊𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝐾𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑀𝑊 = 13. 4 𝑝𝑝𝑔 = 0.6968 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
Note: Because the calculated LMWTop Kill MW was greater than the OMW, it is an
indication that the well is underbalanced; pumping OMW in this case will not kill
the well.
Note: Gas Weight assumed to be 2.0 ppg (0.104 psi/ft) in this example when
calculating LMWKMW
3. Calculate the hydrostatic pressure per barrel for the OMW, the selected LMW,
and for the assumed Gas Weight.
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑀𝑢𝑑 (𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡)
𝐻𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 =
𝐴𝐶𝐹 (𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑓𝑡)
𝐻𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑀𝑊 = 11.53 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝐻𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝑀𝑊 = 15.14 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝐻𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 2.26 𝑝𝑠𝑖 /𝑏𝑏𝑙
4. Calculate Initial Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure (MAASPi).
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑃 = 𝑃𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑓𝑓 − 𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 𝑃𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑜𝑓𝑓 − 𝐻𝑃𝑚𝑢𝑑 − 𝐻𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑖 = 0.052 × 15.5 × 5200 − 0.052 × 10.2 × (5200 − 1522) − 0.104
× 1522
= 4191 − 1951 − 158 = 2082 𝑝𝑠𝑖
5. Select a Safety Factor (SF) and a Pressure Increment (PI) based on MAASPi.
Because the initial CPlube of 1000 psi is significantly less than the Initial MAASPi
of 2082 psi, a SF of 100 psi and a PI of 200 psi are reasonable to select
6. Calculate the Over Balance (OB) added and adjust (bleed) casing pressure to the
desired CP bleed value (Prior to each bleed, allow sufficient time for the lubed
mud to fall through the gas).
𝑂𝐵 = 𝐻𝑃 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 + 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑃 + 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑃𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑒 − 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑂𝐵 = 7 × 11.53 + 100 + 0 ≅ 181 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 181 − 100 = 81 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐶𝑃𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1000 − 81 = 919 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (𝑆𝐹 = 100 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
Version 1.3 Chevron Well Control Handbook 7 - 23
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 7 - Well Control Procedures
𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 𝐿𝑀𝑊𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 − 𝐺𝑎𝑠𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 𝑉𝐿𝑢𝑏𝑒
Note: Ignoring the Gas HP yields a more conservative MAASP, and that is what is
shown here.
𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 11.53 × 7 ≅ 81 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 2082 − 81 = 2001 𝑝𝑠𝑖
8. Check MAASPNew and lubricate mud into the well until the CP increases by the PI.
Measure the volume of mud pumped from the trip tank. (For this Cycle: Trip tank
shows the well took 11.3 bbl of 13.4 ppg LMW Top Kill MW to increase the CP from
the CP Bleed value of 919 psi to the CP Lube value of 1119 psi.
9. Calculate the HP added.
𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑀𝑊𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 𝑉𝐿𝑢𝑏𝑒
= 15.14 × 11.3 = 171 𝑝𝑠𝑖
10. Bleed gas from the well and decreases casing pressure to the desired value.
𝑂𝐵 = 11.3 × 15.15 + 200 + 100 ≅ 471 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 471 − 100 = 371 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐶𝑃𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1119 − 371 = 748 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (𝑆𝐹 = 100 𝑝𝑠𝑖)
11. Repeat Step 7, 8, 9, & 10 until all gas has been removed from the well.
IBOP Requirements
• Proper equipment line up (able to bleed
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Consideration
N2
Surge Adjust annular closing pressure and use
Bottle a surge bottle installed on the annular
hydraulic closing line to prevent element
wear. Grease or oil on pipe helps
prevent wear as well.
Stand Length = 93 ft
Procedure : Example
1. Bump The Float (BTF) and measure the SIDPP to determine influx location.
SIDPP=SICP ...Influx Below Bit
SIDPP<SICP but≠ 0 ...Above and/or Below Bit
SIDPP= 0 ...Influx Above The Bit (if well not originally underbalanced).
Example – SIDP = 120 psi, indicating influx below bit.
2. Check MISICP and select Safety Factor (SF), Pressure Increment (PI), and
calculate closed end pipe displacement and the mud increment (MI).
MISICP=1092 psi 𝑆𝐹 = 100 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝐼 = 100 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑂𝐷𝐷𝑃 2
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑑 = = 0.0243 𝑏𝑏𝑙/𝑓𝑡 → 2.25 𝑏𝑏𝑙/𝑠𝑡𝑛𝑑
1029.4
𝑃𝐼 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹 100 × 0.05
𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝐼 = = = 8.0 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 0.052 × 12
3. If influx is below the bit, the influx will be penetrated. When penetrated, the
gas bubble will expand while bleeding mud from the well. This reduction in
hydrostatic pressure (HP penetration) may result in the well going underbalanced.
To compensate for this, calculate the maximum height of the gas with BHA on
bottom and compare it to the height of the gas with the BHA above the influx.
Influx Penetration
The differential between the hydrostatic values can be added as a Safety Factor
prior to starting the stripping operation. This loss of HP due to bubble
penetration is necessary to compensate for this effect. If influx is above the bit
then disregard the HPpenetration.
𝐻𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (ℎ 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 − ℎ 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒) × 0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 − 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠
20 20
ℎ𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 = = 286 𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 571 𝑓𝑡
0.07 0.035
6. When the target MI is reached, close the choke and continue stripping without
bleeding until the casing pressure (CP) increases by the PI to CPStrip2 (or CPStrip3,
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etc.).
𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝2 = 𝐶𝑃𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝1 + 𝑃𝐼 = 470 + 100 = 570 𝑝𝑠𝑖
7. Repeat Steps 5 and 6 until drill string returned to bottom.
Bullheading (WO/CO)
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Static Shut In
Tubing Pressure
Workover (WO) Procedure : Example 2500 psi
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Calculations: WH rated
WP limit = 4000 psi
1. Average Weight of Fluid in Tubing (WTF)
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 − 𝑆𝐼𝑇𝑃 3 1/2” N80
𝐹𝑊𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
0.052 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓 9.3# Tubing
0.0087 bbl/ft
0.45 × 9800 − 2500 Burst = 8640 psi
𝐹𝑊𝑇 = = 3.75 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 × 9800
2. Kill Fluid Weight (KFW) 9 5/8” N80
𝑆𝐼𝑇𝑃 47# Casing
𝐾𝐹𝑊 = 𝐹𝑊𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 0.0732 bbl/ft
0.052 × 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑠𝑇𝑉𝐷 Burst = 6870 psi
2500
𝐾𝐹𝑊 = 3.75 + = 8.7 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 × 9800
Packer - 9300 ft
EOT - 9500 ft
(Continued on next page) Top Perfs
9,800 ft
Bottom Perfs
10,000 ft
Formation
Pressure Grad = 0.450 psi/ft
Frac Grad = 0.650 psi/ft
0 psi
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎:
𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖 + 𝐻𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 𝐹𝑟𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔
0 psi
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑆𝑃
𝑀𝑆𝑃 = 𝐵𝐻𝑃𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 − 𝐻𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝐹𝑟𝑃𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔
Note: For critical situations, the friction pressure can be calculated
and added to MSP limits. See Appendix for applicable formula.
3. Bullhead Volumes to EOT, to Top Perfs, and to Bottom Perfs (measured depths).
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Surface to EOT:
𝑀𝑆𝑃𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 − 𝑀𝑆𝑃𝐾𝐹𝑊@𝐸𝑂𝑇
∆𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
4460 − 2014
∆𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 5 = 147.3 ≅ 150 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑏𝑏𝑙
83
EOT to Top Perf:
𝑀𝑆𝑃𝐾𝐹𝑊@𝐸𝑂𝑇 − 𝑀𝑆𝑃𝐾𝐹𝑊@ 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓
∆𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐸𝑂𝑇 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓
2014 − 1936
∆𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑏𝑏𝑙 = × 5 ≅ 18 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.0732 × (9800 − 9500)
𝑀𝑆𝑃𝐾𝐹𝑊@𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓 − 𝑀𝑆𝑃𝐾𝐹𝑊@𝐵𝑡𝑚𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓
= × 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑇𝑜𝑝𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝑡𝑚 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑓
1936 − 1976
∆𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 5 ≅ −14 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟 5 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.0732 × (10000 − 9800)
NOTE: Because the previous calculation is negative, the pressure limit with
KFW at the bottom perf reverts to a value equal to the pressure limit with
KFW at the top perf.
11. Read and record shut-in surface pressures and determine if trapped pressure
or underbalance exists.
4000
Surface Pressure (psi)
Fracture Zone
2000
Actual BH Pressure
1000
Flow Zone
82
105 120
20 40 60 80 100 120
Bullheading : Drilling
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Bullheading is the practice of pumping into a shut-in well to force formation fluids
back into a reservoir or other permeable zone.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Feasibility of Bullheading
Note: The calculations for BH in open hole and cased hole applications are very
similar.
Version 1.3 Chevron Well Control Handbook 7 - 35
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Tenet 8
Company Confidential.
8- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 8 - Complications
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 0.052 × 𝐿𝑂𝑇 × 𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑒 = 0.052 × 14.2 × 5200 = 3840 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑃 = 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 − 𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒
=3840 − 0.052 × 11.2 × 1600 − 0.052 × 1.9 × 600 − 0.052 × 10.5 × 3000
𝑀𝐴𝐴𝑆𝑃 = 3840 − 932 − 59 − 1638 = 1211 𝑝𝑠𝑖
ICP
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800 900
500
SICP
400
Plugged Nozzle(s)
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ICP
800
500
Choke Washout
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1
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
ICP
Decreasing Choke Pressure
2 DrillDrop
Pipe in Drill Pipe Pressure
Lagging Casing
30
A choke is unlikely to suddenly “cut out”. So, there is usually not a dramatic
indication that this problem is occurring. Abrasive sands and high pressure gas
exiting the choke can wear the tungsten parts inside and the resulting wear acts
the same as if the choke operator was opening the choke.
String Washout
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
ICP
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Tenet 9
Company Confidential.
9- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 9 - Subsea
Well A Well B
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Fracture models show that the fracture gradient is directly related to the
overburden weight at any depth of interest in a well. The overburden for an
offshore well will comprise of the water depth (having a weight of 8.5 ppg or so)
and the sediment weight below the mud line. At relatively shallow depths (BML)
the sediment would have an estimated gradient of 0.7 or so and the fracture
gradient would be nearly equal to that of the overburden.
Riser Margin
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𝐻𝑃 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡 =
= 0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 × 𝑅𝐾𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 0.052 × 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑝𝑔 × 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Riser Margin (RM)
The MW increase required below the mud line to compensate for the removal of
the riser in order to maintain an equivalent BHP is called the riser margin.
Example:
Water Depth = 4000 ft Air Gap=87 ft
TVD=5087 ft CMW=9.0 ppg
𝐻𝑃 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡 144
𝑅𝑀 = = = 2.78~2.8 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 × (𝑇𝑉𝐷 − 𝑅𝐾𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝑀𝐿) 0.052 × 1000
The mud weight in the well required to sustain a loss of riser fluid would be
(9.0+2.8) or 11.8 ppg.
Well Shut-In
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Shut annular,
While Drilling 1st PU, and tag TJ.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
1. Stop rotation
2. Space out: Pick up string to shut-in
position Choke
Kill UA Line
3. Stop the pumps Line
4. Shut-in the Annular BOP and open
the choke line valves on BOP stack LA
1. Notify Toolpusher and OIM 2nd Close hang-off
SR ram and hang off DS.
(OIM to notify DSM)
2. Monitor the riser for flow CSR
and be prepared to divert if
necessary (riser flow may be UPR
either gas in the riser or a
leaking annular) MPR
At times, people confuse the increase due to pumping with gas migrating
in the well. Usually gas migration is not at a rate to become an issue with
the procedure as it should only take a few minutes.
