Simulation in Electric Power System-Exercises I

Simulation in Electric Power System
110/23kV
U Load
Overhead
Line
A collection of exercises I
Dušan Medveď
2017
Simulation in Electric Power System – A collection of exercises I
Author: Ing. Dušan Medveď, PhD.
Reviewers: Ing. Jaroslav Džmura, PhD.

Ing. Marek Pavlík, PhD.
© 2017, Ing. Dušan Medveď, PhD.
Publisher: Technical University of Košice
ISBN 978-80-553-3142-3
Simulation in Electric Power System 2
If you can’t explain it simply,

you don’t understand it well enough.
Albert Einstein
PREFACE
The physical and structures of thought and ideas, which have the character of models
and modeling, we meet since ancient times. Ancient philosophy created speculative
construction of the world that more or less rely on knowledge of the facts and tried to create
logically jointed units. One example of such philosophical constructs include Democritus
concept of atoms, their shape and joining methods.
In this concept, the model is generally poorer than the system that it models. In
developing there are neglected some parts of the modeled system. Model arises by object
idealization – selecting those elements that are essential for the operation of the object – for
its behavior. In a typical modeling, procedures imitated the model behavior of the original
object. Therefore, the construction of the model has set up the structure of such elements,
which are believed to be responsible for the behavior of the original.
The object of this publication is modeling phenomena of electricity in computer
software system EMTP-ATP. Computer modeling in computer is the most common the
mathematical modeling of object to that observed the phenomenon – the behavior of the
object.
In practice, there are often use software systems that allow not only the modeling, as
well as collection and processing of experimental data. The measurement results of the
modeling show a graph on the computer display. These properties has also a system EMTP-
ATP.
One of the biggest benefits of computer models is possibity to simulate – examination
of the model phenomenon in different situations – with different combinations of values of
parameters influencing the behavior of the object to which the phenomenon is observed.
The publication is intended for students of technical universities, especially faculties of
electrical engineering who are meeting with the simulation of phenomena occurring in the
electricity sector. It is also addressed to users of EMTP-ATP and also to those who solve
problems of computer modeling in electric power engineering.
Košice, 2017 author

Content 3
Content
Content ....................................................................................................................................... 3
First part ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Basics of EMTP-ATP............................................................................................................. 4
1 Control elements ................................................................................................................ 5
2 Direct current excercises .................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Example 1 ................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Solution of transient phenomenon analyticaly ....................................................... 7
2.1.2 Solution of transient phenomenon by program EMTP-ATP ................................. 8
3 1-phase current excercises ................................................................................................ 15
3.1 Example 1 ................................................................................................................. 15
3.2 Example 2 ................................................................................................................. 20
3.3 Example 3 ................................................................................................................. 26
3.4 Example 4 ................................................................................................................. 32
3.5 Example 5 ................................................................................................................. 38
4 Current breaking and interruption .................................................................................... 46
4.1 Characterizing parameters of short-circuit braking current ..................................... 46
4.2 Current injection method for solving the transient recovery voltage during the
breaking circuit ..................................................................................................................... 47
4.2.1 The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw .......................................... 48
4.3 Interruption of inductive current .............................................................................. 60
5 3-phase circuits ................................................................................................................. 69
5.1 Example 1 ................................................................................................................. 69
5.2 Example 2 ................................................................................................................. 79
6 Analysis of the fault condition using different transformer models in EMTP-ATP ........ 90
6.1 Example 1 ................................................................................................................. 90
6.2 Example 2 ............................................................................................................... 102
6.3 Example 3............................................................................................................... 116
7 Analysis of overvolages in power network .................................................................... 130
7.1 Example 1 ............................................................................................................... 130
7.2 Example 2 ............................................................................................................... 142
7.3 Example 3 ............................................................................................................... 156
8 Transposition of overhead lines ..................................................................................... 174
8.1 Example 1 ............................................................................................................... 174
9 compensation of inductive load...................................................................................... 187
9.1 Example 1 ............................................................................................................... 187
10 Three-phase power converter ......................................................................................... 198
10.1 Example 1 ............................................................................................................... 198
11 Cables ............................................................................................................................. 213
11.1 The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw ............................................ 215
12 Transformers .................................................................................................................. 219
12.1 The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw ............................................ 221
Literature ................................................................................................................................ 225
When dumb is silent,

he looks like a wise.
Romani proverb
First part
Basics of EMTP-ATP
A collection of exercises I 5
1 CONTROL ELEMENTS
1.1 Aprroaching of environment ATPDraw version 2.0
The selection menu for selecting the circuit elements:
Fig. 1.1 Menu for selecting the elements in the circuit
Probes & 3-phase

They are particularly voltage, current and other probes
Branch Linear
Linear branch circuit – resistors, inductors, capacitors, RLC circuits
Branch Nonlinear
Non-linear branch circuit
Lines/Cables
Models of overhead lines and cables (-model)
Models of overhead lines with distributed parameters (transposed and non-transposed)
Switches
Switches – time or voltage-sensitive and semiconductor devices
Sources
Sources – DC, AC, and more
Machines
Machines (synchronous, universal, DC)
Transformers
Transformers
Models
The user has the option to create his own model in the language of ATP
TACS
Utilisation of procedures TACS (Transient Analysis of Control Systems)
2 DIRECT CURRENT EXCERCISES
2.1 Example 1
Try to work with the program EMTP-ATP to solve simple circuit R-L and compare it
with the calculation according to the circuit theory.
Assignment
Solve the transient of connection of series R-L circuit to the DC (direct current)
source. The values of electronic components are: R = 10 , L = 20 mH and voltage source
U = 10 V. The wiring diagram of electrical circuit is on Fig. 2.1.
Fig. 2.1 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit
Solution of Example 1:
2.1.1 Solution of transient phenomenon analyticaly

As the first, we solve the given transient by calculation according equations, which are
shown bellow.
According to the second Kirchhoff law to circuit, we can obtain the equation:
di
L  R i  U (2.1)
dt
Using the Laplace transform method, the equation will be:
U
L  p  I  p   L  i0    R  I  p   (2.2)
p
The was no current before the switch closes, so the value of current will be i(0+) = 0.
To determine the time dependence of current after circuit breaker is used there is used
rule of decomposition.
U
I  p  (2.3)
p  R  L  p 
U   t 
R
it    1  e L   i   i 
 (2.4)
R  
where i is steady-state part and i transient part.
2.1.2 Solution of transient phenomenon by program EMTP-ATP

As the second, we create the electric scheme in ATPDraw program according to
Fig. 2.1. We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw
program and we select the type of source, which is called DC type 11 (direct source) from
selection menu Sources. Double click of left mouse button on component DC type 11, it
displays input window of source, where we enter the values of attributes as follows: Amp.
represents the maximum value of voltage source: 10 [V]. Tsta = − 1 (starting time, [in
seconds]). It is assumed that transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10 (ending time, [in
seconds]). These two values define constant source in time interval from 0 to 10 seconds. We
do not change the radio button from the part (Type of Source). We leave it on Voltage. For a
better overview, we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a Fig. 2.2 we see all
properly filled values of source DC type 11.
Fig. 2.2 Setting parameters for voltage source U
The individual components are rotated in the scheme in this way that we select the
component, which we want to rotate, and then we click with right mouse button on it and its
rotation has been changed.
Another element, which appears in a scheme, is measuring probe called Ammeter.

(RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left
mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 1 Phase.
In series with ammeter, we insert the component, which is called resistor. Right mouse
button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the component which is
called Resistor from selection menu Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on
resistor, it displays input window of resistor, where into the input field RES we enter the
value 10 Ω. We select the type Voltage from the selection box Output (voltage
measurement). For a better overview, we can name resistor in the input field Label on R. In a
Fig. 2.3 we see all properly filled values of resistor R.
Fig. 2.3 Setting parameters for resistor R
In series with resistor we place a component which is called inductor. We proceed

similarly as with resistor, but we select Inductor from selection menu Branch Linear. (RMB
- Branch Linear - Inductor). Double click of left mouse button on inductor, it displays input
window of inductor, where we enter the value L = 20 mH. We select the type Voltage from
the selection box Output (voltage measurement). Also we can name inductor in the input
field Label on L. In a Fig. 2.4 we see all properly filled values of inductor L.
Fig. 2.4 Setting parameters for inductor L
The last component, which the scheme contain, is single phase switch. Right mouse
button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the type of switch which is
called Switch time controlled from the selection menu Switches. In this example, we use
switch for simulation of short circuit. Double click of left mouse button on component Switch
time controlled, it displays input window of switch, where we enter the following values: T-cl
is a closing time of switch, what is in our case 0,01 s. T-op is opening time of switch. This
time was not specified in assignment, so we enter the time of 10 s. For a better overview, we
can name switch in the input field Label on S. In a Fig. 2.5 we see all properly filled values of
component Switch time controlled S. We ground the output of Switch time controlled in this
way that we double click of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field (window)
of a node, and we check the property of node on Ground.
Fig. 2.5 Setting parameters for switch S
We can name the individual nodes in ATPDraw program. Double click of left mouse
button on a node, to which we want to get a name and we enter the name of node in an
appropriate input field and press the OK button. We will name the 3 nodes. A Node,
connecting an ammeter and a resistor as "UZOL1". Node connecting a resistor and inductor
as "UZOL2". In addition, node connecting the inductor and single phase switch as "UZOL3".
(UZOL is a Slovak translation of English word NODE). (It is recommended to use capital
letters and numbers). Under the term node, we understand also the ending of a component, not
only connection of branches in ATPDraw program. The node, on which we entered a name,
will change its colour from red to black. There is final scheme depicted in Fig. 2.6.
Fig. 2.6 Wiring diagram of electric circuit in ATPDraw
If the scheme is complete, components are connected and the values of components
entered, we move to top selection menu, where we click on ATP and from it, we select
Settings (F3). In this menu, we set the time conditions of simulation. We enter the values just
for two items from menu Settings: delta T and Tmax. Delta T represents the smallest step of
computation, what is in our case 1 ∙ 10−6 s (notation 1E−6). Tmax represents the length of
simulation, what is in our case 1 s. In a Fig. 2.7 we see all properly filled values of ATP
Settings.
Fig. 2.7 Dialog Settings – Simulation (ATP – Settings)
The next step is to save the project (File - Save) or (CTRL+S). We run the
computation (ATP - run ATP) or (F2). The progress of computation we can see in command
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of current (measured by ammeter) and
voltage (ATP - Run Plot XY).
A window will be displayed, in which at the left side we can see the list of variables: t
and 3 variables (2 for voltage a 1 for current). Left mouse button click on variable, which
describe voltage v: UZOL1 - UZOL2, by which we display the waveform of voltage on
resistor and press the button PLOT (Fig. 2.8).
Fig. 2.8 PlotXY – Data selection
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on Fig. 2.9, but we need to
determine the value of voltage on resistor in time 0,015 s. (Selected time was not mentioned
in the assignment. We select it to demonstrate the transient). Using the mouse, we stepwise
zoom the vicinity of waveform of voltage in time 0,015 s. On the left bottom palette of
window MC's PlotXY plot, we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the
time 0,015 s. Next to this time, there is a result uR(0,015) = 9,1785 V (Fig. 2.10).
Fig. 2.9 The course of the voltage on resistor in the above-stated circuit
Fig. 2.10 The course of the voltage on resistor (detailed part)
Then we select the variable which describe voltage v:UZOL2 - UZOL3, by which we
display the waveform of voltage on inductor and press the button PLOT (Fig. 2.11).
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on Fig. 2.12, but we need to
determine the value of voltage on inductor in time 0,015 s. Using the mouse we stepwise
zoom the vicinity of waveform of voltage in time 0,015 s. On the left bottom palette of
window MC's PlotXY plot, we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the
time 0,015 s. Next to this time, there is a result uL(0,015) = 0,82147 V (Fig. 2.13).
Fig. 2.12 The course of the voltage on inductor
Fig. 2.13 The course of the voltage on inductor (detailed part)

The value of voltage U = 10 V, is given in the assignment. We can check it by addition

of measured results. We get the equation: uR + uL = 9,1785 + 0,82147 = 9,99997 V. The value
of result is distorted because of computation error in ATPDraw program.
Finally, we select the variable which describe current which is measured by ammeter and
press the button PLOT (Fig. 2.14). The graph will be displayed, where we see that after the
closing switch in 0,01 s, the value of current is I = 1 A (Fig. 2.15).
Fig. 2.15 The course of the current on resistor

