Enrico Caruso “Questa o quella”

Bessie Smith “Down Hearted Blues”

Daft Punk
John Cage “4’33”
Kraftwerk “Autobahn”
Donna Summer “Love to Love You Baby”
Lady Gaga’s VMA performance
Janis Joplin “Ball and Chain”
Joan Jett “I Love Rock and Roll”
Madonna “Express Yourself”
Annie Lennox “Sweet Dreams”
Janelle Monae “Dance Apocalyptic”
Mamie Smith “Crazy Blues”
Nicki Minaj “Anaconda”
Bae Yong-joon
Seo Taiji & Boys “Nan Arayo”
Girls Day and Boys Day “Something”
SES “I’m Your Girl”
Girls Generation “Gee”
https://quizlet.com/54803701/musc-215-flash-cards/
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLX97W1YK2b_ffo
CteMuuo6-mm6oK7igxO
Sound Recording
Know these terms:
Ethnomusicology: the study of the music of different cultures, especially non-Western ones.
Mediation: Intermediary action referring to the practices of all the people who intervene as popular music
is produced, distributed, and consumed.
Hegemony: the predominant influence of a political or cultural force over another.
Counter-hegemony: resisting the influences of a political or cultural force that has hegemony.

Know these subjects:

Thomas Edison
 invented the phonograph in 1877. Used tin foil, but it would make rattling noise. Originally made
it to use for offices (office dictation and letter machine, Home entertainment, Coin-operated
Cylinder).
 Created the Edison Company.
Emile Berliner (German inventor in DC)
 Mass-produced flat discs which usually held 3 minutes worth of songs.
 led to “3-minute-hit” style of songs
 Co-founded Victor Talking Machine Company.
Phonograph in the home
 Improvements:
o Sound: less surface noise by flattening discs
o Appearance: make it look more like furniture for use in the home
o Musical genres: message of “cultural uplift” by encouraging people to listen to European
music
 Popular songs still far outsold classical music

Minstrel Shows: The first American musical and theatrical entertainment.

  Most popular form of entertainment, 1840s-1880s.
 Exaggerated forms of African American culture.
 Darkened skin.
 Racialized sounds
Origin of Minstrelsy:
 originated from african americans imitating their masters dancing the quadrille
 White people stole their own culture (quadrille → cakewalk → minstrelsy)
“Jim Crow”
 Song written by Thomas Dartmouth Rice and was the first international American hit song. The
number was supposedly inspired by African slaves, The song became a great 19th century hit and
Rice performed all over the country as "Daddy Jim Crow”. (daddy) Formed into gross
stereotypes.
Race Records:
 mainly came from furniture companies and the mid-west. they produced and recorded jazz, blues,
and gospel music. these genres weren’t played by the majors because they were seen as low class
music. Key recording patents expire in 1915 <-why is this important?? (t’s in the powerpoint) so
independent labels could produce music such as jazz and blues that the old(original 3) labels
wouldn't-marketing term for blues recordings in the 1920s

Know these artists and songs:

Enrico Caruso
 was an Italian operatic tenor. He sang to great acclaim at the major opera houses of Europe and
the Americas, appearing in a wide variety of roles from the Italian and French repertoires that
ranged from the lyric to the dramatic.
 He was 1st platinum-selling artist
 Two ways the industry mediated this kind of music:

 Advertising about radio, high-class music, cultural uplift, phonograph manufacturers targeted
 women in their advertisements (why - maintained and managed the affairs of the parlor, deciding
what items were purchased for display and what activities were morally acceptable. Other
responsibilities included controlling the household funds and providing music education in the
home. For these reasons, the developing recording industry targeted women as a specific
consumer group ensuring the success of the talking machine and creation of an "in-home" culture
for pre-recorded music in America, one that continues to affect the way we consume music
today.- http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7250/)
 Song: “Questa o quella” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUg0i3zTuwE
Bessie Smith:
 Called “The Empress of the Blues”
 First major-label jazz and blues vocalist.
 Signed with Columbia in 1923.
 Sold 6.5 Million
 Song: “Down-Hearted Blues” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go6TiLIeVZA

RADIO:
Know these terms:
Imagined Communities: The image of community exists in the minds of those who imagine themselves
belonging to a larger entity comprised of people they will likely never meet.

