VARIABLE - is defined as a quantity or characteristic that has two or
more mutually exclusive values of property. Numerical values or
categories represent this quantities or characteristics.
5 TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – it is the stimulus variable which
is chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to
observe phenomenon.
a. Ex. Ncae result
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE – it is response variable it is the
which is observed and measured to determine the effect
of the independent variable.
a. Response after you alter, result of the exam
3. THE MODERATE VARIABLE – this is the secondary or
special type of independent variable chosen by the
researcher to a certain if it alters or modifies the
relationships between the independent and the
dependent variables.
a. Ex. Male or female (variation)
4. CONTROL VARIABLE – this is the variable that is controlled
by the researcher in which the effects can be neutralized
by illuminating or removing the variable.
a. Samar (a place that is controlled)
5. INTERVENING VARIABLE – this is a variable that interferes
with the dependent and independent variable but it
effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent
and dependent variable.
a. Ex. a situation that affects the result like the
person came from a poor family which leads to
no connections for work, compared to a rich fam
with has many conections.
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Problem/objectives
2. Theoretical/conceptual framework
3. Assumptions
4. Hypothesis
5. Review of related literature
6. Research design
7. Data collection
8. Data processing and statistical treatment
9. Analysis and interpretation
10. Conclusion, summary and recommendations
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES: REASEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH - is also considered as the application of scientific
method in solving the problems.
PURPOSE:
 To gain familiarity to the phenomenon
 To portray accurately the characteristics
 To determine the frequency
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Directed towards the solution
2. Requires expertise
3. Emphasizes the development of generalization, principle,
or theories
4. Based upon observable experience
5. .
6. .
7. Characterized
8. .
9. .
10. .
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - Carried out when we wish to understand
meanings, look at, describe and understand experience, ideas,
beliefs, and values, intangibles such as these.
Conceptual framework – presents specific and well defined concepts
which are called constructs.
Assumptions – these are presumed to be true statements of facts
related to the research problem.
Significance of the study – in a research paper it is a MUST.
1. The
a. Solving the problem and the need
b. Bridging the knowledge gap
c. Improving social economic and health conditions
d. Enriching research instruments
e. Supporting government thrusts
Scope and limitations of the study – it is also an important section of
the study this includes
1. Coverage of the study areas
2. The subjects
3. The research instruments
4. The research issues or concerns
5. The duration of the study
6. The constraints that have a direct bearing to the results of
the study
DEFINITION OF TERMS
This section of the research paper on chapter one.
There 2 ways to define the key terms of the study
1. Conceptual definition – are based on concepts or
hypothetic ones which are usually taken from the
dictionary.
2. Operational definition – are based on observable
characteristics and how it is used in the study
Review of related literature (RRL)
Is a major source of li
Laws, department directives such as circulars orders memoranda
Related readings – legal basis
Related literature – written works connectedly that have enduring
importance for your study. (Books journals, magazines, novels,
poetry, etc.)
Related studies – these are published or unpublished studies,
maybe a source of material you can include. The research study
must have direct bearing to your recent study and must be
segregated to foreign and local studies.
Justification