3 1-PHASE CURRENT EXCERCISES
3.1 Example 1
Assignment
According to circuit diagram in fig. 3.1, determine the unknown voltage ux through
ATPDraw program in the following form: ut  Umax  sinj    t  or utUmax e j, if
you know that: R1 = 1 k, R2 = 2 k, C = 0,124 mF, Umax = 100 V, f = 50 Hz, = 1/4 .
Solution of Example 1
As the first we create the electric scheme (circuit diagram) in ATPDraw program
according to fig. 3.1. We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
ATPDraw program and we select the type of source, which is called AC type 14 (single phase
harmonic source) from selection menu Sources. Double click of left mouse button on
component AC type 14, it displays input window of source, where we enter the values of
attributes as follows: Amp. represents the maximum value of voltage source: 100 [V]. f
represents the frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase or phase shift,
what is −45°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in: (φ
− 90° = 1/4 ∙ π − 90° = 45° − 90° = −45°). A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift. It is
entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1 (starting time,
[in seconds]). It is assumed that transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10 (ending time, [in
do not change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on Voltage. For a
better overview we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 3.2 we see all
properly filled values of source AC type 14.
Fig. 3.2 Setting parameters for voltage source U
We add another component into the scheme, which is called resistor. Right mouse
value 1 kΩ. However the resistance is entered in ohms [Ω] in the ATPDraw program, so R1 =
1000 [Ω]. In our scheme there are 2 resistors, therefore we create the second resistor R2 in the
same way as resistor R1. But we enter the value 2000 [Ω] into the input field RES of the
resistor R2. For a better overview we can name resistors in the input field Label on R1 and R2.
In a fig. 3.3 and fig. 3.4 we see all properly filled values of resistors R1 and R2.
Fig. 3.3 Setting parameters for resistor R1 Fig. 3.4 Setting parameters for resistor R2
Another component which is placed in the scheme is a capacitor. We proceed

similarly as with resistors, but we select Capacitor from selection menu Branch Linear.
(RMB - Branch Linear - Capacitor). (RMB - right mouse button). The values are entered in
microfarads. Double click of left mouse button on capacitor, it displays input window of
capacitor, where we enter the value C = 124 µF. Also we can name capacitor in the input field
Label on C. In a fig. 3.5 we see all properly filled values of capacitor C.
Fig. 3.5 Setting parameters for capacitor C
We place the measuring probe which is called Voltmeter in the node between the
resistors R1 and R2. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Volt). Double click of left mouse
button on voltmeter, it displays window, where we select the option 1 Phase.
button on a node, to which we want to get a name and we enter the name of node in the input
field TO and press the OK button. We will name the node connecting a resistor R1 and
resistor R2 as "UZOL". (UZOL is a Slovak translation of English word NODE). It is
recommended to use capital letters and numbers. Under the term node, we understand also the
ending of a component, not only connection of branches in ATPDraw program. The node, on
which we entered a name will change its colour from red to black. We ground the outputs of
resistor R2 and capacitor C in this way that we double click of left mouse button on them
(outputs = nodes), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of nodes on
Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 3.6.
entered, we move to top selection menu, where we click on ATP and from it we select
simulation, what is in our case 0,04 s (2 periods). In a fig. 3.7 we see all properly filled values
of ATP Settings.
Fig. 3.7 Dialog Settings – Simulation (ATP – Settings)
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of voltage ux, measured by voltmeter (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
A window will be displayed, where at the left side we can see the list of variables: t
and v:UZOL. Left mouse button click on variable which describes voltage v:UZOL and press
the button PLOT (fig. 3.8).
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 3.9, but we need to
determine the maximum value of voltage ux. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity
of peak value of sine wave to its maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays
warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of window MC's PlotXY
plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of sinus
wave. Next to this icon, there are the results. In our case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2 -
fig. 3.12) and the maximum value of voltage Umax. The time t2 represents the time to reach the
first maximum or (peak value) of sine wave, where t2 = 7,3780 ∙ 10−3 [s]. Umax = 2,5651 [V].
In a fig. 3.10, there is final result which contains the graphical and numerical representation of
result.
Fig. 3.9 Display of a waveform of voltage
Fig. 3.10 The procedure to outline the areas by mouse pointer to enlarge
Manual Scaling window
Fig. 3.11 Manual Scaling window

Fig. 3.12 Waveform for value reading

Conclusion
At the end we calculate the value of phase shift φ, where:

φ is the phase shift
n is the order of period
t2 is the time to reach the first maximum or (peak value) of sine wave
T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
0, 02
7,3780 103 
  360 1  4 360  317, 2
0, 02
The formal notation of result:
Ux = ux(t) = 2,5651  e j  317,2°  e jt [V]


3.2 Example 2
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the unknown current ix through
ATPDraw program in the following form: itImax sin j    t   or itImax e j, if
you know that: R1 = 1 k, R2 = 2 k, L = 1,041 H, C = 124 F, Imax = 1,12 A, f = 50 Hz, =
1/3  .
Fig. 1 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit
As the first we create the electric scheme (circuit diagram) according to fig. 1 in
ATPDraw program. We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
ATPDraw program and we select the type of source which is called AC type 14 (single phase
attributes as follows: Amp. represents the maximum value of source: 1,12 [A]. f represents
the frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase or phase shift, what is − 30°,
(because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in: (φ − 90° = 1/3 ∙
π − 90° = 60° − 90° = − 30°). A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift. It is entered in
degrees, if A1 = 0, but if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1 (starting time, [in
seconds]). These two values define constant source in time interval from 0 to 1 second. We
change the radio button from the part Type of Source on Current. For a better overview we
can name the source in input field Label on I. In a fig. 2 we see all properly entered values of
source AC type 14.
Fig. 2 Setting parameters for current source I
1000 [Ω]. In our scheme there are 2 resistors, therefore we create the second resistor R2 in the
resistor R2. For a better overview we can name resistors in the input field Label on R1 and R2.
In a fig. 3 and fig. 4 we see all properly entered values of resistors R1 and R2.
Fig. 3-4 Setting parameters for resistors R1 and R2
Another component which is placed in the scheme is an inductor. We proceed

similarly as with resistors, but we select Inductor from selection menu Branch Linear.
(RMB - Branch Linear - Inductor). (RMB - right mouse button). The values are entered in
millihenry. Double click of left mouse button on inductor, it displays input window of
inductor, where we enter the value L = 1041 mH. Also we can name inductor in the input field
Label on L. In a fig. 5 we see all properly entered values of inductor L.
Fig. 5 Setting parameters for inductor L
It is clear that it is the parallel connection of resistor R1 to resistor R2 and inductor L

from a circuit diagram in a fig. 1. In series with inductor L, we place measuring probe called
Ammeter. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr). Double click of left mouse button on
ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 1 Phase.
field TO and press the OK button. We will name the node connecting a ammeter and inductor
L as "UZOL". (UZOL is a Slovak translation of word NODE). (It is recommended to use
capital letters and numbers). Under the term node, we understand also the ending of a
component, not only connection of branches in ATPDraw program. The node, on which we
entered a name will change its colour from red to black. We ground the outputs of resistor R1
and ammeter in this way that we double click of left mouse button on them (outputs = nodes),
it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of nodes on Ground. There is
final scheme depicted in fig. 6.
simulation, what is in our case 0,04 s (2 periods). In a fig. 7 we see all properly entered values
of ATP Settings.
Fig. 7 Dialog Settings – Simulation (ATP – Settings)
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of current ix measured by ammeter (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
and c:UZOL. Left mouse button click on variable which describes current c:UZOL and press
the button PLOT (fig. 8).
Fig. 8 PlotXY – Data selection
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 9, but we need to determine
the maximum value of current ix. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak
value of sine wave to its maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays warning
"Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of window MC's PlotXY plot we
find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of sinus wave. Next
to this icon, there are the results. In our case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2 - fig. 12) and
the maximum value of current Imax. The time t2 represents the time to reach the first maximum
or (peak value) of sine wave, where t2 = 2,0113 ∙ 10−3 [s]. Imax = 0,37113 [A]. In a fig. 10,
there is final result which contains the graphical and numerical representation of result.
Fig. 9 Display of a waveform of current

Fig. 10 Detailed peak value
Manual Scale button
Fig. 11 Manual Scaling window
Fig. 12 Waveform for value reading
Conclusion

T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
0, 02
2, 0113 103 
  360 1  4 360  413,8 ~ 53,8 
0, 02
Ix = ix(t) = 0,37113  e j  53,8°  e jt [A]
3.3 Example 3
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the unknown voltage ux through
ATPDraw program in the following form: ut  Umax  sinj    t  or utUmax e j, if
you know that: R1 = 1 k, R2 = 2 k, L = 1,041 H, C = 124 F, Umax = 100 V, f = 50 Hz, =
1/3 .
attributes as follows: Amp. represents the maximum value of source: 100 [V]. f represents the
frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase or phase shift, what is − 30°,
don't change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on Voltage. For a
better overview we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 2 we see all
properly entered values of source AC type 14.
Fig. 2 Setting parameters for voltage source U
The individual components are rotated in the scheme in this way, that we select the
component which we want to rotate and then we click with right mouse button on it and its
1000 [Ω]. For a better overview we can name resistor in the input field Label on R1. In a fig.
3 we see all properly entered values of resistor R1.
Fig. 3 Setting parameters for resistor R1
Another component which is placed in the scheme is an inductor. We proceed

similarly as with resistors, but we select Inductor from selection menu Branch Linear.
(RMB - Branch Linear - Inductor). (RMB - right mouse button). The values are entered in
millihenry. Double click of left mouse button on inductor, it displays input window of
inductor, where we enter the value L = 1041 mH. Also we can name inductor in the input field
Label on L. In a fig. 4 we see all properly entered values of inductor L.
It is clear that it is the parallel connection of resistor R1 and inductor L to the second
branch, which is composed of capacitor C and resistor R2 from a circuit diagram in a fig. 1.
We continue in this way, that we create the second branch. We start with capacitor.
(RMB - Branch Linear - Capacitor). The values are entered in microfarads. Double click of
left mouse button on capacitor, it displays input window of capacitor, where we enter the
value C = 124 µF. Also we can name capacitor in the input field Label on C. In a fig. 5 we
see all properly entered values of capacitor C.
Fig. 5 Setting parameters for capacitor C
In our scheme there are 2 resistors, therefore we create the second resistor R2 in the
resistor R2. For a better overview we can name resistor in the input field Label on R2. In a fig.
After that we place the measuring probe called Voltmeter. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase
- Probe Branch Volt). We place it, according to fig. 1. Double click of left mouse button on
measuring probe "Probe Branch Volt", it displays window, where we select the option 1
Phase.
field TO respectively NEG and press the OK button. We will name the both nodes on
measuring probe as "UZOL 1" (positive value on a clip) and "UZOL 2" (negative value on a
clip). (UZOL is a Slovak translation of English word NODE). It is recommended to use
capital letters and numbers. Under the term node, we understand also the ending of a
entered a name will change its colour from red to black. We ground the outputs of inductor L
and resistor R2 in this way that we double click of left mouse button on them (outputs =
nodes), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of both nodes on
Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 7.
of ATP Settings.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of voltage ux measured by voltmeter (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
and v:UZOL1 - UZOL2. Left mouse button click on variable which describes voltage
v:UZOL1 - UZOL2 and press the button PLOT (fig. 9).

the maximum value of voltage ux. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak
the maximum value of voltage Umax. The time t2 represents the time to reach the first
maximum or (peak value) of sine wave, where t2 = 0,012632 [s]. Umax = 94,639 [V]. In a fig.
11, there is final result which contains the graphical and numerical representation of result.
Fig. 10 Display of a waveform of voltage
Conclusion

T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
0, 02
0, 012632 
  360 1  4 360  222, 6
0, 02
Ux = ux(t) = 94,639  e j  222,6°  e jt [V]
3.4 Example 4
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the unknown voltage u2 through
ATPDraw program in the following form:
u2 tU2max  sinj    t  or u2 tU2max e j, if we know that: R1 = 1 k, R2 = 2 k,
R3 = 3 k, R4 = 4 k, L = 1,041 H, C = 124 F, Umax = 100 V, f = 50 Hz, = 1/3  .
ATPDraw program . We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
properly entered values of source AC type 14.
It is clear that it is the parallel connection of one branch which consists of inductor L
and resistors R3 and R4 to the second branch, which consists of resistors R1, R2 and capacitor
C from a circuit diagram in a fig. 1.
We begin that we set the first branch. Right mouse button click on the desktop of
ATPDraw program and we select the component which is called Inductor from selection
menu Branch Linear. The values are entered in millihenry. Double click of left mouse button
on inductor, it displays input window of inductor, where we enter the value L = 1041 mH.
Also we can name inductor in the input field Label on L. In a fig. 3 we see all properly
entered values of inductor L.
3000 [Ω]. For a better overview we can name resistor in the input field Label on R3. In a fig.
As well as we created resistor R3, we create resistor R4, but we change its value in the input
field RES on R4 = 4000 [Ω]. For a better overview we can name resistor in the input field
Label on R4. In a fig. 5 we see all properly entered values of resistor R4. The first branch is
done, we continue with the second one.
We start in this way that we create resistors R1 and R2. (RMB - Branch Linear -
Resistor). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left mouse button on resistor R1, it
displays input window of resistor, where into the input field RES we enter the value 1000 Ω.
The same way as we created the resistor R1, we create the resistor R2 but into the input field
RES we enter the value 2000 Ω. For a better overview we can name resistors in the input field
Label on R1 and R2. In a fig. 6 and fig. 7 we see all properly entered values of resistors R1 and
R2.
Fig. 6-7 Setting parameters for resistors R1 and R2
In parallel to resistor R2 we add the capacitor C. We proceed similarly as with

resistors, but we select Capacitor from selection menu Branch Linear. (RMB - Branch
Linear - Capacitor). The values are entered in microfarads. Double click of left mouse button
on capacitor, it displays input window of capacitor, where we enter the value C = 124 µF. For
a better overview we can name capacitor in the input field Label on C. In a fig. 8 we see all
properly entered values of capacitor C.
After that we place the measuring probe called Voltmeter. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase
- Probe Branch Volt). We place it, according to fig. 1. Double click of left mouse button on
measuring probe "Probe Branch Volt", it displays window, where we select the option 1
Phase.
field TO respectively NEG and press the OK button. We will name the both nodes on
measuring probe as "UZOL 1" (positive value on a clip) and "UZOL 2" (negative value on a
clip). (UZOL is a Slovak translation of English word NODE). It is recommended to use
capital letters and numbers. Under the term node, we understand also the ending of a
entered a name will change its colour from red to black. We ground the outputs of resistor R4,
capacitor C and resistor R2 in this way that we double click of left mouse button on them
(outputs = nodes), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of both
nodes on Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 9.
simulation, what is in our case 0,04 s (2 periods). In a fig. 10 we see all properly entered
values of ATP Settings.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of voltage u2 measured by voltmeter (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
and v:UZOL1 - UZOL2. Left mouse button click on variable which describes voltage
v:UZOL1 - UZOL2 and press the button PLOT (fig. 11).
the maximum value of voltage u2. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak
the maximum value of voltage Umax2. The time t2 represents the time to reach the first
maximum or (peak value) of sine wave, where t2 = 1,6719 ∙ 10−3 [s]. Umax2 = 56,92 [V]. In a
fig. 13, there is final result which contains the graphical and numerical representation of
result.