Deep Water Example: Cased Hole Method Actual CLFP & KLFP Values
ICP 900
800
500
SICP
400
380
Drill Pipe Casing
30 KLP SIKLP
SPM 400
Choke Position
0024
Pump % Open % Closed
Strokes
Open Close
Example:
SIDPP from BTF = 250 psi SICP = 400 psi
SIKLP=400 psi Desired Kill Rate = 30 spm
BPUTS DPP Value = 900 psi CLFP =120 psi
Safety Margin 100 psi
1. As the pump comes on line the Choke Operator should crack open the choke
as needed to maintain KLP constant at the SIKLP value (plus any desired Safety
Margin). If the CLFP is greater than the SICP, the CLFP cannot be totally
compensated for and will show on the KLP monitor and DP gauge. If
uncompensated CLFP is excessive, the kill rate should be reduced. Choke
Operator should provide constant feedback to the Driller as to the progress.
2. Use choke to control KLP constant until DP pressure has stabilized @ the kill
pump rate. Read and record this drill pipe pressure as the BPUTS Value.
3. Determine the Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP) and mark this on the Choke
Panel Gauge for reference.
ICP 900
800
Stk Est Casing
Rate CLFP psi
SICP
400
0 0 400
280
15 30 370
Drill Pipe Casing
30 22 65 315
SPM Choke Position 30 120 280
0024 Casing psi vs. Stk Rate Schedule
Pump % Open % Closed
Strokes
Open Close
1. Prepare a Casing Pressure vs. Stroke Rate Schedule for BPUTS without a KLM to
assist. The casing pressure needs to be reduced (incrementally) by the CLFP as
the pump comes up to the desired kill rate. If the incremental CLFP is not
available, it can be estimated by the following formula.
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 2
𝐶𝐿𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐶𝐿𝐹𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 ×
𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝐶𝐿𝐹 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 120 𝑝𝑠𝑖 @ 30 𝑆𝑃𝑀
2
15
𝐶𝐿𝐹15 = 120 × = 30 𝑝𝑠𝑖
30
2. As the pump comes up to speed, the Choke Operator should crack open the
choke as needed to adjust the CP as per the CP vs. Stroke Rate Schedule (plus any
desired Safety Margin). Choke Operator should provide constant feedback to the
Driller during this important time.
3. Only after the DP pressure, the pump rate, and the CP have all stabilized; is
BPUTS achieved. Call this drill pipe pressure reading the BPUTS Value and
record it as such.
4. Choke Operator and Supervisor should determine the Initial Circulating Pressure
(ICP) and mark this on the Choke Panel Gauge for reference.
2. Hold the pressure constant on the side of the U-tube that has constant fluid
density.
These two rules work regardless of drill string geometry or wellbore
deviation.
First Circulation
SIDPP
1. Using Original Mud Weight Fluid, CP
BPUTS at desired Kill Rate and KLP
establish ICP and mark same on Choke
Panel. Be aware of uncompensated
CLFP (when SICP < CLF @ desired Kill
Rate).
2. Maintain DP pressure constant at the
ICP (plus desired safety factor) value
until all influx is circulated from the
well. Conduct a dynamic check: the
circulating KLP should be at or nearly
equal to the original SIDPP if all influx
is removed. (Or CP nearly equal to Kick
original SIDPP- CLF.) Influx
CP
KLP 1. Have available or calculate the drill
string volume (bbl or stks).
2. BPUTS using Kill Mud Weight fluid
while holding KLP constant to the
desired Kill Rate. DP pressure should
be equal to the original ICP
established in the First Circulation.
3. Maintain Casing Pressure Constant
as the KMW is circulated down the
drill string.
NOTE: It is critical that the annulus is
clear of gas if casing pressure is held
constant. If a clean annulus is in
question, a DP Pressure Schedule
should be developed and followed
to ensure correct BHP.
4. When Kill Mud Weight fluid begins exiting the drill string, note and record the
Drill Pipe Pressure (less any Safety Margin) as the Final Circulating Pressure
(FCP). Maintain the drill pipe pressure at the FCP value until KMW returns to
the surface.
5. BPTO (stop the pump) holding KLP constant. Conduct a static check: SICP,
SIKLP, and SIDP should be zero and the well dead (trapped pressure, if any, will
show on all three gauges).
6. Displace riser, C & K lines to KMW, flush BOP to remove stack gas. Circulate
and condition the drilling fluid.
ICP
DP psi
Casing psi
KL psi
Shoe psi
SICP
SIKLP X
SIDPP X
DP psi
Casing psi
ICP KL psi
Pressure
Shoe psi
SIDPP XX
W & W Method
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Gas @ Surface
PcMax →
DP psi
Casing psi
Pressure
ICP KL psi
Shoe psi
FCP
SICP X
SIDPP X
DP DP
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
CP CP
KLP KLP
Kill L gas
Line Choke
Line
When a gas influx begins entering the reduced ID of the CL , the result is an
increased rate of loss of hydrostatic from the choke gauge side of the
annulus and some of the original CLFP, thus an increase in CL pressure gauge.
This is an early indicator that soon the gas will be at the choke and the choke
operator should be vigilant and prepared to “stop the drop” by proper choke
manipulation.
DP psi
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
2nd CP
KLP
Monitor DP and
KLP. After the
1st
appropriate lag, Steadily close
pressures should choke to stabilize
quickly stabilize the KLP.
and the choke
adjusted to set
proper DP
pressure.
Gas @ Surface
Opposite
technique helps and
when mud hits Exiting the
the choke after Choke
the gas exits.
The maximum casing pressure (Pcmax) on the casing gauge occurs when the gas
influx arrives at the surface choke. Thereafter, the casing pressure will begin to
drop as gas exits the system. The choke should be used at this point to control
the rate at which the casing pressure is decreasing. A gentle rate of pressure
decrease is preferred to a rapid one.