Narratives: The art of practice of narration; the representation in art of an event or story (Part of the
process of mediation)
Subvert: undermine the power of authority
> Ex: Counter- hegemonic and destabilizing (Black DJ’s destabilizing popular music)

Know these subjects:

Sponsorship:
People pay for radio broadcast in exchange for advertisements

sponsors used new popular music to target audience, advertisers influenced what would be broadcasted
on radio

Mass- mediated consumer:

Wheaties: first singing commercial which lead to wheaties selling a lot. Because of this,
popular commercial and music have been strongly linked.
Pepsi ad, 1939
They looked at the demographics of their audience and their consumption habits. Audiences identified
and addressed by consumption habits. (Advertisement. Ex: little orphan annie. If a family listened to the
oath, they probably had kids which meant they would advertise kids toys etc. )

Your Hit Parade:

> Repetition through competition
> Created a strong sense of audience participation
> “ The most popular songs are the best songs.”
Offered the most popular and bestselling songs of the week

Martin Block, “Make-believe ballroom” program

> Very powerful voice in radio broadcasting
> DJ as a curator= someone who has musical knowledge, power and authority to make song
selections.
> Make Believe Ballroom
Emphasized sound recordings instead of live recordings on the radio

Al Benson “Swing and sway” program

> Preacher from Mississippi and moved to find work
> Became a millionaire after recordings and becoming famous.
WGES
> Not trying to sound white on the radio, played R&B, stylized, rapid vocal delivery,
turned DJing into performance, selling advertisements

Black DJs
> Latest R&B records
> Rapid, stylized delivery- sounding black started to become popular
> DJing as performance
> Spawned imitators (Wolfman Jack- was white though)

Alan Freed (white) “moondog show”

> Teenage demographic
> The Moondog Show
> Popularized the term “Rock n’ Roll”
> “Rock n Roll” is the devil’s music.
 > Payola: paid to play their songs

Top 40
Todd Storz and jukeboxes- noticed that kids put in cash bills to listen to the same songs in jukeboxes
Same hits in frequent rotations
Ads, jingles , promotions, rapid fire pattern

NPR
Public Broadcasting act 1967: Increase educational radio, create a space for that.
NPR was established in 1970 and broadcasted their first broadcast in 1971.
Aimed at educated audience
Gentle, focused, calm
Privately and publicly funded.
Sponsors don’t have a say in what they put in their programs
News, information, and cultural programming.

Possible short answer questions from powerpoint (not explicitly stated on review slides, but related to
material on them)
Thought Questions:
1. How do music narratives on the radio create a sense of belonging/ not belonging?
a. a sense of belonging through imagined communities (think Make-Believe Ballroom)
2. What types of identities does commercial radio target?
. commercial radio targets identities that are popular, and considered hip.
3. What happens to identities when counter-hegemony becomes hegemony? (Black DJs, NPR)
. They change. Identities that were considered bad, are now popular and influence people more.
4. How are different identities coded in radio?
. certain identities are tied with certain types of music, or programs.
5. What role does music play in shaping radio's constructs of cultural, political, racial and regional
identities?
.

i’m just taking guesses.

Answers for above would be appreciated. Yes please PLEASE please
Electronic Dance Music:
Know these subjects:

Escapism
> The tendency to seek distraction and relief from unpleasant realities, especially by seeking
entertainment or engaging in fantasy.

Turino’s Four Fields of Artistic Practice

1. Presentational Performance
> One group of people prepare and provide music for another group who do not participate in
making the music or dancing. ( Classical music performance)

2. Participatory performance
> No artist, no talent- audience distinctions, only participants and potential participants
performing different roles ( everybody plays a role and brings a drum to a park and starts playing)
 >"Rather than leading to boredom, as it might for a seated audience, highly repetitive forms and
rhythms actually add to the intensity of participatory performance because more can join in and interact…
and it is this stylized social interaction that is the basis of artistic spiritual pleasure and experience."