Conclusion

T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
0, 02
1, 6719 103 
  360 1  4 360  419,9 ~ 59,9
0, 02
U2 = u2(t) = 56,92  e j  59,9°  e jt [V]
3.5 Example 5
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the unknown currents which flow in
individual branches through ATPDraw program. You know that the capacitance of capacitor
is equal to value at which the resonance occurs in the circuit diagram.
R1 = 10 [], L = 0,01 [], C = ? [F], U = 125  e j90° [V].
ATPDraw program . We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase or phase shift, what is 0°,
(because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in: (φ − 90° = 90° −
90° = 0°). A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift. It is entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but if
A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1 (starting time, [in seconds]). It is assumed that
transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10 (ending time, [in seconds]). These two values define
constant source in time interval from 0 to 10 seconds. We don't change the radio button from
the part Type of Source. We leave it on Voltage. For a better overview we can name the
source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 2 we see all properly entered values of source AC
type 14.

It is clear that it is the parallel connection of three branches. The first branch consists
of resistor R, second one consists of inductor L and the third one consists of capacitor C.
We begin with the first branch. Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw
program and we select the component which is called Resistor from selection menu Branch
Linear. Double click of left mouse button on resistor, it displays input window of resistor,
where into the input field RES we enter the value 10 Ω. For a better overview we can name
resistor in the input field Label on R. In a fig. 3 we see all properly entered values of resistor
R.
Fig. 3 Setting parameters for resistor R
In series with resistor R we place the measuring probe called Ammeter. The ammeter
will be placed before the resistor R. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr). (RMB - right
mouse button). Double click of left mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we
select the option 1 Phase.
field OUT and press the OK button. We will name the node connecting ammeter and resistor
R as "UZOL_R". (UZOL is a Slovak translation of English word NODE). It is recommended
to use capital letters and numbers. Under the term node, we understand also the ending of a
entered a name will change its colour from red to black. We ground the output of resistor R in
this way that we double click of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field
(window) of a node, and we check the property of node on Ground. The first branch is done.
We continue with the second branch. There is an inductor in the second branch. We
proceed similarly as with resistor R, but we select Inductor from selection menu Branch
Linear. (RMB - Branch Linear - Inductor). The values are entered in millihenry. Double
click of left mouse button on inductor, it displays input window of inductor, where we enter
the value L = 10 mH. Also we can name inductor in the input field Label on L. In a fig. 4 we
see all properly entered values of inductor L.
In series with inductor L we place the measuring probe called Ammeter. The ammeter
will be placed before the inductor L. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr). Double click
of left mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 1 Phase.
field FROM and press the OK button. We will name the node connecting ammeter and
inductor L as "UZOL_L". We ground the output of inductor L in this way that we double
click of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field (window) of a node, and we
check the property of node on Ground. The second branch is done.
After that we continue with the third branch. There is a capacitor in the third branch.
Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the component
which is called Capacitor from selection menu Branch Linear. The values are entered in
microfarads. Double click of left mouse button on capacitor, it displays input window of
capacitor, where we enter the value C, which we will calculate according the fig. 5.

XC = XL
1
 L
 C
1
C 2 ;   2 f
 L
1
C  1, 013212 103  F
 2  50  0, 01
2
C  1013, 212μF
For a better overview we can name capacitor in the input field Label on C. In a fig. 6
we see all properly entered values of capacitor C.
In series with capacitor C we place the measuring probe called Ammeter. The
ammeter will be placed before the capacitor C. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr).
Double click of left mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option
1 Phase.
field FROM and press the OK button. We will name the node connecting ammeter and
capacitor C as "UZOL_C". We ground the output of capacitor C in this way that we double
click of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field (window) of a node, and we
check the property of node on Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 7.
of ATP Settings.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of currents measured by ammeters (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
and three variables for current. Left mouse button click on all variable which describe currents
and press the button PLOT (fig. 9).
the value of currents which are flowing in the individual branches. Using the mouse we
stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as
long as the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette
of window MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at
the peak value of individual sinus waves. Automatically, it displays a window which is called
Values, where we find out the necessary values. In our case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2
- fig. 12) and the maximum value of currents on individual nodes, what is in our case IR, IL, IC.
The time t2 represents the time to reach the first maximum or (peak value) of sine wave. The
current in the first branch: to IR = 12,5 [A] with time t2R = 0,019999 [s]. The current in the
second branch: IL = 39,789 [A] with time t2L = 5 103 [s]. The current in the third branch: IC =
39,779 [A] with time t2C = 0,015 [s]. Individual peak value of sine wave and current value are
depicted in fig. 11.
Conclusion

T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
0, 02
0, 019999 
φR  360 1  4 360  90
0, 02
0, 02
5 103 
φL  360 1  4 360  360 ~ 0
0, 02
0, 02
0, 015 
φC  3601  4 360  180 
0, 02
iR = 12,5  e j  90°  e jt [A]
iL = 39,789  e j  0°  e jt [A]
iC = 39,779  e j  180°  e jt [A]

4 CURRENT BREAKING AND INTERRUPTION

Breaking
This is a process of intermittent of contact switches when in contact separation occurs

and turns off the arc, the current is interrupted and voltage is renewed on the switch contacts.
Interruption of current
It is the temporary disappearance of the current (breaking) and the alternating current
value is zero.
Recovery voltage
Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) is recovered voltage that appears on the switch
contacts after interrupting the current.
4.1 Characterizing parameters of short-circuit braking current

Breaking off occurs at zero current cross-over after opening the switch contacts in an
alternating circuit. Success or failure of breaking off depends on the following parameters:
 maximum value of the current in a given circuit
 rate of current change before passing current through zero (di/dt)
 increase of recovery voltages between the contacts (du/dt)
 maximum value of recovery voltage (TRV)
 arc quenching energy (gas pressure between the contacts, the shape of the contacts, the
number of serial interrupting lanes, etc.)
When switching, the current steepness (di/dt), an increase of TRV (du/dt) and the gas
pressure between the contacts (p) is prevailing. Author determined experimentally the
following equation:
du di
 K  p ( )  (4.1)
dt dt
Experimentally determined values for SF6 breakers from two producers are:
GCB  = 2,68,   –2,24
ABB  = 1,60,  = –1,30
Fig. 4.1 Limit boundary of current interruptions
4.2 Current injection method for solving the transient recovery voltage
during the breaking circuit
As it is shown in Fig. 4.2, the breaking circuit can be replaced according to Thévenin
theorem by the circuit of short-circuit and by circuit of current source, which injects the
opposite current from the current source. When connect the current source at the specific
moment of switch off the switcher in original circuit and for zero initial current of source the
quantities of original circuit are given by superposition of quantities of short-circuited circuit
and of current source circuit. The recovery voltage (TRV) here is a voltage on current source.
Fig. 4.2 Circuit substitution for demonstration of recovery voltage generation using of Thévenin theorem
In this example, the source with frequency of 50 Hz and amplitude of 10 V, is

connected to a series resistor 1  and inductance 1 mH. Capacity has a size of 1 F. The
steady state short-circuit current is of amplitude:
U 10
  9,54 A (4.2)
R 2  X L2 1  0,314 2
The current is lagging the voltage of atan 0,314 = 17,43 and through zero it passes in
time (90° + 17,43°)/18 = 5,97 ms. In the calculation there was neglected a little current flowed
through the capacitor. Thus defined power source then serves to calculate the transient
recovery voltage according to Fig. 4.2 on the right. By this method there could be analyzed
the courses of recovery voltages in various configurations of electrical networks.
11.00 15
[V] [A]
8.25
10
5.50
5
2.75
0.00 0
-2.75
-5
-5.50
-10
-8.25
-11.00 -15
0 4 8 12 16 [ms] 20
napätie skratový injektovaný prúd
Fig. 4.3 Courses of transient recovery voltage, short-circuit and injected current for scheme in Fig. 4.2
4.2.1 The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw

In ATPDraw will be created circuit diagram according to Fig. 4.4. On model of
voltage source will be set in entry Amp value 10, and in entry Tsta value –1 and in entry Tsto
value 1, what involve that the voltage source will be active for 1 second. In Type of source
we set option Voltage. We choose the phase shift in entry Pha to 0 and frequency in entry f
50 (Fig. 4.5).
Fig. 4.4 Circuit diagram in ATPDraw

Fig. 4.5 Setting of parameters of voltage source U
We assign in RLC component in entry R the value 1, to L the value 1 and to C the
value 0.
Fig. 4.6 Setting parameters of RLC component
We assign in entry of capacitor value of C equal to 1 (F). Because we want to read

the voltage value on this component, in block Output we set the option to Voltage.
Fig. 4.7 Setting parameters of capacitor C
We set in the switch component in entry T-cl value –1, in entry T-op value 0.005.
Fig. 4.8 Setting parameters of switch
In equivalent circuit, we set the parameters of voltage source similarly to Fig. 4.4 and
parameters of RLC component we set similarly to Fig. 4.6, but in entry Output we set option
to Current. The values of capacitor are the same as in Fig. 4.7.
On model of current source will be set in entry Amp the calculated value of steady
state short-circuit current 9.54, and in entry Tsta value 0.00597 and in entry Tsto value 1,
what involve that the voltage source will be active for 1 second. In Type of source we set
option Current. We choose the phase shift in entry Pha to 90 and frequency in entry f 50
(Fig. 4.9).
Fig. 4.9 Setting of parameters of current source I
The time conditions of simulation we set in top menu ATP Settings and then
Simulation (Fig. 4.10). As it is a short transient phenomena, the calculation stem must be
adjusting delta T 1E–5 s and similarly, the calculation time, for example Tmax 0.02
(Fig. 4.11).
Fig. 4.10 ATP – Settings Fig. 4.11 Dialog window Settings – Simulation
By the command Make File from top menu ATP there will be created file in
subdirectory of ATP with the same name with file extension *.atp (Fig. 4.12). By the
command run ATP from top menu ATP there will be executed the calculation in ATP, where
the results will be files with file extensions *.lis and *.pl4 (Fig. 4.13). Then, in ATPDraw,
from the top menu by option ATP run PlotXY there one can run the graphical postprocesor
(Fig. 4.14).
Fig. 4.12 ATP – Make File… Fig. 4.13 ATP – run ATP Fig. 4.14 ATP – run PlotXY
And in window PlotXY with the marking v: XX0003 there is introduced the transient
recovery voltage course and c: XX0006 – is the short-circuit current course and c: –XX0012
is the course of injected current. By clicking of left mouse button (indication of votage
course) and right mouse button (indication of current course) there will be marked courses for
displaying and by clicking on Plot these courses will be displayed.
Fig. 4.15 Dialog window of sub-program PlotXY for courses displaying

Fig. 4.16 Courses of transient recovery voltage, short-circuit current and injected current
Example 1
Let us solve the transient phenomenon of serial connecting circuit of R-L components
to alternating 1-phase voltage source. The values of components are as it follows: R = 1 ,
L = 25 mH and voltage source U = 10000 V. Circuit diagram is in Fig. 4.17.
Fig. 4.17 Circuit diagram in ATPDraw
For simulation of transient phenomenon there must be set the conditions of simulation
by option from top menu ATP Settings and Simulation.
As it is a short transient phenomena, the calculation step must be adjusting in delta T

0.0001 and similarly, the calculation time, for example Tmax 0.1.
In voltage source, we set in entry Amp value of 10000.
We assign in resistor component in entry Res the value 1. Because we want to read the
current value on this component, in block Output we set the option to Current.
We assign in inductor component in entry L the value 25 (default input setting of

inductor component is in units of mili Henry (mH)).
We set in time-controlled switch in entry T-op value equal to 0.1 (it is necessary to
use the sign “dot”, not “comma”).
We set in voltage source component in entry Amp. 10000 and the phase shift Pha
180.
We assign in resistor component in entry Res the value 1. Because we want again to
read the current value on this component, in block Output we set the option to Current.
We assign in inductor component in entry L the value 25 (default input setting of

inductor component is in units of mili Henry (mH)).
We set in time-controlled switch in entry T-op value equal to 1 and in entry T-cl value
equal to 0.005.
subdirectory of ATP with the same name with file extension *.atp.
By the command run ATP from top menu ATP there will be executed the calculation
in ATP, where the results will be files with file extensions *.lis and *.pl4. The file with
extension *.lis is an output data file and similarly as the file *.atp it can be reviewed by an
option ATP Edit.
The files with extension *.pl4 are comprised graphical data, that can be reviewed by
some graphical postprocessor, for example by PlotXY. Then, in ATPDraw, from the top
menu by option ATP run PlotXY there one can run the graphical postprocessor.
And in window PlotXY with the marking c: XX0001 – XX0003 there is introduced
the required current. By clicking of left mouse button there will be marked courses for
Fig. 4.19 Courses of currents of above-mentioned circuit
4.3 Interruption of inductive current