As a result of their different properties, the size of the choke opening that will
maintain the required backpressure on the well is different for liquid (mud, brine,
etc.) and gas. Consequently, the choke needs to be manipulated to increase or
decrease the size of the choke opening whenever there is a change in fluid type
going through the choke. Failure to do this in a timely manner may result in going
underbalanced or fracturing the weak point in the well.
What to do
When you observe the casing pressure and the kill line pressure decreasing
rapidly (not due to choke manipulation), steadily close the choke until you
stabilize the kill line pressure. If you over-correct, the kill line pressure will
increase rapidly requiring that the choke be opened to stabilize it. Confirm that
the KLP gauge has stabilized for 5 seconds or so, before checking the DPP gauge
to figure out your overbalance/underbalance condition and then adjust choke
accordingly.
CSR
Note:
The negative pressure differential must not
UPR exceed the rating of the WH, BOP, choke,
and KL seals and gaskets.
LPR
This is a generic and simplified description of
a complex procedure. Each SUBSEA Rig
should have a Standardized Procedure in
place for safely removing residual “stack
gas”.
Example:
Riser length (TVD)=5000’
Riser ACF (19 x 5”)=0.326 bbl/ft
BOP ACF (18¾ x 5”)=0.317 bbl/ft
Unload Condition
When height of gas is equal to the height of mud column above it.
0.317
𝑈𝐶 = 2 × 0.326 × × 8 × 5000 − 8 = 128 𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.326
0
-10 +10 Present SICP
400 psi
-20 +20
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
-30 +30
MGS SIKLP
400 psi CLFP
∆V Trip Tank 80 psi
64 bbl @ 20 spm
Two schedules are used during the process. A volumetric schedule is used to
account for gains in the surface pit volume due to expanding gas exiting the
annulus beneath the BOP and travelling up the choke line. A lube and bleed
schedule is used to account for mud that displaces the gas from the annulus
section beneath the BOP. Typically, the expectation is that the surface pit volumes
would initially gain volume as circulation is initiated and then begin losing mud
volume as gas is removed by the mud gas separator.
Preparation
Check that the Trip Tank has a suitable volume of Lube mud and able to measure
small mud volume changes (+/- 1 bbl). The volume to be lubricated should be
greater than the estimated volume of gas (be prepared to add mud “on the fly” if
necessary). Line up to circulate from the trip tank, down the KL, and up the CL.
Also route the returns through the mud gas separator.
Ensure that the kill line is full of mud. If there is any doubt, then the well should be
isolated and the kill line circulated with mud. This is required in order to ensure
that the pressure at the stack is accurately monitored.
Example Data:
SICP & SIKLP = 400 psi MW = 12.6 ppg (Well &C&K lines)
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Procedure : Example
1. Calculate the HP per bbl of the mud in the well (annulus below BOP), and
mud in the choke and kill line. The KLP will be reduced as per the decrease in
the trip tank associated with the added HP in the annulus below the SS BOP.
0.052 × 𝐿𝑀𝑊 0.052 × 12.6
𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝐵𝑙𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 = = = 9.26 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝐴𝐶𝐹 0.0707
0.052 × 12.6
𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐵𝑏𝑙𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐶&𝐾 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 = = 42.25 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑏𝑏𝑙
0.0155
2. Calculate the KLP Initial & Final Circulating Pressures and construct a KLP vs
Trip Tank Volume Loss circulating pressure schedule. (For this example the
gas volume is 45 bbl).
𝐾𝐿𝑃𝐼𝐶𝑃 = 𝐾𝐿𝐹𝑃@ 20 𝑠𝑝𝑚 + 𝑆𝐼𝐾𝐿𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝐾𝐿𝑃𝐼𝐶𝑃 = 80 + 400 = 480 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐾𝐿𝑃𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐾𝐿𝑃𝐼𝐶𝑃 − 𝐻𝑃𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐾𝐿𝑃10 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 480 − 9.26 × 10 = 387 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐾𝐿𝑃20 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 480 − 9.26 × 20 = 295 psi
𝐾𝐿𝑃30 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 480 − 9.26 × 30 = 202 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐾𝐿𝑃𝐹𝐶𝑃 = 𝐾𝐿𝐹𝑃@20 𝑠𝑝𝑚 + 𝐶𝐿𝐹𝑃@20 𝑠𝑝𝑚 + 𝐻𝑃 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐾𝐿𝑃𝐹𝐶𝑃 = 80 + 80 + 0 = 160 𝑝𝑠𝑖
3. Calculate the CP vs Volume Gain Schedule for a Volumetric Procedure for the
gas as it enters the choke line and is circulated to the surface.
𝐶𝑃𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃 + 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑝 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 × 𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑀𝑢𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝐶&𝐾 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑃10 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 400 + 10 × 42.25 = 823 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐶𝑃20 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 400 + 20 × 42.25 = 1245 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝐶𝑃30 𝑏𝑏𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 400 + 30 × 42.25 = 1668 𝑝𝑠𝑖
4. Construct a chart showing CP and KLP Schedules vs Trip Tank Gain and Loss.
Static Volumetric
Procedure Schedule with
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
1200
KLP Schedule CP Schedule
1000
800
KLICP=480 psi
KLFCP=160 psi
(+ any HP underbalance) X 600
400 SICP=400 psi
X
9.26 psi/bbl 200
X
45 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40
Loss Gain
Trip Tank Volume
5. BPUTS allowing casing pressure to reduce to SICP less CLF value, and then
hold constant to establish Kill Line Initial Circulating Pressure (KLICP). If the
choke line friction loss can be compensated, then the pumping pressure
(KLP) will be nearly equal to the KLICP. The kill line pressure will be
monitored and controlled by the choke during the entire operation. (For
this example, after BPUTS the KLP reads 560 psi, adjust choke to
compensate for the CLF such that KLP is as per schedule, = 480 psi if
possible).
