EE1201 - Week 6

Department of Electrical and Electronic

Faculty of Engineering
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Learning outcomes
• be able to explain;
– the characteristics of a magnetic field
– force developed in a magnetic field
– the relationship among current, magnetic field, and
motion
– electromagnetic induction
• transient behavior of inductors
• series- and parallel-connected inductors.
2
Some interesting reading material
IEEE Spectrum Magazine

3
An electrical circuit

Switch Resistor

Capacitor
V source
An electrical circuit
Dissipates energy in the form of heat

Switch Resistor

Capacitor
V source
An electrical circuit

Switch Resistor

Capacitor
V source

Stores energy in the form of an electric field

An electrical circuit
Stores energy in the form of a MAGNETIC field

Switch Resistor
Inductor

Capacitor
V source
Inductor
• A two terminal device that can store energy in the form of
magnetic field
• Shows its true characteristics only when a change in current is
applied
• The Inductance of an Inductor is measured in Henry (H)

Symbol

8
Inductor - Applications

• Motors
• Transformers
• Filters
• Sensors
• Oscillators
• etc…

9
 Magnetic field Same area
Flux lines

Magnetic flux lines,

• extend from north pole (N) to south pole (S) on the
shortest path
• travels in a loop and do not have origins or terminating
points
• are symmetrically distributed outside the core
• are equally spaced inside the core
• exhibit more strength near the poles 10
 Magnetic field Flux lines

Soft iron

Magnetic flux lines, Glass

• are not influenced by a nonmagnetic material

• are attracted towards a magnetic material
- becomes useful in shielding sensitive material from magnetic
interference

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 Magnetic field of a conductor

Magnetic flux lines

conductor

The direction of the magnetic field can be identified by,

• pointing the thumb of the right fist in the direction of
the current
• and noting the direction the remaining fingers point at12
 Magnetic field - Characteristics

Steel

The direction of the m.field of an electromagnet can be

found by,
• wrapping the fingers around the core in the direction of
the current flow
• and the thumb would then point at the north pole (N)
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 Magnetic field of an electromagnet

I
(b)
(a)

The direction of the m.field of an electromagnet can be

found by,
• wrapping the fingers around the core in the direction of
the current flow
• and the thumb would then point at the north pole (N)
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 An Inductor – Working principles
Flux density (B)
Flux (Φ)
Inductor

Force Work

Energy
Induced
Magnetic field E.M.F
Flux (Φ) and density (B)

Flux lines (Φ)→ Wb (Weber)

# of flux lines (Φ) Wb
Flux density (B) = → 2 (Tesla)
Area m
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Flux

17
Force, work, energy

Conductor
Φ

18
Force, work, energy

N
Conductor

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Force, work, energy

N
Conductor
Induced force
Φ

20
 Side view

Force, work, energy N

N l S
Conductor
Induced force
Φ

Force (F) ∝ flux density (B) × current (I) × length (l) → newtons
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Mechanical work

N
Conductor Induced force

Force (F) d

Work = F × displacement (d) → Nm

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 Mechanical work
Front view Side view

N
Conductor

d
Force (F)
d
S l

Force (F) = BIl (N) Work = Fd = BIld (J)

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 Electrical energy Work done = Fd = BIld (J)

Front view Side view

N
Conductor

d
Force (F)
d
S l

Lets assume that,

• total mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
• it takes ‘t’ seconds to move the conductor
• it will induce E voltage on the conductor 24
 Electrical energy Work done = Fd = BIld (J)

Front view Side view

N
Conductor

d
Force (F)
d
S l

Electrical energy = EIt (J) l×d = Area

B×Area = Φ
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 Induced E.M.F
Front view Side view

N
Conductor

d
Force (F)
d
S l

Φ (Wb)
Induced E.M.F (E)=
t (𝑠)
dΦ
Induced E.M.F (E) in a conductor =
dt 26
Faraday’s law
• If we move a conductor in a magnetic field, a
voltage is induced across the conductor
• If the conductor has N turns, the induced E.M.F
(E):
dΦ
E=N
dt

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Induced E.M.F
Can be found using,
a) Fleming’s right-hand rule
b) Lenz’s law

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Lenz’s law
• An induced effect will always oppose the cause
that produced it

***Agrees with Newton’s third law and energy conservation law 29

Lenz’s law
• An induced effect will always oppose the cause
that produced it

+
Induced
E.M.F
-

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Inductance (L) of a coil
• Is related to the change in flux due to change in current through
the coil

dΦ (1)
L=N
dI
Since, dΦ (2)
E=N
dt
Form 1 and 2,
dI
E=L
dt 31