Relatively small inductive current is the current of exciters, open-circuit transformers,
starting current of motor and so on. This current with the current of amplitude of just some
ones and hundreds Amperes is often interrupted even before zero crossing. Accumulated
energy of magnetic field creates the over-voltage on circuit capacitors. Typical one-phase
circuit is in Fig. 4.20 and illustrates the breaking of parallel reactor.
U vyp.2 zap.
vyp.1 reaktor
Fig. 4.20 Breaking of one-phase reactor
When remoting of switch contacts at a time when the current is close to zero, there is
the mutual influencing of circuit elements and arc that burns between the contacts of the
switch. Current starts to oscillate and can be easily broken even before the zero-crossing.
Oscillation frequency is very high, up to several hundred kHz and current interruption
therefore seems to be immediate. Fig. 4.21 shows the voltage course on the reactor. After the
first switch off the reactor there remains on reactor the negative voltage. After new
reconnecting of the reactor (at time of 0,72 ms) the voltage begins to oscillate. It responds to
the repeated breakdown in the switch. The amplitude of the oscillations achieves in that case
560 kV and amplitude of voltage source 245 kV. After following switch off by the second
switch (at time of 0,8 ms) the voltage shows on the reactor the damped oscillation of low
frequency given by the reactor inductance and over-head lines capacity (-model in Fig. .20).
500
[kV]
)
280
60
-160
-380
-600
0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 [ms] 1.5
Fig. 4.21 Voltage on reactor when switch off
Switching off of the arc in the switch occurs at a current of 5 to 50 A using of the air
and SF6 circuit breakers. Experimentally and also by the analysis, it was determined that the
size of the current interruption depends on the square of the capacitance connected to the
switch. The overvoltage will be higher for small capacity, higher inductance and frequency of
oscillation. Depending on the size of the capacitance and inductance values it starts at the
order of kHz. The harmful effects of overvoltage can therefore be eliminated by using of
surge protectors. The size of overvoltage can be expressed by the law of conservation of
energy:
1 1 1
 C U 2   L  ic2   C U 02 (4.3)
2 2 2
where U is the size of overvoltage, ic value of interruption current a U0 amplitude of voltage

source.
Since the switch contacts are in time of current interruption so close, it may occur due
to overvoltage influence the repeated breakdown. The generated oscillations with the
frequencies of hundreds of kHz are of the significantly higher voltages values. At high
frequency it is not the stressing of coil winding evenly distributed and there is the danger of
breakdown on the input turns. The problems of high frequency do not eliminate the surge
protections and therefore it used the time synchronization during the contacts removing.
The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw:

In ATPDraw will be created circuit diagram according to Fig. 4.22. On model of
voltage source will be set in entry Amp value 245000, and in entry Tsta value –1 and in entry
Tsto value 1, what involves that the voltage source will be active for 1 second. In Type of
source we set option Voltage. We choose the phase shift in entry Pha to –10 and frequency
in entry f 50 (Fig. 4.23).
Fig. 4.22 Circuit diagram in

ATPDraw
Fig. 4.23 Setting of parameters of voltage source U
By the following procedure (Fig. 4.24 ) we choose -model of overhead line

(Lines/Cables  Lumped  RLC Pi-equv. 1  1 phase). We set in the entry R the value of
0.22, into entry L value 17.5 and into C value of 0.02.
Fig. 4.24 Procedure for inserting of -model of overhead line
Fig. 4.25 Setting parameters of -model of overhead line
On the switch No. 2 (“vyp. 2”) we set in entry T-cl value equal to –1, in entry T-op
value 0.0008 and in entry Imar value 1.
Fig. 4.26 Setting parameters of switch No. 2
On the switch (“zap.”) we set in entry T-cl value equal to 0.00072, in entry T-op value
1 and in entry Imar value 0.
Fig. 4.27 Setting parameters of switch
On the switch No. 1 (“vyp. 1”) we set in entry T-cl value equal to –1, in entry T-op
value 0 and in entry Imar value 5.
Fig. 4.28 Setting parameters of switch No. 1
We assign in RLC component in entry R the value 0.03, to L the value 0.03 and to C
the value 0.
Fig. 4.29 Setting parameters of RLC component
We assign in reactor component in entry L the value 1600. Because we want to read
the current and voltage values on this component, in block Output we set the option to
Current  Voltage.
Fig. 4.30 Setting of parameters of reactor
We assign in particular entries of -model of overhead line consequently the values: in

entry R the value 10, to L the value 10 and to C the value 0.002.
Fig. 4.31 Setting parameters of -model of overhead line
Simulation (Fig. 4.32). As it is a short transient phenomena, the calculation stem must be
adjusting delta T 1E–7 s and similarly, the calculation time, for example Tmax 0.0015
(Fig. 4.33).
Fig. 4.32 ATP – Settings Fig. 4.33 Dialog windows Settings – Simulation
subdirectory of ATP with the same name with file extension *.atp (Fig. 4.34). By the
command run ATP from top menu ATP there will be executed the calculation in ATP, where
the results will be files with file extensions *.lis and *.pl4 (Fig. 4.35). Then, in ATPDraw,
from the top menu by option ATP run PlotXY there one can run the graphical postprocesor
(Fig. 4.36).
Fig. 4.34 ATP – Make File… Fig. 4.35 ATP – run ATP Fig. 4.36 ATP – run PlotXY
And in window PlotXY with the marking v: –XX0011 there is introduced the voltage
course and c: –XX0011 is the current course reactor. By clicking of left mouse button
(indication of voltage course) and right mouse button (indication of current course) there will
be marked courses for displaying and by clicking on Plot these courses will be displayed.
Fig. 4.38 Courses of current and voltage in above-mentioned circuit

5 3-PHASE CIRCUITS
5.1 Example 1
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the unknown voltages and currents
in individual branches of load through ATPDraw program. The short circuit has happened
between phases L2 and L3 with ground in time t = 0,1 s. Component parameters are
calculated on 11,5 km length of electric line:
 U12 = 22  e j  0° kV, U23 = 22  e j  120° kV, U13 = 22  e j  120° kV
 Rv1 = Rv2 = Rv3 = 15,985 
 Xv1 = Xv2 = Xv3 = 4,416 
 C0 = 1,108 107 F
 R1 = R2 = R3 = 0,011 
 XL1 = XL2 = XL3 = 0,005 
 f = 50 Hz
Determine the voltage and current waveforms at the load before and after the short circuit.
ATPDraw program and we select the type of source which is called AC 3-ph type 14 (3-
phase harmonic source) from selection menu Sources. Double click of left mouse button on
component AC 3-ph type 14, it displays input window of source, where we enter the values of
attributes as follows: Amp. represents the maximum value of source. We can see the value of
line-to-line voltage in the assignment, but it is necessary to calculate maximum value of
voltage source Umax according to following equation.
U
U max  zdr 2
3
22000
U max  2  17962,92478 V 
3
f represents the frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase or phase
shift, what is − 90°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting
in: (φ − 90° = 0° − 90° = − 90°). The values of phase shifts and amplitudes of other phases are
not entered for harmonic 3-phase voltage sources. A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift.
It is entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1 (starting
time, [in seconds]). It is assumed that transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 1 (ending time, [in
properly entered values of source AC 3-ph type 14.
Another component which is placed in the scheme is RLC 3-ph, which represents the
impedance of electric line. We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
ATPDraw program and we select component which is called RLC 3-ph from selection menu
Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on component RLC 3-ph, it displays input
window of component, where we enter the following values: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 15,985
L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 4,416 . For a better overview we can name the component in input
field Label on Zv. (Zv = "Z" is a symbol for impedance. "v" is an abbreviation of Slovak
word "vedenie", what in English means "electric line"). In a fig. 3 we see all properly entered
values of component RLC 3-ph (Zv). This component (RLC 3-ph) is placed in our circuit
diagram for two times. We continue in this way that we create the second one.
Fig. 3 Setting parameters for line Zv

On the second component RLC 3-ph, we enter following values in the input window:
C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0,1108 F. For a better overview we can name the component in input
field Label on C0. In a fig. 4 we see all properly entered values of component RLC 3-ph (C0).
Fig. 4 Setting parameters for earth capacitance C0
We continue with component which is called RLC-D 3-ph, which represents the load.
We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and
we select component which is called RLC-D 3-ph from selection menu Branch Linear.
Double click of left mouse button on component RLC-D 3-ph, it displays input window of
component, where we enter the following values: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 0,011 L_1 = L_2 =
L_3 = 0,005 . For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on
Zataz. ("Zataz" is a Slovak word what in English means "LOAD"). We select the type
Current&Voltage from the selection box Output. In a fig. 5 we see all properly entered
values of component RLC-D 3-ph (Zataz).
Fig. 5 Setting parameters for load Zzataz

In series with component RLC-D 3-ph (Zataz) we place another component called
Splitter. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Splitter). (RMB - right mouse button). Its phases are
rotated to the right, so we have to rotate component in this way that its phases will lead down
(fig. 7). We name its individual phases from right to left as L1, L2 and L3.
We place 2 single phase switches among L2, L3 and G. (G represents ground). Right
mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the type of switch
which is called Switch time controlled from the selection menu Switches. In this example
we use switch for simulation of short circuit. The values of both switches are the same.
Double click of left mouse button on component Switch time controlled, it displays input
window of switch, where we enter the following values: T-cl is a closing time of switch, what
is in our case 0,1 s. T-op is opening time of switch. This time wasn't specified in assignment,
so we enter the time of 10 s. The same way as we have created the first switch we create the
second one. In a fig. 6 we see all properly filled values of component Switch time controlled.
We ground the output of Switch time controlled between phase L1 and G in this way that we
double click of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field (window) of a node,
and we check the property of node on Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 7.
Fig. 6 Setting parameters of switches
for three items from menu Settings: delta T, Tmax and Xopt. Delta T represents the smallest
step of computation, what is in our case 1 ∙ 10−6 s (notation 1E−6). Tmax represents the
length of simulation, what is in our case 1 s. We enter the value 50 Hz in the input field Xopt
(entered value is equal to the frequency of source). (Xopt value is 0, if we enter inductance in
mH. Xopt value is 50, if we enter inductance in Ω, what basically means that we enter
reactance). In a fig. 9 we see all properly entered values of ATP Settings.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of currents and voltages (ATP - Run Plot
XY).
A window will be displayed, where at the left side we can see the list of variables: t and 6
variables (3 for voltage and 3 for current). Left mouse button click on first three variables
which describe voltages and press the button PLOT (fig. 9).

the values of voltages on the individual branches before and after the short circuit .
Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their
maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so
deeply". On the left bottom palette of window MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show
cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of individual sinus waves. Automatically,
it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the necessary values. In our
case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2 - fig. 23) and the maximum value of voltages on
individual branches before and after the short circuit among phases L1, L2 and L3. The time t2
represents the time to reach the first maximum or (peak value) of sine wave.
Fig. 10 Display of a waveform of voltages
Fig. 11-13 Detailed peak value
Voltage between L1 and L2 before short circuit: Uz L1,L2 = 7,5545 [V] with time t2 U L1,L2 =
2,833  103 [s].
9,5  103 [s].
0,016167 [s].
Individual peak values of sine waves and voltage values before short circuit are
depicted in fig. 11, fig. 12 and fig. 13.
Voltage between L1 and L2 after short circuit: Uz L1,L2 = 6,5416 [V] with time t2 U L1,L2 =
0,9845 [s].
Voltage between L2 and L3 after short circuit: Uz L2,L3 = 0 [V] with time t2 U L2,L3 = 0 [s].
Voltage between L3 and L1 after short circuit: Uz L3,L1 = 6,5416 [V] with time t2 U L3,L1 =
0,9945 [s].
Individual peak values of sine waves and voltage values after short circuit are depicted
in fig. 14 and fig. 15.
We continue in this way that we click with left mouse button on the second 3 variables
which describe currents and press the button PLOT (fig. 16).
the values of currents on the individual branches before and after the short circuit.
Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their
it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the necessary values. In our
case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2 - fig. 24) and the maximum value of currents on
individual branches before and after the short circuit among phases L1, L2 and L3.
Fig. 17 Display of a waveform of currents

Current between L1 and L2 before short circuit: Iz L1,L2 = 625,21 [A] with time t2 I L1,L2 =
4,19  103 [s].
0,010859 [s].
0,017525 [s].
Individual peak values of sine waves and current values before short circuit are
depicted in fig. 18, fig. 19 and fig. 20.
Current between L1 and L2 after short circuit: Iz L1,L2 = 541,39 [A] with time t2 I L1,L2 =
0,98586 [s].
Current between L2 and L3 after short circuit: Iz L2,L3 = 0 [A] with time t2 I L2,L3 = 0 [s].
Current between L3 and L1 after short circuit: Iz L3,L1 = 541,39 [A] with time t2 I L3,L1 =
0,99586 [s].
Individual peak values of sine waves and current values after short circuit are depicted
in fig. 21 and fig. 22.