6. Use the choke to control and increase the Casing Pressure (CP) as per
Volume Gains and to reduce the kill line pressure as indicated for any
Volume Loss. As gas is bled from the well, the pit level will drop as lube
mud replaces the gas. Note: Gains may not be observed due to lubricated
mud dispersing gas as it is circulated out of the well.
7. Continue with this procedure until all the influx has been vented from
below the stack. This will be indicated by a constant pit level, constant CP
reading, and constant KLP reading at or below the KLFCP Value. If the well
has been completely killed, the final circulating kill line pressure will be
equal to the kill line friction pressure loss, the choke line friction loss, and
the pressure loss through the wide open surface choke.
Notes on Procedure
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Field experience and tests conducted on Live Wells, show that the peak casing
pressure is reduced because the gas is dispersed by the circulated mud as it’s
brought to the surface in small increments. This dispersion reduces the severity
of choke line pressure variations to such a degree that no major choke
adjustments are required. Thus some of the gas is removed before the main
volume is brought to the surface. In this way, gas expansion within the well is
minimized. What this means is that Volumetric / CP schedule will be minimally
referenced during the process and the KLP will be more relied upon as to
bottom hole pressure status.
Emergency Disconnects
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Emergency Disconnect
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Distance to travel:
Horizontal distance that gives 30 ft stroke-out of telescopic joint. Differing space-
outs of the telescopic joint will alter the above times.
(1) Drift-off at ¾ knots average speed.
(2) Drift-off at 2 knots average speed.
(3) Drift-off in 3 knots current.
The purpose of the DMS is to shut-in and secure the well in event of a parted riser
caused by a drift-off or drive-off of a DP vessel. The DMS should respond
automatically and not require manual initiation, “dead-man”. The system should
auto sense the drift-off / drive-off condition and initiate the DMS. Battery power
will provide electrical power and signal and the subsea accumulators will provide
hydraulic fluid power.
Auto-Shear System
The auto-shear is designed to automatically shut-in the wellbore in the event of a
disconnect of the LMRP. This is considered a “rapid discharge” system. Should be
tested on the test stump.
Note: When the auto-shear is armed, a disconnect of the LMRP closes the shear
rams.
ROV Intervention
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Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Tenet 5
Company Confidential.
requirements.”
10 - 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. 10 – Completion & Workover
Completions
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Slick line
• Alloys available for H2S & CO2
• OD of wire is easy to seal around /packing
element in stuffing box
Wireline Braided line
Operations • Multi-strand, stronger than slick line
• OD of wire require a grease seal arrangement
e-line
• Multi-strand with internal wires sheathed with
insulating material
Lubricators
• Sufficient length to cover tool string
• 5000 psi, 10000 psi, & 15,000psi units
BOPs, Slick line Valve/Ram and Seal
• Manual or hydraulic
Wireline • Cannot manually open a hydraulic slick line valve
• Can manually close a hydraulic valve if fitting on
Operations valve is removed
(continued) • Seal can contain pressure without wire
Braided Line BOP
• Grease must be injected between upper and
lower rams to effect a seal on well pressure
• Should wire break, a ball check or pump out plug
will stop flow from the top of lubricator
• Rat hole below packer may contain formation
fluids
• When packer is unseated or the seal nipples
pulled above the packer bore, trapped gas
Unseating Packers escapes into the annulus and starts migrating up
the wellbore
• Usually no immediate indicator that the trapped
gas is there thus the crew may be unaware of the
possible danger
• Circulating to remove fill from the active wellbore
occurs with frequency in CO/WO operations
Cleaning Out Fill • Fill can seal off the producing zone from the hole
above the fill, possibly at considerable distance off
bottom
Information Comments
Production Tree
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Tree Components
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Tubing Head
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A spool type housing attached to the top flange on the casing head to provide a
support for the tubing string and seal the annular space between the tubing
string and production casing. Tubing heads are available with one or two side
outlets which may be threaded, studded, or extended flanged. All outlets should
be equipped for valve removal service. The lower flange is constructed with a
recess to accommodate a bit guide or a bit guide and crossover seal.
The upper and lower flanges on a tubing head are usually of the same working
pressure unless a crossover seal is used to cross over to a higher working
pressure top flange. By using a crossover seal to reduce the piston area exposed
to well pressure, a top flange may be used with a working pressure one rating
above the lower flange, provided the body and outlet dimensions also
correspond to the higher rating.
The working pressure rating of the tubing head should be at least equal to the
anticipated surface shut-in pressure of the well.
Tubing Hanger
The tubing hanger is a device used to provide a seal between the tubing and
tubing head. The hanger is attached to the top of the tubing string and lands
and seats in the tubing head bowl supporting the full weight of the tubing
string. The tubing hanger usually provides a threaded landing for a back
pressure valve and the hanger landing joint.
Tubing Head Adapter Flange
The tubing head adapter flange is an intermediate flange used to connect the
top tubing head flange to the master valve.
The BPV can be installed or removed with either the tree or BOP stack nippled
up on the tubing head. Installation of the BPV through the tree, with pressure
on the well, requires the use of a lubricator. Wellhead manufacturers have
various designs for backpressure valves depending on the size and make of the
hanger and wellhead. Personnel trained by wellhead manufacturers are the
only ones who should install and remove backpressure valves.
Body
Seal Ring
Maximum
DD Thread
Valve
Spring
Valve Stem
The valve removal plug (VR plug) is a threaded one-way check valve that can be
installed through an outlet valve on a casing head, casing spool or tubing spool
into a female thread in the outlet. This isolates the valve from any pressure and
allows removal of the outlet valve for its repair or replacement.
Once the valve has been repaired or replaced, it can be reinstalled and the VR
plug should be removed.
Note: VR plugs are intended for short-term use and should not be considered
as a long-term replacement for wellhead valves.
Most wellheads installed on new wells have threads machined into the outlets
to allow installation of a VR plug. However, many of the older wellheads are not
set up for a VR plug.
VR Lubricator
Plugs
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
There are many types and models of tubing nipples and associated tubing plugs.