3. High Fidelity: The making of recordings that are intended to index or be iconic of live sounds or
performance

4. Studio audio art: Involves the creation and manipulation of sounds in a studio or on a computer
to create a recorded art object.

Theremin
Created by Leon Theremin, russian electrical engineer
Makes music by manipulating signal between two antennas
Described as otherworldy

Moog Synthesizer

>Robert Moog, engineer (1934-2005)

> He invented Moog synthesizer in 1964 which is a machine that alternates the voltage of the
sound to make a different sound
> First widely used electronic instrument
> One thing he did that was clever was taking the Moog to Monterey pop festival in 1967
> Psychedelic music and prog rock: escape from reality and create a new environment.
> used by bands and artists who wanted to experiment with their sound like Pink Floyd, the
Beatles, the Doors, etc.

Disco
> The start of what we now know as EDM
> Happened while Germany had Krautrock
> 1970s electronic music and dance, Record producer and DJ
> Donna Summers
>Disco Demolition Night

Electronic Dance Music

> Music created and presented for non stop dancing
> producers create the sounds
> Djs present them in live context and very often the DJS are the producers
> EDM is very repetitive, global and local, highly sensory, escapism is primary goal,
inclusiveness (audience) and exclusiveness (creators)
>male dominated

Know these artists and

songs:

Donna Summer, “Queen of Disco”

American singer, songwriter, and painter.
gained prominence during the disco era of the late-1970s.
five-time Grammy Award winner
first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No. 1 on the United States Billboard album
chart and charted four number-one singles in the U.S. within a 12-month period
reportedly .sold over 140 million records, making her one of the world's best-selling artists of all time
[Wikipedia, probably]
 Highly sexualized style
Song: “Love To Love You Baby” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRI1yzn2ugA

Daft Punk
> Pioneered modern EDM
> Hallucinatory pop stagecraft
> “two robots trying to become human”
> Technology vs emotion"
> they French
> Promo represents scarcity model
> Anonymous icons - b/c they wear masks, no one knows what they look like
> Created more anon icons (ex. deadmau5)

Song: “Get Lucky” promo

Kraftwerk, “Autobahn”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gChOifUJZMc

Negotiating Feminity
Gender vs. Sex
 Sex is biologically constructed
 Gender is socially constructed and individually performed
 Gender ideologies are most often codified as religious, moral, or legal systems that
justify relations between the genders
 Women: beauty, nurture, spirituality, emotion
 Men: reason, technology, intelligence, control
Agency
 the capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own free choices
Feminism
 Definition: a collection of movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing,
and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women
 First-Wave Feminism
o Seneca Falls Convention, 1848: suffrage, property rights, marriage rights,
education
o 19th Amendment, 1920- gave women the right to vote
o Ads discriminating against women
 Second-Wave Feminism
o Discrimination, reproductive rights, violence, workplace equality
o 1960: birth control pill approved for contraceptive use
 o1963: The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan (book credited with sparking the
2nd wave feminism in U.S. Describes the widespread unhappiness of women in
the U.S.)
 Third-Wave Feminism
o Challenged white, middle-class perspective of first and second wave
 Concept introduced by Rebecca Walker- an African American woman
o More global and diversity-minded
o Equality, choices, treatment
Misogyny
 hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women
Sexism
 discrimination or devaluation based on a person’s sex
 Violence against women is the largest and most widespread violation of human rights
Androgyny
 Having both female and male characteristics
 Being neither distinguishably masculine nor feminine
Gender Play
 Dressing as the opposite sex and pretending to be another gender

WOMEN IN AMERICAN POPULAR MUSIC

Janis Joplin - “Ball and Chain”