Conclusion

T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
Before short circuit - VOLTAGE [Uz]

0, 02
2,833 103 
φUz L1, L 2  360 1  4 360  39
0, 02
0, 02
9,5 103 
φUz L 2, L3  360 1  4 360  279
0, 02
0, 02
0, 016167 
φUz L3, L1  360 1  4 360  159
0, 02

After short circuit - VOLTAGE [Uz]
0, 02
0,9845 
φUz L1, L 2  360 1  4 360  9
0, 02
0, 02
0,9945 
φUz L 3, L1  360 1  4 360  189
0, 02
Before short circuit - Current [Iz]

0, 02
4,19 103 
φIz L1, L 2  360 1  4 360  14, 6
0, 02
0, 02
0, 010859 
φIz L 2, L3  360 1  4 360  254, 6
0, 02
0, 02
0, 017525 
φIz L3, L1  360 1  4 360  134, 6
0, 02
After short circuit - Current [Iz]

0, 02
0,98586 
φIz L1, L 2  360 1  4 360  344, 6
0, 02
0, 02
0,99586 
φIz L3, L1  360 1  4 360  165,5
0, 02
Since it was a 22 kV electric line and the load is approximately 7,5 V, almost all of the
energy from source has been consumed by electric line => electric line will overheat
(uneconomical running).
Before short circuit - VOLTAGE [Uz]
Uz L1, L2 = 7,5545  e j  39°  e jt [V]

Uz L2, L3 = 7,5545  e j  279°  e jt [V]
Uz L3, L1 = 7,5545  e j  159°  e jt [V]
After short circuit - VOLTAGE [Uz]
Uz L1, L2 = 6,5416  e j  9°  e jt [V]

Uz L2, L3 = 0 [V]
Uz L3, L1 = 6,5416  e j  189°  e jt [V]
Before short circuit - CURRENT [Iz]
Iz L1, L2 = 625,21  e j  14,6°  e jt [A]

Iz L2, L3 = 625,21  e j  254,6°  e jt [A]
Iz L3, L1 = 625,21  e j  134,6°  e jt [A]
After short circuit - CURRENT [Iz]
Iz L1, L2 = 541,39  e j  344,5°  e jt [A]

Iz L2, L3 = 0 [A]
Iz L3, L1 = 541,39  e j  165,5°  e jt [A]
5.2 Example 2
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the unknown currents which flow in
individual branches through ATPDraw program. R1 = 1 , L1 = 0,001 H, R2 = 1,5 , L2 =
0,002 H, R3 = 2 , L3 = 0,001 H, f = 50 Hz, U1 = 125 e j  90° V, U2 = 125 V.
ATPDraw program and choose the direction of currents. We proceed as follows: Right mouse
button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the type of source which is
called AC 3-ph type 14 (3-phase harmonic source) from selection menu Sources. Double
click of left mouse button on component AC 3-ph type 14, it displays input window of source,
where we enter the values of attributes as follows: Amp. represents the maximum value of
source: 125 [V]. f represents the frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase
or phase shift, what is 0°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source,
resulting in: (φ − 90° = 90° − 90° = 0°). A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift. It is
better overview we can name the source in input field Label on U1. In a fig. 2 we see all
properly entered values of source AC 3-ph type 14. However, there are two sources in our
circuit diagram.
We continue with second source. Right mouse button click on the desktop of
(because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in: (φ − 90° = 0° −
90° = − 90°). A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift. It is entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but
if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1 (starting time, [in seconds]). It is assumed that
transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10 (ending time, [in seconds]). These two values define
constant source in time interval from 0 to 10 seconds. We don't change the radio button from
the part Type of Source. We leave it on Voltage. For a better overview we can name the
source in input field Label on U2. In a fig. 3 we see all properly entered values of source AC
3-ph type 14.
Another component which is placed in the scheme is RLC 3-ph, which represents the
impedance of electric line. We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
ATPDraw program and we select component which is called RLC 3-ph from selection menu
Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on component RLC 3-ph, it displays input
window of component, where we enter the following values: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 1 L_1 =
L_2 = L_3 = 1 mH. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on
Zv1. (Zv1 = "Z" is a symbol for impedance. "v" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "vedenie",
what in English means "electric line"). In a fig. 4 we see all properly entered values of
component RLC 3-ph (Zv1). This component (RLC 3-ph) is placed in our circuit diagram for
three times. We continue in this way that we create the next two ones.
Fig. 4 Setting parameters for line Zv1
On the second component RLC 3-ph, we enter following values in the input window:
R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 1,5 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 2 mH. For a better overview we can name the
component in input field Label on Zv2. In a fig. 5 we see all properly entered values of
component RLC 3-ph (Zv2).
Fig. 5 Setting parameters for line Zv2
On the third component RLC 3-ph, we enter following values in the input window:
R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 2 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 1 mH. For a better overview we can name the
component in input field Label on Zataz ("Zataz" is a Slovak translation of English word
"LOAD"). In a fig. 6 we see all properly entered values of component RLC 3-ph (Zataz).
Fig. 6 Setting parameters for load Zzataz
At the beginning we chose the direction of currents (I1, I2, I3) in the individual
branches. According to fig. 7 we place measuring probes - Ammeters. (RMB - Probes & 3-
phase - Probe Curr). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left mouse button on
ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and check all three
checkboxes A, B, C. (This setting is valid for all three ammeters.)
Fig. 7 Placing the ammeters in particular branches
button on a node, to which we want to get a name and we enter the name of node in
appropriate input field and press the OK button. We will name 4 nodes which are placed
between individual components RLC 3-ph. Node connecting component RLC 3-ph (Zv1) and
first ammeter as "UZOL1". (UZOL is a Slovak translation of word English NODE). Node
connecting second ammeter and component RLC 3-ph (Zv2) as "UZOL2". Node connecting
third ammeter and component RLC 3-ph (Zv3) as "UZOL3". Numeration of ammeters is the
same as the numeration of currents which we have defined earlier and are depicted in fig. 7.
Node connecting all three ammeters we will name as UZOLS in the input field IN. Under the
term node we understand also the ending of a component, not only connection of branches in
ATPDraw program. The node, on which we entered a name will change its colour from red to
black. We ground the output of component RLC 3-ph (Zataz) in this way that we double click
of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check
the property of node on Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 8.
of ATP Settings.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of currents measured by ammeters (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
and nine variables for current. Left mouse button click on first three variables which are
related to node called UZOL1 and press the button PLOT (fig. 10).
the values of currents which are flowing in the individual branches. Using the mouse we
Values, where we find out the necessary values. In our case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2
- fig. 25) and the maximum value of currents on individual branches. It this case we measure
the current I1. The time t2 represents the time to reach the first maximum or (peak value) of
sine wave.
There are currents and times (t2) related to node UZOL1:

I1L1 = 76,443 [A] with time t2I1L1 = 0,019411 [s]
I1L2 = 76,443 [A] with time t2I1L2 = 6,0765  103 [s]
Individual peak values of sine waves, current values and times (t2), related to node
UZOL1, are depicted in fig. 12, fig. 13 and fig. 14.
Left mouse button click on second three variables which are related to node called
UZOL2 and press the button PLOT (fig. 15).
Values, where we find out the necessary values. In our case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2)
and the maximum value of currents on individual branches. It this case we measure the
current I2.


Left mouse button click on last three variables which are related to node called
UZOL3 and press the button PLOT (fig. 20).
Values, where we find out the necessary values. In our case, it is the time (let's denote it as t2)
and the maximum value of currents on individual branches. It this case we measure the
current I3.

Conclusion

T is a period = 1/f
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360 
T
0, 02
0, 019411 
φI 1L1  360 1  4 360  100, 6
0, 02
0, 02
6, 0765 103 
φI 1L 2  360 1  4 360  340, 4
0, 02
0, 02
1,3658 103 
φI 1L3  360 1  4 360  65, 4
0, 02
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360
T
0, 02
8, 0328 103 
φI 2L1  360 1  4 360  305, 4
0, 02
0, 02
0, 0147 
φI 2L 2  360 1  4 360  185, 4
0, 02
0, 02
0, 012744 
φI 2L 3  360 1  4 360  220, 6
0, 02
T
t2 
  360 n  4 360
T
0, 02
2, 4294 103 
φI 3L1  360 1  4 360  46,3
0, 02
0, 02
9, 0944 103 
φI 3L 2  360 1  4 360  286,3
0, 02
0, 02
0, 01576 
φI 3L 3  360 1  4 360  166,3
0, 02
I1L1 = 76,443  e j  100,6°  e jt [A]

I1L2 = 76,443  e j  340,4°  e jt [A]
I1L3 = 76,443  e j  220,6°  e jt [A]
I2L1 = 63,223  e j  305,4°  e jt [A]

I2L2 = 63,223  e j  185,4°  e jt [A]
I2L3 = 63,223  e j  65,4°  e jt [A]
I3L1 = 32,642  e j  46,3°  e jt [A]

I3L2 = 32,642  e j  286,3°  e jt [A]
I3L3 = 32,642  e j  166,3°  e jt [A]
6 ANALYSIS OF THE FAULT CONDITION USING

DIFFERENT TRANSFORMER MODELS IN EMTP-ATP
In this chapter there will be examined various models of transformers and their effect
on the course of the fault current in various types of short circuits.
6.1 Example 1
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the values of peak current and initial
symmetrical short circuit current at the point of failure which happened in 0,1 s through
ATPDraw program. The load is in open circuit and it will be connected to electric circuit in
time 1 s.
Component parameters of electrical power system:
 Line-to-line voltage: Un = 110 kV

 Electric line parameters: Rv = 0,025 /km Xv = 0,4 /km
l = 60 km Xv0 = 3⋅Xv1
 Load parameters: Rz = 150    Xz = 24 
 Transformer parameters: 3-legged stacked core, 3-phases, 2-windings with following
data obtained from transformer nameplates:
Rated power: SN = 40 MVA
Rated voltage: UN2 = 110 kV (winding star connected);
UN1 = 23 kV (winding star connected)
Short-circuit voltage: uk = 11,5 % (positive-sequence)
Short-circuit losses: ∆Pk = 130 kW (positive-sequence, at rated current)
Excitation losses: P0 = 20 kW (positive-sequence, at rated voltage)
Vector group: YNyn0(d)
Neutral point of secondary transformer winding is grounded through resistance
RF = 10 
voltage source Umax according to following expression.
U
U max  zdr 2
3
110000
U max  2  89814, 624  V 
3
We continue with component which is called Line RL, which represents the
impedance of electric line. The component Line RL was chosen because we can enter both
positive and zero sequence of impedance of electric line. We proceed as follows: Right mouse
button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select Lumped, then RL Sym. 51
and finally 3 phase from selection menu Lines/Cables. Double click of left mouse button on
component Line RL, it displays input window of component, where we enter these values as
follows: R0 = 1,5 L0 = 72 ; R+ = 1,5 a L+ = 24 . Entered values are obtained as
follows:
R0 = R+ = 1,5 
L0 = L+  3 = 72 
R+ = Rv  l = 0,025  60 = 1,5 
L+ = Xv  l = 0,4  60 = 24 
R+ a L+ represents positive sequence of resistance and reactance of electric line

R0 a L0 represents zero sequence of resistance and reactance of electric line
For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Vedenie.
("Vedenie" is a Slovak translation of English word "Electric line"). In a fig. 3 we see all
properly entered values of component Line RL (Vedenie).
Fig. 3 Setting parameters for overhead line (Line RL)
This component (Line RL) is placed in our circuit diagram for two times. We create
another one and enter following values in the input field of component: R0 = 0,043 L0 =
1,293 ; R+ = 0,043 and L+ = 1,521 Entered values are calculated according next
formulas. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Tr. ("Tr"
is an abbreviation of word "Transformer"). In a fig. 4 we see all properly entered values of
component Line RL (Tr).
Pk
2
S U N1 232
R0  N  3, 25 103   0, 043Ω
100 S N 40
L0  0,85 L  0,85 1521  1, 293Ω
R0  R  0,043Ω
2
uk U N1 11,5 232
L     1,521Ω
100 S N 100 40
Fig. 4 Setting parameters of transformer

We insert ideal transformer between these two components Line RL (Vedenie) and
Line RL (Tr). We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw
program and we select the type of transformer which is called Ideal 3 phase from selection
menu Transformers. Double click of left mouse button on component transformer ideal 3
phase, it displays input window of transformer, where into the input field n, we enter the
value: 4,7826 (n = 110 000 / 23 000). This value n represents the ratio of (primary to
secondary winding) on transformer. In a fig. 5 we see all properly entered values of
component transformer Ideal 3 phase.
Fig. 5 Setting parameters of transformer ratio
Neutral point of secondary transformer winding is grounded through resistor RF.

Resistor RF is created as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw
program and we select Resistor from selection menu Branch Linear. Double click of left
mouse button on resistor, it displays input window of resistor, where into the input field RES,
we enter its value what is RF = 10 Ω. For a better overview we can name the resistor in input
field Label on RF. In a fig. 6 we see all properly entered values of resistor RF.
Fig. 6 Setting parameters of RF resistor
In series with component Line RL (Tr) we insert measuring probe called Ammeter.
mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and
check all three checkboxes A, B, C.
In series with ammeter we insert component which is called Splitter. (RMB - Probes
& 3-phase - Splitter). Its phases are rotated to the right, so we have to rotate component in
this way that its phases will lead down (fig. 7). We name its individual phases from right to
left as L1, L2 and L3.
We place 2 single phase switches among phases L1, L2 and L3. Right mouse button
click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the type of switch which is called
Switch time controlled from the selection menu Switches. In this example we use switch for
simulation of short circuit. The values of both switches are the same. Double click of left
mouse button on component Switch time controlled, it displays input window of switch,
where we enter the following values: T-cl is a closing time of switch, what is in our case 0,1
s. T-op is opening time of switch. This time wasn't specified in assignment, so we enter the
time of 10 s. The same way as we have created the first switch we create the second one. For
a better overview we can name the both switches in input field Label on S1 and S2. In a fig. 8
we see all properly filled values of component Switch time controlled.
Fig. 8 Setting parameters of switch/es (set to fault time condition)
Another component which is placed in the scheme is Three phase switch. We create
it as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the
type of switch which is called Switch time 3-ph from the selection menu Switches. Double
click of left mouse button on component Switch time 3-ph, it displays input window of
switch, where we enter the following values: T-cl is a closing time of switch, what is in our
case 1 s (T-cl_1 = T-cl_2 = T-cl_3). T-op is opening time of switch. This time wasn't
specified in assignment, so we enter the time of 10 s (T-op_1 = T-op_2 = T-op_3). In a fig. 9a
we see all properly filled values of component Switch time 3-ph.
Fig. 9a Setting parameters of switch (set to load time connection)
The last component which the scheme contain is component which is called RLC-Y
3-ph, which represents the load. We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the
desktop of ATPDraw program and we select component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph from
selection menu Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on component RLC-Y 3-
ph, it displays input window of component, where we enter the following values: R_1 = R_2 =
R_3 = 150 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 24 . For a better overview we can name the component in
input field Label on Zataz. ("Zataz" is a Slovak translation of English word "LOAD"). In a
fig. 9b we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Zataz). We ground the
outputs of transformer primary winding, resistor RF and component RLC-Y 3-ph in this way
that we double click of left mouse button on them (outputs = nodes), it displays field
(window) of a nodes, and we check the property of nodes on Ground. There is final scheme
depicted in fig. 10, fig. 11, fig. 12 and fig. 13.
Fig. 9b Setting parameters of the load
Fig. 10 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit (3-ph short circuit)

Fig. 12 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit (2-ph with ground short circuit)
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of currents (ATP - Run Plot XY).
variables for current. Left mouse button click on all three variables which describe currents
As the first we have set the electric scheme according to fig. 10 (Switches S1 and S2
among phases L1, L2 and L3). The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 16,
but we need to determine the peak value of current ip and initial symmetrical short circuit
current Ik". Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to
their maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so
it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the peak value of current ip =
13 703 [A] (fig. 17). The value Ik"max is the value on the same sine wave as peak current, but
at the end of graph. Ik"max = 7300 [A] (fig. 18). Initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik" is
calculated according the formula which is depicted in a following equation bellow.