These plugs will effect a seal in the tubing string, and uses include:
• To act either as a back pressure valve (BPV) if a BPV profile is not available in the
tubing hanger, or as an additional barrier when nippling up or down a tree / BOP
stack
• During snubbing operations where the tubing string is run with a plug in place to
prevent flow up the workstring
• When installing nipples in tailpipes of permanent packers, which allows the
packer to be set on wire line with a plug in place. At that point, the tubing string
can be run without any open perforations
Numerous types of plugs can be set using tubing or electric line and a lubricator
which can be permanent or drillable. Examples include cast iron bridge plugs (CIBP),
composite drill plugs (casing or tubing), permanent tubing plugs (e.g., Magna Range)
and cement retainers (used to hold pressure underneath and for squeeze
cementing, electric line or drill pipe set). Plug testing varies with the application.
Sometimes a positive test alone is adequate. Other times a negative test is
performed.
Completion Plugs
Providers of completion equipment offer methods to isolate perforations, usually in
conjunction with packers and gravel pack equipment. A simple method for
eliminating communication after perforating with a casing gun is to run a packer on
electric line that has a glass disc or pump out plug. A glass disc can be broken with
slick line. A pump-out plug is pinned to hold a specified pressure (hydrostatic and
surface pressure).
Upon completion of a gravel pack job, a sliding sleeve can be closed, allowing the
completion to be run with the perforations isolated.
Vendors can advise as to what is available, how the plugs are used and how to test
the plugs.
Wireline
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Slickline
Wireline - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
The major uses of slickline related to workover well control are as follows:
• Pre-workover well diagnostics / well prep
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
• Barrier installation to eliminate / reduce well control risk for the workover rig
• Communicating tubing and casing to circulate and kill a well
• Operating mechanical spang jars for setting / retrieving tools or barriers
Wireline BOPE
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Wireline BOP requirements increase with pressure. Braided line requires grease
to seal. pressure. The grease injection pressure should be 20% above wellbore
pressure.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Working Pressures
• 0 – 4000 psi = 5000 psi working pressure
• 4001 – 8000 psi = 10,000 psi working pressure
• 8001 – 13000 psi = 15,000 psi working pressure
Slickline BOPE
• Manual or hydraulic operation
• Hydraulic slickline valve can not be manually opened when closed
• Can manually close a hydraulic valve if fitting on valve is removed
• Seal can contain pressure without wire
Typically for pressures above 3000 psi, a flanged connection at the end of the
lubricator is required unless rigging up on a workstring.
Open
Closed
Rams w/Seals
Correct Incorrect
Ram Assembly Ram Assembly
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Stuffing Box
A pack-off or stuffing box, is ordinarily
utilized on smaller slick line or low pressure
braided line operations. The stuffing box is Pump -in Tee
similar to grease injectors in that they are
run on top of the lubricator to prevent flow Tree Adapter
of wellbore fluids out of the lubricator while
wireline operations are in progress.
Flow Tubes
Flow tubes are located below the grease injection head. Grease is injected under
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
pressure into the grease injection collar which effects a seal around the wireline.
Grease exits at the grease drain hose at atmospheric pressure.
The grease injection pressure
should be 20% more than the Wireline
0 – 5000 Liquid 3
0 – 5000 Gas 3
in the well. When working on such wells, it is imperative that the entire tool
string can be brought up into the lubricator, allowing for recovery of the tool
prior to killing the well, if necessary.
It is also advisable to have a means of automatically shutting-in if the wire
parts at the surface (e.g., a Bowen blowout plug in the stuffing box).
It is recommended that pressure control equipment be configured with a
pump-in sub in the event it is necessary to pump kill weight fluid.
Upon detection of flow or leakage from the lubricator, appropriate steps must
be taken to shut the well in.
1. Alert crews
2. Shut WL rams and confirm flow has stopped
3. Bleed off trapped pressure
4. Address failed component (e.g., failed packing, hole in lubricator section,
etc.)
5. Pressure test lubricator and confirm operability of pressure control
equipment
6. Equalize pressure across WL rams
7. Open WL rams and continue wireline activities
Shearing Wireline
• Electric line cannot be sheared with the standard wireline valves.
• Shear seal rams can be used in the lubricator assembly in high pressure
applications.
• Manual and hydraulic tree valves may cut up to 0.108” slick line but will not
cut braided cable.
• A drop down type wireline cutter ("go-devil"), such as Kinley or Flo-petrol,
may be used. This type of cutter cannot be used in a dry gas well.
Primary functions:
• Control of reservoir pressure, prevention of formation damage, sufficient
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Clear Brines
• Heavier salts are more expensive. Salt mixtures for a particular weight may
be more economical.
• Density of brine decreases with increasing temperature.
• Crystallization point: Point at which salt crystals begin to form and come
out of solution.
Effect of crystallization: Change in brine density due to salt settling. It
becomes difficult to reestablish desired density. Flow restrictions can develop
in sub-surface equipment.
8.4 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.4 17.4 18.4 19.4
Maximum Density (ppg)
Example:
Calcium chloride brine
Average wellbore temperature (AWBT) = 150°F
Fluid Density (FD) to balance zone pressure = 11.2 ppg (Calculated from
reservoir pressure)
Surface mixing temperature = 80°F
What fluid density should be mixed?
Reversing
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Reverse Circulation
Reverse circulation is a method of pumping down
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Advantages to Reversing
• Faster influx removal
• Casing is protected from harmful fluids
• Less contaminated fluid at the surface
• Casing may be exposed to less pressure
compared to Driller’s Method
Reversing, Example
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
invades the pay zone, the following procedure should provide adequate BHP
control while reverse circulating to kill the tubing.
Static Shut In
Tubing Pressure
Procedure: Example 2300 psi
3. Note: When the tubing is nearly cleared of oil and gas, the choke will
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
finally be wide open and the choke (tubing) pressure will approach zero.