 She sings in a husky voice/screaming and there’s a lot of guitar so it shows that females
can do that kind of music
 Sweaty, hair is messy, yelling on stage, wild performance
 Emulated female African American blues singers
 Haight-Ashbury Scene-->artistic neighborhood--hub for counterculture movement
 Broke gender performance barriers, offering alternatives
 White women had never done this before
 Black women had more freedom and she emulated them
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bld_-7gzJ-o
Joan Jett, “I Love Rock and Roll”
 Lead guitar for the Runaways, 1970’s
 Leader, Joan Jett and the Blackhearts
 Founder, Blackhearts records
 First female to own and operate an independent label
 She demonstrates agency in her performance because she is playing lead guitar, she
sings in a husky voice, and she is singing in the perspective of someone instigating a
sexual hook-up
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xL5spALs-eA
Madonna, “Express Yourself”
 Controls own image
 Sex-positive and empowered
  Challenges gender roles: female sexual dominance over men, muscular, she wears
pants, she touches herself, female back-up dancers, lyrics encourage self-expression,
male dancing/thrusting
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nebRhxG2dKk
Annie Lennox, “Sweet Dreams”
 Wears makeup but also wears a suit in her music video
 Sing with deep voice so unsure if male/women
 Short hair
 Androgyny
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeMFqkcPYcg
Janelle Monae, “Dance Apocalyptic”
 Not gender play/androgyny but rejecting male gaze (music video shows the literal
version of this)
 Defines own gendered image
 Wears a suit in performance but is form-fitting
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzZnao2fbRQ

Women in Blues & Rap

Intersectionality – study how different identity categories interact and affect one another,
particularly how patterns of discrimination overlap
Great migration
 First great migration: 1910 – 1940
 People (primarily African American) moved from rural south to northern cities
 Resulted in African Americans of different backgrounds (rural/urban, northern/southern,
literate/illiterate)
Black feminism – grows out of Civil Rights Movement and second wave feminism;
hypersexualized, Jezebel archetype, Mamie archetype
Intertextuality – when one “text” is referenced or used in another “text”; originates in literary
studies but is often applied to musical “texts” as well; both words and sounds
Sampling – widely used in rap from its inception; grows out of DJ/dance tradition, where parts of
records were often mixed; some songs incorporate primarily musical/instrumental parts; some
songs incorporate vocal
Women’s Clubs
 National Association of Colored Women (1896)
o Mary Church Terrell, first president
o Motto: “Lifting as we climb”
o Middle class, educated, protestant
Blues lyrics – empowered lyrics (for women), same sex desires
Response Songs – songs written in response to one another “Save the Last Dance for Me” by
Drifters and “I’ll save the Last Dance for You” by Damita Jo
Images in Rap – some women chose to play up sexuality; some women chose to emulate men in
dress and videos; there was an awareness of how these images affected reception
Know these artists & songs
Mamie Smith “Crazy Blues” – first blues recording by a black woman: “Crazy Blues” by Mamie
Smith in 1920; sold 100,000 copies
Nicki Minaj “Anaconda”
K-Pop Masculinities

K-Pop’s Idol System

 Image controlled by production company
 Stars can have a short longevity, are replaceable, and have to go through training
(languages and media flexibility)
 Commodification - turning music into something you can sell
o Identify style, identify market, choose suitable artist
Momjjang
 Literally “good body” in Korean, refers to the toned and muscular bodies of male K-Pop
stars. FIT. Objectification of the body
Aegyo (Korean: 애교, hanja: 愛嬌)
 in Korean refers to a cute display of affection often expressed through a cute/baby
voice, facial expressions, and gestures. Aegyo literally means behaving in a coquette-ish
manner and it is commonly expected for both male and female k-pop idols to behave
this way.