We change the electric scheme according to fig. 11 (Switch S1 between phases L2 and
L3). We run the computation (ATP - run ATP) or (F2). The progress of computation we can
see in command line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of currents (ATP - Run
Plot XY).
and 3 variables for current. Left mouse button click on all three variables which describe
currents and press the button PLOT (fig. 15).
the peak value of current ip and initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik". Using the
mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their maximum (peak)
value, as long as the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left
bottom palette of window MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor
we placed at the peak value of individual sinus waves. Automatically, it displays a window
which is called Values, where we find out the peak value of current ip = 6541,8 [A] (fig. 20).
The value Ik"max is the value on the same sine wave as peak current, but at the end of graph.
Ik"max = 6321,9 [A] (fig. 21). Initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik" is calculated
according the formula which is depicted in a following equation bellow.

We change the electric scheme again, according to fig. 12 (Switches S1 and S2 among
phases L2, L3 and G). We run the computation (ATP - run ATP) or (F2). The progress of
computation we can see in command line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of
currents (ATP - Run Plot XY).

We change the electric scheme for the last time, according to fig. 13 (Switch S1
between phases L1 and G). We run the computation (ATP - run ATP) or (F2). The progress
of computation we can see in command line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of

Conclusion
Since Ik"max is maximum value, we need to find out the value Ik". We find out this
value in this way, that we calculate from Ik"max its RMS value. As it can be seen from
measured values, the highest value of peak current was achieved by three phase short circuit
and the least one by single phase short circuit. The most common fault in 23 kV electric
network is single phase to ground fault (IT network) and the network is still on (working) in
some cases. In the next table we see all measured values.
L1, L2, L3 L2, L3 L2, L3, G L1, G

Ideal transformer
[A] [A] [A] [A]
ip 13703 6542 6989 1773
Ik" 5162 4470 4786 1253
6.2 Example 2
Assignment
time 1 s.


l = 60 km Xv0 = 3⋅Xv1
RF = 10 
U
U max  zdr 2
3
110000
U max  2  89814, 624  V 
3
follows:
R0 = R+ = 1,5 
L0 = L+  3 = 72 
R+ = Rv  l = 0,025  60 = 1,5 
L+ = Xv  l = 0,4  60 = 24 

In series with component Line RL (Vedenie) we insert 3-phase saturable

transformer (with possibility to input hysteresis curve of transformer's metal sheets).
We insert it as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and
we select the type of transformer which is called Saturable 3 phase from selection menu
Transformers. Then it is necessary to calculate the values, using the formulas which are
depicted in the following expressions.
Rated current (referred to HV side):
S NT 40000
IN2    209,95A
3 U N2 3 110
Total short-circuit resistance (referred to HV side):
P 130000
Rk 2  2k   0,9831Ω
3 I N2 3  209,952
Total short-circuit impedance:
uk U N2
2
0,115 1102
Zk 2    34, 7875Ω
SN 40000
The calculation of total short circuit reactance and excitation loss resistance is depicted
in the following expressions.
Total short-circuit reactance:
X k 2  Z k22  Rk22  34,78752  0,98312  34,7736Ω
Excitation loss resistance (LV side):

2
U N1 232
Rmag  3  3  79,35kΩ
P0 20
Excitation loss resistance Rmag is determined for star winding (primary winding) with
U1 as (primary winding voltage) and P0/3 (excitation loss of one phase). In a fact, total short
circuit impedance is divided unequally into primary and secondary windings (windings are
from different materials). Here is the selected ratio: 1/4 for Zk1/Zk2.
Double click of left mouse button on transformer Saturable 3 phase, it displays input
window of transformer, where we enter the following values:
U1 - Voltage on primary winding (winding star connected) (23/√3) = 13,279 [V]
U2 - Voltage on secondary winding (winding star connected) (110/√3) = 63,5 [V]
R [ohm] and L [mH, ohm] are calculated on primary and secondary winding according to the
following expressions. Hysteresis curve (U, I) is in RMS, so we also unite other values of
voltages and currents in this way, that we check the checkbox RMS.
R [ohm] on primary winding
2
U 232
0, 2 N1 R k2  0, 2 0,9831  0, 008596 Ω
U N2 1102
R [ohm] on secondary winding
0,8  Rk2 = 0,8  0,9831= 0,78648 
L [mH, ohm] on primary winding

2
U N1 232
0, 2 X k2  0, 2 34, 7736  0,304 Ω
U N2 1102
L [mH, ohm] on secondary winding
0,8  Xk2 = 0,8  34,7736 = 27,8189 
Coupling is in both cases into the star, so (Y). Phase Shift is 0. After that we check
the checkbox 3-legged core.
Transformer is 3-legged stacked core type, so homopolar magnetizing reluctance is
high and subsequently X0k / X1k = 0,85 ≤ 1. The zero sequence magnetizing inductance L0mag
(at low voltage side) required for STC, should be determined backwards. The zero sequence
equivalent circuit of the transformer seen from high voltage winding is depicted in a fig. 4. R′1
and L′1 are impedances of low voltage winding referred to high voltage winding. By
determination of L0mag, the resistances R′1 and R2 will be neglected, because R′1 << X′1 and R2
<< X2 (following equations).
Fig. 4 The equivalent circuit for calculating L0mag
X´1 = 0,2  Xk2 = 0,2  34,7736 = 6,95472 

1 1 1
   X 0mag
´
 1,391Ω
X 0mag X 0k  X 2 X ´1
´
2
U N1 X ´0mag 232 1,391
L0mag    0,19367 mH
2
U N2  1102 2  50
The linear magnetizing inductance for SATURA branch can be defined by using the
first data pair (0,412 A, 18584 V) of positive sequence excitation measurement by entering
current I and magnetic FLUX (steady state). The calculation is depicted in the following
expressions.
I  0   2 0, 412  0,5827 A
2U 2 18584
F  0    83, 7 V s   Wb
 2  50
Rm = 79350 Ω
2
U N1 232 kV 2
R0    910483
3 L0mag 3 0,19367 H
For a better overview we can name the transformer in input field Label on 110/23. In
a fig. 5 we see all properly entered values of component Transformer Saturable 3 phase in
a section Attributes. Since it is a transformer with possibility to insert the values of hysteresis
curve of transformer's metal sheets, so we enter the input values for hysteresis curve in a
section Characteristic according to next table.
I [A] rms U [V] rms

0,412 18584
0,492 20677
0,723 23046
1,084 24262
2,269 25691
In a fig. 6 we see all properly entered values of component Transformer Saturable 3

phase, in a section Characteristic.
Fig. 6 The input values of the saturation curve


In series with component transformer Saturable 3 phase we insert measuring probe

called Ammeter. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr). (RMB - right mouse button).
Double click of left mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option
3 Phases and check all three checkboxes A, B, C.
specified in assignment, so we enter the time of 10 s (T-op_1 = T-op_2 = T-op_3). In a fig. 10
Fig. 10 Setting parameters of switch (set to load time connection)
R_3 = 150 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 24 . For a better overview we can name the component in
input field Label on Zataz. ("Zataz" is a Slovak translation of word English "LOAD"). In a
fig. 11 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Zataz). We ground the
Fig. 11 Setting parameters of the load



at the end of graph. Ik"max = 7463 [A] (fig. 20). Initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik" is
calculated according the formula which is depicted in a following equation bellow.
Plot XY).
Conclusion
3-phase saturable transformer

L1, L2, L3 L2, L3 L2, L3, G L1, G
(with possibility to input hysteresis
curve of transformer's metal sheets) [A] [A] [A] [A]
ip 13608 6539 7004 1781
Ik" 5277 4470 4800 1259
6.3 Example 3
Assignment
time 1 s.

l = 60 km Xv0 = 3⋅Xv1
RF = 10 
U
U max  zdr 2
3
110000
U max  2  89814, 624  V 
3
follows:
R0 = R+ = 1,5 
L0 = L+  3 = 72 
R+ = Rv  l = 0,025  60 = 1,5 
L+ = Xv  l = 0,4  60 = 24 

In series with component Line RL (Vedenie) we insert BCTRAN transformer. We

insert it as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we
select the type of transformer which is called BCTRAN from selection menu Transformers.
Double click of left mouse button on transformer BCTRAN, it displays input window of
transformer, where we enter the following values:
In a part Structure, we enter following values:
Number of Phases = 3
Number of windings = 2
Type of core = 3-legged stacked core
Test frequency = 50 Hz and also we check the checkbox AR Output (LR output
matrix - calculation of incidence matrix)
In a part Ratings, we enter following values:

L-L voltage [kV] on 110 (HV) and 23 (LV)
Rated power - Power [MVA] on 40 (HV) and 40 (LV)
Connection - Y (HV) and Y (LV)
Phase Shift = 0
In a part Factory tests there are 2 sections: (Open Circuit and Short Circuit).
In a section Open circuit we choose: Performed at LV; Connect at LV. We enter the values
which we can see in the next table positive sequence (Open Circuit).
Volt % Curr % Loss [kW]

80,8 0,041 12,5
89,9 0,049 16
100,2 0,072 21,5
105,4 0,108 25
117,7 0,226 30,4
In a part Positive core magnetization we check the radio button Linear internal. In a
part View/Copy we check the radio button Rm.
Left mouse button click on Short Circuit, where we enter the following values:
Short-circuit voltage - Imp (%) = 11,5
Rated power - Power (MVA) = 40
Short-circuit losses - Loss (kW) = 130
Press the button OK, name the transformer BCTRAN and save it. It displays a
warning, if we want to generate (*.bct) file for BCTRAN transformer, press YES and the
computation will begun. We have to save every model of BCTRAN transformer into the
specific folder in a directory (C:\EEUG\ATPDraw\Bct) in ATPDraw program. Every
BCTRAN transformer has to have its specific name. In a fig. 4 we see all properly entered
values of BCTRAN transformer.

In series with transformer BCTRAN we insert measuring probe called Ammeter.

Fig. 7 Setting parameters of switch (set to load time connection)
R_3 = 150 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 24  For a better overview we can name the component in
input field Label on Zataz. ("Zataz" is a Slovak translation of English word "LOAD"). In a
fig. 8 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Zataz). We ground the
at the end of graph. Ik"max = 7302,3 [A] (fig. 17). Initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik"
is calculated according the formula which is depicted in a following equation bellow.

Plot XY).
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 18, but we need to determine the
peak value of current ip and initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik". Using the mouse
we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as
Values, where we find out the peak value of current ip = 6543,4 [A] (fig. 19). The value Ik"max
is the value on the same sine wave as peak current, but at the end of graph. Ik"max = 6323,7
[A] (fig. 20). Initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik" is calculated according the formula
which is depicted in a following equation bellow.

variables for current. Left mouse button click on all three variables which describe currents
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 21, but we need to determine the
peak value of current ip and initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik". Using the mouse
we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as
Values, where we find out the peak value of current ip = 6989,3 [A] (fig. 22). The value Ik"max
is the value on the same sine wave as peak current, but at the end of graph. Ik"max = 6769,8
[A] (fig. 23). Initial symmetrical short circuit current Ik" is calculated according the formula
which is depicted in a following equation bellow.


Conclusion
L1, L2, L3 L2, L3 L2, L3, G L1, G

BCTRAN
[A] [A] [A] [A]
ip 13707 6543 6989 1769
Ik" 5163 4471 4787 1250
7 ANALYSIS OF OVERVOLAGES IN POWER NETWORK
7.1 Example 1
Assignment
According the circuit diagram in fig. 1, determine the values of overvoltage and steady
state voltage (on the same phases) in a point A, if the load Z1 will be connected to electric
circuit in time 0,1 s.