At the same time, the pump pressure will start to increase due to the
“uncompensated” increase in friction pressure associated with the kill
weight fluid up the tubing. To compensate for this unwanted
overbalance, consider reducing the pump speed.
4. At end of procedure; shut the pump down by staging the circulating
pressure and pump rate to zero.
Version 1.3
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
Company Confidential.
A- 1
© 2014 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All Rights Reserved. Company Confidential. Appendix
LM Lube Mud
LMW Lube Mud Weight
LOT Leak-Off Test
MAASP Max Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
MASP Maximum Anticipated Surface Pressure
MD Measured Depth
MI Mud Increment
MISICP Maximum Initial Shut-In Casing Pressure
PG Pressure Gradient
PI Pressure Increment
SCR Slow Circulating Rate
SG Specific Gravity
SICP Shut-In Casing Pressure
SIDPP Shut-In Drill Pipe Pressure
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
SP Surface Pressure
TDS Top Drive System
TPC Trapped Pressure Check
TOC Top Of Cement
TOL Top Of Liner
TVD Total Vertical Depth
VM Volumetric Method
W&W Wait & Weight Method
Miscellaneous
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Rounding Rules
Formulas
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑙𝑏𝑠)
2) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑖𝑛2 )
4) 𝐻𝑃 = 0.052 × 𝑀𝑊 × 𝑇𝑉𝐷
5) 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃 + 𝑆𝑃
6) 𝐹𝑃 = 𝐻𝑃 + 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑃𝑃
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
7) 𝐿𝑂𝑇 = 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑀𝑊 + 0.052×𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒 𝑇𝑉𝐷
𝐾𝑀𝑊
11) 𝐹𝐶𝑃 = 𝑆𝐶𝑅 × 𝑂𝑀𝑊
𝐹𝑟𝑃𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
12) 𝐸𝐶𝐷 = 𝐶𝑀𝑊 + 0.052×𝑇𝑉𝐷
2
𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝐷
13) 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 = 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑘
𝐼𝐷2
14) 𝐼𝐶𝐹 = 1029.4
𝑃𝑖𝑡 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
17) ℎ𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝐴𝐶𝐹
Formulas - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
26. Buoyed Weight of Tubulars (closed ended & no fluid in pipe): Wb (lb/ft)
𝑂𝐷2 × 𝑀𝑊
𝑊𝑏 = 𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 −
24.5
Formulas - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
27. After filling the pipe, Effective String Weight will be: (closed ended, different
fluid in pipe and annulus) Wb (lb/ft)
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Formulas - continued
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Conversion Factors
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Multiply By To Get
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Length
Feet 0.3048 Meters
Meters 3.2808 Feet
Volume
Gallons (US) 0.003785 Cubic Meters
Barrels (US) 0.15897 Cubic Meters
Cubic Meters 6.2905 Barrels (US)
Cubic Meters 264.2 Gallons (US)
Pressure
Psi 6.895 Kilo Pascals (kPa)
kPa 0.14503 Psi
Kg/cm2 98.1 kPa
Bar 100 kPa
Mud Weight (Density)
ppg 119.8 Kg/m3
ppg 0.12 SG
kg/m3 0.00835 Ppg
Pressure Gradient
Psi/ft 22.62 kPa/m
kPa/m 0.04421 Psi/ft
Temperature
⁰C 1.8 X ⁰C + 32 ⁰F
⁰F 0.556 X ⁰F+255 ⁰K (Kelvin)
Gas Solubility
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Free Gas
Temperature H 2S
CH4
Volume gas soluble per std bbl
CO2
Of diesel oil (MSCF/bbl)
Miscible
Fluid
Soluble Gas
Pressure (psia)
Key Points:
• Solubility increases with pressure and decreases with temperature.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
2. Calculate the cf of gas per bbl of mud due to the swab. (For this Example,
assume the 1 bbl influx mixed w/25 bbl of mud in the annulus).
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
1
𝑐𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑙 = 5.6 × × 𝑉𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 0.107 𝑐𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑏𝑙
1 + 25
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 5.6 𝑐𝑓 = 1 𝑏𝑏𝑙
3. Calculate the scf of gas per bbl of mud due to the swab.
𝑐𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑙 × 𝐻𝑃 × 𝑇@ 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 deg 𝐾 0.107 × 7676 × 288 𝑠𝑐𝑓
𝑠𝑐𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑙 = = = 39.4
14.73 × 𝑇𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 deg 𝐾 14.73 × 408 𝑏𝑏𝑙
°𝐾 = 0.556 × ℉ + 255
4. Check that all gas from kick is in solution at TD. (Solubility at TD =760 scf/bbl
so all of the swabbed influx is in solution.)
Note:
The Solubility Formula shown
came from:
“Advanced Well Control”
By:
Watson, Brittenham, and Moore
Hydrates
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
In this case, the mud is weighted either while the kick is displaced
with original mud weight (in a separate pit), or after the first
circulation is completed, depending on the availability of barite
and pit space.
Driller’s Method
Weight-up during the first circulation requires the ability to use the
active system completely independently of the pits in which kill
mud is being prepared. If this ability is lacking, weight-up should be
done only after the influx is circulated out.
Maximum casing pressure (Pcmax ) occurs when the gas reaches the surface and can
be calculated along with VMax using the following formulas:
𝑀𝑢𝑑𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑 − 𝐺𝑎𝑠𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Example:
Gas @ Surface
TD/TVD = 8800 ft
ACF MW=12 ppg
0.0547 psi/bbl
4 ½” 16.6 ppf DP
9 ⅝” 43.50 ppf Csg (0.0744 bbl/ft
SIDPP = 340 psi
MW=12.0 ppg
SICP=600 psi
Circulating Rate (CR) = 30 spm
= 3 bbl/min
Calculate:
Pit Gain = 15 bbl
Pcmax , Vmax & Gas Flow Rate max
Using:
0.624−0.104
𝑁= = 9.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑏𝑏𝑙 & K=0.052*12.0*8800+340=5831 psi
0.0547
2 0.5
340 340
𝑃𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + + 5831 × 9.5 × 15 × 4.03 − 0.38 ∗ 8.67 = 970 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2
5831 × 15 × 0.74
𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥 = = 66 𝑏𝑏𝑙
970
What is the peak flow rate (mscf/day) required of the MGS?
𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓 550 × 𝐶𝑅 × 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 + 0.052 × 𝐴𝐶𝐹 × 𝑀𝑊
=
𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000000
𝑀𝑠𝑐𝑓 550 × 3 × 970 + 752
= = 2.84 𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑓/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000000
Impingement
Gas Plate
Baffles
Siphon
Breaker
ID
To understand the operating principle of the MGS only requires following the flow
path of the fluids. Mud and gas mix enters the vessel via the mud inlet line where it
flows and impacts an impingement plate. The impingement plate reduces wear
inside the vessel and also causes some gas to “breakout” due to the impact. The
plate also routes the flow downward onto an arrangement of several baffles.
The increased turbulence caused by the baffles further causes gas mud separation.
Gas, due to it’s density, flows upward and exits the gas vent line and the mud flows
to the bottom and exits via the mud return line that discharges the active mud into
the pit system. Where it is usually further processed by a vacuum degasser.
The operating pressure within the separator is equal to the friction pressure of the
gas exiting the vent line. Fluid level is maintained by the hydrostatic of the mud
leg. If the vent line friction pressure exceeds the mud leg hydrostatic, gas will blow
through to the mud pit system.
There are many important variables that go into the design of a mud gas separator.
Most separators being manufactured today are designed to work effectively,
however it is still a good idea to check on capacity limits.
Separators include horizontal and vertical models but most separators used in the
drilling industry are vertical, and that is what’s described here.
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
The important issue when sizing a MGS is to ensure there is minimal chance for gas
“blow through” to the mud pit system. The two cases where this may occur is:
1. The mud return line friction pressure and hydrostatic “mud leg” should be
greater than the gas vent line friction pressure when the MGS is operating
fully.
2. Insufficient vessel ID could reduce the retention time in the separator thus
reducing the gas separation from the mud. The exiting mud would then
contain an undesirable gas volume as it discharges to the mud pits.
Working through an example will illustrate these issues and allow for a better
understanding.
Example Data:
Well kick occurred and the shut-in conditions indicate that the 15 bbl kick
could yield 66 bbl of gas with a Pcmax value of 970 psi when circulated to the
surface using the Driller’s Method. This would require the MGS be capable of
handling 2.65 mscf/day peak flow rate. The OMW is 12.0 ppg and the
planned Circulating Rate (CR) is 3 bbl/min.
Sizing Procedure
1. Estimate the vent line friction pressure when the MGS is exposed to the peak
gas flow rate Qmax (mscf per day). Assuming an empirical friction factor for that
of a smooth, straight, steel pipe and a gas density of 0.01 ppg permits using
the following formula:
Where:
Le= Total vent line length plus equivalent lengths for bend, etc. (For this
example: vent line consists of 200 ft of 7” ID pipe with 2 sharp right bends)
Ds=Vent line ID (7” for this example)
Qmax= mscf per day of gas flow
5.0 × 𝐿𝑒 × 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝑃𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐷𝑠 5
2
5.0 × (200 + 70 + 70) × 2.65𝑚𝑐𝑓
𝑃𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 0.71 𝑝𝑠𝑖
7.05
(Note: Effective vent line lengths will be greatly effected by the installation of
flame arresters or auto-igniters.)
2. Check that the mud leg hydrostatic is greater than the vent line friction
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
pressure. The worst case of HP in the mud leg would be if full of oil. (For
this example an oil of 0.26 psi/ft gradient is used).
𝑃𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 0.71
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑢𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = = = 2.7 𝑓𝑡
𝑂𝑖𝑙𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.26
3. Check for sufficient separator ID for the planned kill circulation rate. (Here
the CR=3 bpm.
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝐷" = 15.72 × √𝐶𝑅 = 15.72 × 1.73 = 27"
Equivalent Equivalent
Source Sketch Length Source Sketch Length
Bend Bend
Acute Obtuse
3 15
Round Sharp
Bend
Acute Contraction
150 1
Sharp Gradual
Bend
Right Contraction
1 10
Round Abrupt
Bend
Right Expansion
70 1
Sharp Gradual
Bend
Obtuse Expansion
1 20
Round Abrupt
Steam Operations
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
14.7 psi
80 °F
Valve
16501650
gal of
1 Gallon
Of Water
gallons
steam of
steam!
250 psi
400 °F
1 Gallon
Of Water
150⁰F
Potential
BLEVE
200⁰F 400+⁰F
410⁰F 410⁰F
Preventing a BLEVE
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Steam Table
A Steam Table can be used to predict the state of water relative to
This course material, and the content provided herein, is intended exclusively for internal Chevron use by internal course participants and is not to be shared outside the Company.
Example
Formation pressure 13.0 ppge
Highest potential wellbore temperature 400⁰F
Shallowest depth potentially exposed to high temperature 400 ft
Fracture pressure EMW below shoe @ 300 ft 15.0 ppg
Example:
Well flowed while POOH and was
93’ of 9”OD shut –in with 320 psi on casing.
x 3” ID There is a stand of 9” DC hanging
192#/ft DC in the elevators. Is the pipe heavy
or light?
MW – 10.9 ppg
Note:
This example illustrates why it is a good practice to stop the
trip out and conduct a flow-check prior to pulling the BHA
across the BOP.
Broken U-Tube
Further, these course materials are not to be copied, distributed, or otherwise used for any internal or external purpose other than their utilization as a learning resource for this particular course.
Drill pipe and annulus are not in hydraulic communication due to plugged BHA,
bridging, etc.. And circulation cannot be initiated.
Loss of wellbore integrity...fracture gradient will not support surface pressures
needed for well control circulation methods....with potential for “Underground
Blowout”
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