Overlapping Masculinities
 Dynamic, changing over time
 Anderson: not just “beast” or “pretty”, but a whole range
 Sensitivity, emotion
 Flower boy: fair skin, silky hair, gentle manner
 Beast: tough, wild, macho
 Men can be both
 Groups often include displays of multiple norms
 Variations between group members and songs
 Never so clear-cut for individuals
Asian Gender Stereotypes in the U.S.
 Men are looked at as asexual, silly, martial artisty
o Desexualized
o Women are hypersexualized
Girl groups
 Before 1970’s: government trying to cut down on miniskirts
 o Product of misogyny
 1970’s and 1980’s: mostly female solo musicians
 Late 1990’s: emergence of girl groups
o S.E.S., Fin. K.L.
Idol girl groups
 Late 2000’s
o Girls’ Generation
o Wonder Girls
 Have to be trained to sing and how to act
 Not allowed to date in the public eye
Aegyo
 Cuteness, charm
 Use hand gestures
Korean feminine ideals
 Barbie doll aesthetic
 Objectification of the body
 Cute/innocent
 Sexy/strong/seductive
 Long legs
 Pale skin
 Big eyes
 Ballerina bodies
K-Pop Fandom in Korea
 Audience: women, primarily teenagers and early 20’s
“Flower Boy”
 Must maintain the image of adolescence
o Makeup and fancy costume reflect advanced stage persona, not femininity Can
anyone elaborate on what this means? Generally when a group is new in the k-
pop world, they lead with innocent images. This lets the audience, females, feel
for the guys in the group who are soft and more flower-boy type. Once they are
popular enough, they begin to show that they’re “growing up” with a more edgy
look and songs.
o Female fans claiming a full ownership over male entertainers (no public dating,
no sex scandals)
o Reflects heterosexual adolescent masculinity that projects female fans’ sexual
desire
 Female Gaze
o Less sexual contents: emphasize romance/emotions over sex
o Sexualized male body

Fan Service
 K-pop stars Idolized and degraded at the same time (because they are both idolized by
the fans and must serve the fans)
 Entertainer as a service worker
  Sells “fantasy” of fascination and intimacy
 Fascination through music videos and stage performances
 Intimacy as:
 Getting ‘temporary’ tattoos of fan page names
 Taking selfies with fans’ phones
 Promote idols rather than music
 Storytelling + music + group dance + body performance + fashion show

Asian Gender Stereotypes in the U.S.

 Men - Asexual, not muscular, martial arts, comedic
 Women - hypersexualized, used as objects (like most females) nothing new lmao
 Asians don’t have wide range of acting roles in US -- stuck to stereotypical roles
 BoA -- Korean image vs American image

MUSIC
Bae Yong-Joon (“Winter Sonata” 2004 --Korean Drama)
 Sensitive, polite, strong yet sacrificing, (pure, not lewd, love, FIT) fit - Momjjang. I think
like body fit.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88uEQB6BDCY&feature=youtu.be&t=92

Seo Taiji & Boys: “Nan Arayo”

 Combining stylistic elements: rock guitar riffs, rap, sampling, melodic singing
 Emphasis on visual presentation: dance, fashion
 Had hip hop in their song/video (1 of 1st cases of early Korean hip hop)
 Their music video has a lot of colorful backgrounds in the beginning, then it goes to
rapping, then guitar, then melody (it looks like a shitty 90’s music video)
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3DWZijTbVY

Girl’s Day and Boy’s Day: “Something”

 Demonstrates Gender Play
 The Boys are dressed as girls, and they do a good job at it - Shows how K-Pop has this
kind of culture, compared to other music in other places
 Gender play is “normal” compared to how it’s seen in the US -- in the US, it’s seen as
something very humorous
 Boy bands have a very gender fluid image -- “the flower boy”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVTtCSMdIgg&feature=youtu.be&t=48
S.E.S., “I’m Your Girl”
 Simple, lively melody
 Clear voice
 Overexposed faces, close-up of the eyes, so bright that you can’t even see the nose
 Innocent, pure, cute
 Bible of girl groups
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WpmTLDtr4qY
Girl’s Generation, “Gee”
 Innocence and purity, objectification of the body - they are spread out so you can see
the long legs, barbie doll aesthetic (when they appear as dolls in the beginning)
 Singing about first love
 Emphasis on long legs, aegyo
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7mPqycQ0tQ