 Line-to-line voltage: U12 = 220  e j  127,18° kV
 f = 50 Hz
 Load (3 alternatives): a) R1 = 118 , b) L1 = 0,5 H, c) C1 = 20 mF
Transformer parameters:
 Number of phases: 3
 Number of windings: 2
 Type of core: 3-legged stacked core
 Rated power: 250 MVA
 Vector group: YNyn0
Data obtained from Short circuit (at high voltage side):

 Short-circuit losses: 835 kW
 Short-circuit voltage: 11,5 %
Data obtained from Open circuit (at high voltage side):

 Excitation losses: 135 kW
 Excitation voltage: 100 %
 Excitation current: 0,161 %
The parameters and electric line's details of v1 are depicted in a fig. 2 and fig. 3.
Fig. 2 Parameters of overhead line v1
Fig. 3 Parameters of overhead line
U
U max  zdr 2
3
220000
U max  2  179629, 2478 V 
3
shift, what is 37,18°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source,
resulting in: (φ − 90° = 127,18° − 90° = 37,18°). The values of phase shifts and amplitudes of
other phases are not entered for harmonic 3-phase voltage sources. A1 = 0 (switch of entering
the phase shift. It is entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta
= − 1 (starting time, [in seconds]). It is assumed that transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10
(ending time, [in seconds]). These two values define constant source in time interval from 0 to
10 second. We don't change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on
Voltage. For a better overview we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 4
we see all properly entered values of source AC 3-ph type 14.
We continue with component which is called LCC, which represents electric line. We
select the type of electric line which is called LCC from selection menu Lines/Cables.
Double click of left mouse button on component LCC, it displays input window, where we
enter the following values:
In a part Model we enter the following values:

System type = Overhead Line
#Ph = 3 (number of phases)
Check the checkboxes Auto Bundling and Skin effect
Units = Metric
Model type = PI (the model type wasn't defined in our assignment. This model type is
accurate up to 100 km - lowland, 50 km - mountainous area.)
Standard data:
Rho [ohm∙m] = 120 Ω ∙ m (earth resistivity)
Freq.init [Hz] = 50 Hz (frequency)
Length [km] = 20,4 km (length of electric line)
For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Zv1. (Zv1 =
"Z" is a symbol for impedance. "v" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "vedenie", what in
English means "electric line"). We enter the values in a part Data according to fig. 2. Press
the button OK, name the electric line LCC and save it. It displays a warning, if we want to
generate (*.alc) file for LCC, press YES and the computation of electric line (Zv1) will
begun. We have to save every model of LCC (overhead line) into the specific folder in a
directory (C:\EEUG\ATPDraw\lcc) in ATPDraw program. Every LCC model has to have its
specific name. In a fig. 5 and fig. 6 we see all properly entered values of component LCC
(Zv1).
Fig. 5 Setting parameters for overhead line
In series with component LCC (Zv1) we insert BCTRAN transformer. We insert it as

follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the
type of transformer which is called BCTRAN from selection menu Transformers. Double
click of left mouse button on transformer BCTRAN, it displays input window of transformer,
where we enter the following values:
Test frequency = 50 Hz and also we check the checkbox AR Output (LR output matrix -
calculation of incidence matrix)


Phase Shift = 0
In a section Open circuit we choose: Performed at HV; Connect at HV.
In positive sequence we enter the following values:
Excitation voltage - Volt % = 100
Excitation current - Curr % = 0,161
Excitation losses - Loss [kW] = 135
part View/Copy we check the radio button Lm-rm.
BCTRAN transformer has to have its specific name. In a fig. 7 and fig. 8 we see all properly
entered values of BCTRAN transformer.

case 0,1 s (T-cl_1 = T-cl_2 = T-cl_3). T-op is opening time of switch. This time wasn't
Fig. 9 Setting parameters of switch/es
We place the measuring probe which is called Voltmeter in the node between three
phase switch and component RLC-Y 3-ph, which will be inserted in the next step. (RMB -
Probes & 3-phase - Probe Volt). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left mouse
button on voltmeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and check all
three checkboxes A, B, C.
ph, it displays input window of component, where we enter the following values according to
3 alternatives:
a) enter only the value R
b) enter only the value L
c) enter only the value C
Alternative A: We enter the following values into the input window of component RLC-
Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 118 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0  a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0 . For a
better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. ("Z" is an
abbreviation of Slovak word "ZATAZ" what in English means "LOAD"). In a fig. 11 we see
all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Z1). We ground the outputs of
transformer primary, secondary winding, and component RLC-Y 3-ph in this way that we
double click of left mouse button on them (outputs = nodes), it displays field (window) of a
nodes, and we check the property of nodes on Ground. There is final scheme depicted in fig.
11.
Fig. 10 Setting parameters of the load (resistive)
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of voltages. (ATP - Run Plot XY).
variables for voltage. Left mouse button click on all three variables which describe voltage
the maximum (peak) value of overvoltage Umax,prep and the value of steady state voltage
Umax,ust. (Umax,prep - "prep" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "prepätie", what in English
means "overvoltage". Umax,ust - "ust" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "ustálený stav",

what in English means "steady state"). Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of
peak values of sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays
warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of window MC's PlotXY
plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of individual
sinus waves. Automatically, it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out
the maximum value of overvoltage Umax,prep = 91 295 [V] (fig. 15). We find out the value of
steady state voltage on the same sine wave, where we find out the maximum value of
overvoltage. Umax,ust = 89 618 [V] (fig. 17). In the next equation we can see the ratio ΔU.
U max,prep 91295
U   100  100  101,9%
U max,ust 89 618
Alternative B: We enter the following values into the input window of component
RLC-Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 0 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 157,079  a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0
. We calculated the value of L according the formula: X1 = 2 ∙ π ∙ f ∙ L = 2 ∙ π ∙ 50 ∙ 0,5 =
157,079 Ω. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. In a
fig. 17 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Z1). We ground the
outputs of transformer primary, secondary winding, and component RLC-Y 3-ph in this way
Fig. 17 Setting parameters of the load (inductive)
and 3 variables for voltage. Left mouse button click on all three variables which describe
voltage and press the button PLOT (fig. 13).
Umax,ust. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their
it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the maximum value of
overvoltage Umax,prep = 86 667 [V] (fig. 19). We find out the value of steady state voltage on
the same sine wave, where we find out the maximum value of overvoltage. Umax,ust = 86 110
[V] (fig. 20). In a following equation bellow we can see the ratio ΔU.
U max,prep 86 667
U  100  100  100, 6 %
U max,ust 86110
Alternative C: We enter the following values into the input window of component
RLC-Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 0 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0  a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 20 000
F. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. In a fig. 21
we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Z1). We ground the outputs of
nodes, and we check the property of nodes on Ground. There is final scheme depicted in
fig. 11.
Fig. 21 Setting parameters of the load (capacitive)
Settings (F3). In this menu, we set the time conditions of simulation. We enter the following
values in menu Settings: Delta T represents the smallest step of computation, what is in our
case 1 ∙ 10−6 s (notation 1E−6). Tmax represents the length of simulation, what is in our case
1 s. We enter the value 50 Hz in the input field Xopt (entered value is equal to the frequency
of source). (Xopt value is 0, if we enter inductance in mH. Xopt value is 50, if we enter
inductance in Ω, what basically means that we enter reactance). We enter the value 0 Hz in
the input field Copt. (Copt value is 0, if we enter capacity in µF. Copt value is 50, if we enter
capacity in 1/Ω, what basically means that we enter capacitance). In a fig. 12 we see all
properly entered values of ATP Settings.
the same sine wave, where we find out the maximum value of overvoltage. Umax,ust = 2212
[V] (fig. 24). In a following equation we can see the ratio ΔU.
U max,prep 13 598
U  100  100  614, 7 %
U max,ust 2212

Conclusion
The lowest effect on the size of overvoltage has the capacitance load, which isn't often
happened in practice. In contrast to capacitance load, the significant impact on the size of
overvoltage has inductance load (motors, transformers, etc.). Only resistive load has only
minimal effect on the size of overvoltage (light bulbs, heating appliances). In the next table
we see all measured values.
Umax, prep [V] Umax, ust [V] ∆U [%]

R 91295 89618 101,9
L 86667 86110 100,6
C 13598 2212 614,7
7.2 Example 2
Assignment

 f = 50 Hz



The parameters and electric line's details of v1 and v2 are depicted in a fig. 2 , fig. 3 and fig. 4.

U
U max  zdr 2
3
220000
U max  2  179629, 2478 V 
3
f represents the frequency, what is in our case 50 [Hz]. Pha represents phase or phase shift,
what is 37,18°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in:
(φ − 90° = 127,18° − 90° = 37,18°). The values of phase shifts and amplitudes of other phases
are not entered for harmonic 3-phase voltage sources. A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase
shift. It is entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1
(starting time, [in seconds]). It is assumed that transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10 (ending
time, [in seconds]). These two values define constant source in time interval from 0 to 10
second. We do not change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on
Voltage. For a better overview we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 5

Units = Metric
Model type = PI (the model type was not defined in our assignment. This model type is
Standard data:
(Zv1).

type of transformer, which is called BCTRAN from selection menu Transformers. Double

Phase Shift = 0

In a part Positive core magnetization, we check the radio button Linear internal. In
a part View/Copy we check the radio button Lm-rm.

Another component, which is placed in the scheme, is Three phase switch. We create
type of switch, which is called Switch time 3-ph from the selection menu Switches. Double
case 0,1 s (T-cl_1 = T-cl_2 = T-cl_3). T-op is opening time of switch. This time was not
In a series with three-phase switch, we placed the second LCC component. We insert
type of electric line, which is called LCC from selection menu, Lines/Cables. Double click
of left mouse button on component LCC, it displays input window, where we enter the
following values:
Check the checkbox Skin effect

Units = Metric
Standard data:
For a better overview, we can name the component in input field Label on Zv2. We
enter the values in a part Data according to fig. 4. Press the button OK, name the electric line
LCC and save it. It displays a warning, if we want to generate (*.alc) file for LCC, press YES
and the computation of electric line (Zv2) will begun. We have to save every model of LCC
(overhead line) into the specific folder in a directory (C:\EEUG\ATPDraw\lcc) in ATPDraw
program. Every LCC model has to have its specific name. In a fig. 11 and fig. 12 we see all
properly entered values of component LCC (Zv2). The model of overhead line (Zv2) is on
input and output interconnected, so it uses both parts of overhead line.

We place the measuring probe, which is called Voltmeter in the node between the
second LCC (Zv2) and component RLC-Y 3-ph, which will be inserted in the next step.
(RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Volt). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left
mouse button on voltmeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and
3 alternatives:
Alternative A: We enter the following values into the input window of component
RLC-Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 118 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0  a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0 .
For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. ("Z" is an
14.

A window will be displayed; where at the left side we can see the list of variables: t
and 3 variables for voltage. Left mouse button click on all three variables, which describe
means "overvoltage". Umax,ust - "ust" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "ustálený stav", what
in English means "steady state"). Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak
values of sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays warning
find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of individual sinus
waves. Automatically, it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the
maximum value of overvoltage Umax,prep = 90 922 [V] (fig. 18). We find out the value of
U max,prep 90 922
U   100  100  101, 6%
U max,ust 89 471

RLC-Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 0 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 157,079  and C_1 = C_2 = C_3 =
0 . We calculated the value of L according the formula: Xl = 2  π  f  L = 2  π  50  0,5 =
157,079 For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. In a
Umax,ust. Using the mouse, we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their
deeply". On the left bottom palette of window, MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show
U max,prep 164 650
U  100  100  192,9%
U max,ust 85 359
F. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. In a fig. 24
14.
the same sine wave, where we find out the maximum value of overvoltage. Umax,ust = 1812
U max,prep 10 916
U  100  100  602, 4%
U max,ust 1812
Conclusion
The lowest effect on the size of overvoltage has the capacitance load, which is not often
happened in practice. In contrast to capacitance load, the significant impact on the size of
overvoltage has inductance load (motors, transformers, etc). Only resistive load has only
minimal effect on the size of overvoltage (light bulbs, heating appliances). In a next table we
see all measured values entered in the table.

R 90922 89471 101,6
L 164650 85359 192,9
C 10916 1812 602,4
7.3 Example 3
Assignment

 f = 50 Hz


The parameters and electric line's details of v1, v2 and v3 are depicted in a fig. 2 , fig. 3,
fig. 4 and fig. 5.


U
U max  zdr 2
3
220000
U max  2  179629, 2478 V 
3
what is 37,18°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in:
(φ − 90° = 127,18° − 90° = 37,18°). The values of phase shifts and amplitudes of other phases
are not entered for harmonic 3-phase voltage sources. A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase
shift. It is entered in degrees, if A1 = 0, but if A1 = 1, it is entered in seconds). Tsta = − 1
(starting time, [in seconds]). It is assumed that transient started short of 0 s. Tsto = 10 (ending
time, [in seconds]). These two values define constant source in time interval from 0 to 10
second. We do not change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on
Voltage. For a better overview, we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 6

Units = Metric
Standard data:
(Zv1).

type of transformer which is called BCTRAN from selection menu Transformers. Double


Phase Shift = 0
part View/Copy we check the radio button Lm-rm.

Another component, which is placed in the scheme, is Three phase switch. We create
case 0,1 s (T-cl_1 = T-cl_2 = T-cl_3). T-op is opening time of switch. This time was not
In a series with three-phase switch, we placed the second LCC component. We insert
following values:

Units = Metric
Standard data:
For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Zv2. We
properly entered values of component LCC (Zv2). The model of overhead line (Zv2) is on
input and output interconnected, so it uses both parts of overhead line.

In a series with second LCC (Zv2) we placed the third LCC component. We insert it as
following values:
Units = Metric
Standard data:
For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Zv3. We
properly entered values of component LCC (Zv3).

We place the measuring probe, which is called Voltmeter in the node between the
third LCC (Zv3) and component RLC-Y 3-ph, which will be inserted in the next step. (RMB
- Probes & 3-phase - Probe Volt). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left mouse
button on voltmeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and check all
3 alternatives:
Alternative A: We enter the following values into the input window of component
RLC-Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 118 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0  a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0 .
For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. ("Z" is an
17.
means "overvoltage". Umax,ust - "ust" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "ustálený stav", what
in English means "steady state"). Using the mouse, we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak
values of sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays warning
find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of individual sinus
waves. Automatically, it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the
maximum value of overvoltage Umax,prep = 85 734 [V] (fig. 21). We find out the value of
U max,prep 85734
U   100  100  100,9%
U max,ust 84960
RLC-Y 3-ph: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 0 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 157,079  and C_1 = C_2 = C_3 =
0 . We calculated the value of L according the formula: X1 = 2 ∙ π ∙ f ∙ L = 2 ∙ π ∙ 50 ∙ 0,5 =
157,079 Ω. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. In a

line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of voltages (ATP - Run Plot XY).
Umax,ust. Using the mouse, we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of sine waves to their
U max,prep 169 820
U  100  100  201, 4%
U max,ust 84 308

F. For a better overview, we can name the component in input field Label on Z1. In a fig. 27
17.
overvoltage Umax,prep = 3078 [V] (fig. 29). We find out the value of steady state voltage on the
same sine wave, where we find out the maximum value of overvoltage. Umax,ust = 1184 [V]
(fig. 30). In a following equation we can see the ratio ΔU.
U max,prep 3 078
U  100  100  260%
U max,ust 1184
Conclusion
The lowest effect on the size of overvoltage has the capacitance load, which is not
often happened in practice. In contrast to capacitance load, the significant impact on the size
of overvoltage has inductance load (motors, transformers, etc). Only resistive load has only
minimal effect on the size of overvoltage (light bulbs, heating appliances). In a next table we
see all measured values entered in the table.

R 85734 84960 100,9
L 169820 84308 201,4
C 3078 1184 260
8 TRANSPOSITION OF OVERHEAD LINES
8.1 Example 1
Assignment
A standard problem in long overhead lines is asymmetry of longitudinal and transverse

impedance of overhead line. This asymmetry can be solved by transposition of overhead line.
Practically it is the location change of conductors of individual phases. According to overhead
line length, it is possible to make one or more transpositions.
In the present part of electric circuit, there are placed transpositions for 50 km. The
length of overhead line is 150 km.

 Line-to-line voltage: U12 = 220  e j  0° kV
 f = 50 Hz
 3-phases RLC symmetric load (represents the impedance of short electric line from the
electric source to overhead line): R = 0,5 , XL = 1 , C = 0 mF,
 3-phases RLC symmetric load (star connected): R = 400 , XL = 300 , C = 0 μF
Electric line parameters:

 System type: Overhead Line
 Number of phases: #Ph = 6
 Skin effect
 Units: Metric
 Model type: Bergeron
 Earth resistivity: Rho = 20 Ω∙ m
 Frequency: Freq.init = 50 Hz
 Length of overhead line: Length = 50 km
The other parameters of overhead line are depicted in a fig. 4.

As the first, we create the electric scheme (circuit diagram) according to fig. 1 in
ATPDraw program and we select the type of source, which is called AC 3-ph type 14 (3-
U
U max  zdr 2
3
150000
U max  2  122474, 487  V 
3
what is − 90°, (because the default value of source considers the cosine source, resulting in: (φ
− 90° = 0° − 90° = − 90°). The values of phase shifts and amplitudes of other phases are not
entered for harmonic 3-phase voltage sources. A1 = 0 (switch of entering the phase shift. It is
do not change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on Voltage. For a
better overview, we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 2 we see all
We continue with component, which is called RLC_3.sup, which represents the

impedance of short electric line from the electric source to overhead line. We proceed as
follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select
component, which is called RLC_3.sup from selection menu Standard Component....
Double click of left mouse button on component RLC_3.sup, it displays input window of
component, where we enter the following values: R = 0,5 Ω, L = 1 Ω. In a fig. 3 we see all
properly entered values of component RLC_3.sup.
Fig. 3 Setting parameters of the RLC component
In series with component RLC_3.sup, we insert measuring probe called Ammeter.

We place another measuring probe, but this time it is Voltmeter, at the output of
ammeter. (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Volt). Double click of left mouse button on
voltmeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and check all three
checkboxes A, B, C.
We continue with component, which is called LCC, which represents electric line. We
select the type of electric line, which is called LCC from selection menu, Lines/Cables.

Units = Metric
Model type = Bergeron (specified in the assignment)
Standard data:
Length [km] = 50 km (length of electric line)
We enter the values in a part Data according to fig. 4. Press the button OK, name the
electric line LCC and save it. It displays a warning, if we want to generate (*.alc) file for
LCC, press YES and the computation of electric line will begun. We have to save every
model of LCC (overhead line) into the specific folder in a directory (C:\EEUG\ATPDraw\lcc)
in ATPDraw program. Every LCC model has to have its specific name. In a fig. 4 and fig. 5
we see all properly entered values of component LCC.
In series with LCC component, we copy the same LCC component with the same
values for 2 times and measuring probe Voltmeter for 3 times. (First voltmeter is placed in the
node between ammeter and the first LCC component. Second voltmeter is placed in the node
between the first LCC component and the second LCC component. Third voltmeter is placed
in the node between the second LCC component and the third LCC component. Fourth
voltmeter is placed in the node between the third LCC component and component RLC-Y 3-
ph, which will be inserted in the next step. All 3 LCC components are interconnected on their
inputs and outputs, so they use both parts of overhead line.
appropriate input field and press the OK button. The nodes, where voltmeters are placed, we
will name from left to right as: K1, L1, M1 a N1 (it is recommended to use capital letters and
numbers). The nodes, on which we entered a name will change their colour from red to black.
The last component, which the scheme contain, is component, which is called RLC-Y
desktop of ATPDraw program and we select component, which is called RLC-Y 3-ph from
R_3 = 400 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 300 . In a fig. 6 we see all properly entered values of
component RLC-Y 3-ph.
Under the term node we understand also the ending of a component, not only
connection of branches in ATPDraw program. We ground the output of component RLC-Y 3-
ph in this way, that we double click of left mouse button on it (output = node), it displays field
(window) of a node, and we check the property of node on Ground.
We mark and copy (CTRL+C) the whole electric scheme. We place the copy of the
scheme under the original scheme. We insert the component, which is called Transp1 ABC -
BCA into the copy of the original scheme. We insert it for 2 times. We proceed as follows:
Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the transposition
which is called Transp1 ABC - BCA from selection menu Probes & 3-phase. We placed the
first transposition between the first and second LCC component and the second transposition
between the second and the third LCC component. We do not set up any parameters on
component transposition.
We also name some of the nodes in the copy of original scheme. Double click of left
mouse button on a node, to which we want to get a name and we enter the name of node in
appropriate input field and press the OK button. The nodes, where voltmeters are placed, we
will name from left to right as: K2, L2, M2 a N2 (it is recommended to use capital letters and
numbers). The nodes, on which we entered a name, will change their colour from red to black.
There is final scheme depicted in fig. 7.

and 30 variables for voltage and current. In a sequence we click with left mouse button on six
variables which describe voltage in the node K, voltage in node L, voltage in node M, voltage
in node N and press the button PLOT (fig. 9, fig. 10, fig. 11 and fig. 12). For now, our task is
to find out, which phase is in the graph above the other phase, (with very small phase shift),
because these pairs will be later very necessary for us.
Fig. 9-12 PlotXY – Data selection
At the first, we select the node K. It is necessary to write the result in a following
format: K1A ↔ K2B; K1B ↔ K2C; K1C ↔ K2A (fig. 13).
After that, we select the node L. It is necessary to write the result in a following
format: L1A ↔ L2B; L1B ↔ L2C; L1C ↔ L2A (fig. 14).
Then we select the node M. It is necessary to write the result in a following format:
M1A ↔ M2B; M1B ↔ M2C; M1C ↔ M2A (fig. 15).
At the end, we select the node N. It is necessary to write the result in a following
format: N1A ↔ N2B; N1B ↔ N2C; N1C ↔ N2A (fig. 16).
Fig. 13-16 PlotXY – Comparation of the mating phase voltage (pairs)
After that, we press the symbol minus in circle in menu MC's PlotXY - Data
selection, select the individual pairs according to name of node, and press the button PLOT
(fig. 17)
Fig. 17 PlotXY – Substraction of the mating phase voltage (pairs in nodes K)
We select the node K (K1A ↔ K2B; K1B ↔ K2C; K1C ↔ K2A), the basic graph
will be displayed as it is depicted in a fig. 18. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom all 3 sine
waves in their steady state (at the end of the graph), to their maximum (peak) value, as long as
the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of
window MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the
peak value of individual sinus waves. There are the results: K1A ↔ K2B = 10 V; K1B ↔
K2C = 13 V; K1C ↔ K2A = 17 V. In a fig. 19, fig. 20 and fig. 21 we can see all properly
measured values in the node K.
Fig. 18 Display of a waveforms of voltage substractions
Fig. 19-21 Detailed peak values
After that we select the node L. We press the symbol minus in circle in menu MC's
PlotXY - Data selection and select the individual pairs of a node L and press the button
PLOT (fig. 22)
Fig. 22 PlotXY – Substraction of the mating phase voltage (pairs in nodes L)
We select the node L (L1A ↔ L2B; L1B ↔ L2C; L1C ↔ L2A), the basic graph will
be displayed as it is depicted in a fig. 23. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom all 3 sine waves
in their steady state (at the end of the graph), to their maximum (peak) value, as long as the
program displays warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of window
MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak
value of individual sinus waves. There are the results: L1A ↔ L2B = 118 V; L1B ↔ L2C =
220 V; L1C ↔ L2A = 342 V. In a fig. 24, fig. 25 and fig. 26 we can see all properly
measured values in the node L.
We continue in this way, that we select the node M. We press the symbol minus in
circle in menu MC's PlotXY - Data selection, select the individual pairs of a node M, and
press the button PLOT (fig. 27).
Fig. 27 PlotXY – Substraction of the mating phase voltage (pairs in nodes M)
We select the node M (M1A ↔ M2B; M1B ↔ M2C; M1C ↔ M2A), the basic graph
will be displayed as it is depicted in a fig. 28. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom all 3 sine
waves in their steady state (at the end of the graph), to their maximum (peak) value, as long as
the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of
window MC's PlotXY plot we find the icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the
peak value of individual sinus waves. There are the results: M1A ↔ M2B = 452 V; M1B ↔
M2C = 746 V; M1C ↔ M2A = 937 V. In a fig. 29, fig. 30, and fig. 31 we can see all
properly measured values in the node M.
At the end we select the node N. We press the symbol minus in circle in menu MC's
PlotXY - Data selection, select the individual pairs of a node N, and press the button PLOT
(fig. 32)
Fig. 32 PlotXY – Substraction of the mating phase voltage (pairs in nodes N)

We select the node N (N1A ↔ N2B; N1B ↔ N2C; N1C ↔ N2A), the basic graph will
be displayed as it is depicted in a fig. 33. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom all 3 sine waves
in their steady state (at the end of the graph), to their maximum (peak) value, as long as the
value of individual sinus waves. There are the results: N1A ↔ N2B = 494 V; N1B ↔ N2C =
1395 V; N1C ↔ N2A = 1323 V. In a fig. 34, fig. 35 and fig. 36 we can see all properly
measured values in the node N.
Conclusion
The results show us, that the difference in voltage drop, in last measured node N is
1395 V (UN max), what represents reduced losses by using transposition. Voltage drop in the
node K, is not significant, because the node is placed immediately behind the electric source.
The results for node K:

K1A ↔ K2B = 10 V
K1B ↔ K2C = 13 V
K1C ↔ K2A = 17 V
∆UK [V]
UK min = 10 V
UK max = 17 V
The results for node L:

L1A ↔ L2B = 118 V
L1B ↔ L2C = 220 V
L1C ↔ L2A = 342 V
∆UL [V]
UL min = 118 V
UL max = 342 V
The results for node M:

M1A ↔ M2B = 452 V
M1B ↔ M2C = 746 V
M1C ↔ M2A = 937 V
∆UM [V]
UM min = 452 V
UM max = 937 V
The results for node N:

N1A ↔ N2B = 494 V
N1B ↔ N2C = 1395 V
N1C ↔ N2A = 1323 V
∆UN [V]
UN min = 494 V
UN max = 1395 V
9 COMPENSATION OF INDUCTIVE LOAD
9.1 Example 1
Assignment
Another common problem in electric power systems is compensation of inductive

load. We are using the parallel compensation by capacitor in our conditions. For a simple
demonstration, the model is created according to following circuit diagram.

 Line-to-line voltage: U12 = 90  e j  0° kV
 f = 50 Hz
 3-phases RLC symmetric load (represents the impedance of short electric line from the
electric source to overhead line): R = 0,5 , XL = 1 , C = 0 µF
 3-phases RLC symmetric load (Z1) (star connected): R = 400 , XL = 300 , C = 0 µF
 3-phases RLC symmetric load (represents the impedance of capacitor - Z2, star
connected): R = ? Ω, XL = ? Ω, C = ? µF
The capacitor will be connected to electric circuit in time 0,1 s. The parameters of electric
line v1 are depicted in a fig. 4.
U
U max  zdr 2
3
90000
U max  2  73484, 692  V 
3
We continue with component, which is called RLC_3.sup, which represents the

impedance of short electric line from the electric source to overhead line. We proceed as
follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select
component which is called RLC_3.sup from selection menu Standard Component....
Double click of left mouse button on component RLC_3.sup, it displays input window of
component, where we enter the following values: R = 0,5 Ω, L = 1 Ω. In a fig. 3 we see all
properly entered values of component RLC_3.sup.

In series with RLC_3.sup component, we placed component, which is called LCC,

which represents electric line. We insert it as follows: Right mouse button click on the
desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the type of electric line, which is called LCC
from selection menu, Lines/Cables. Double click of left mouse button on component LCC, it
displays input window, where we enter the following values:

Units = Metric
Model type = Bergeron (specified in the assignment)
Standard data:
Length [km] = 50 km (length of electric line)
We enter the values in a part Data according to fig. 4. Press the button OK, name the
electric line LCC and save it. It displays a warning, if we want to generate (*.alc) file for
LCC, press YES and the computation of electric line will begun. We have to save every
model of LCC (overhead line) into the specific folder in a directory (C:\EEUG\ATPDraw\lcc)
in ATPDraw program. Every LCC model has to have its specific name. In a fig. 5 and fig. 6
we see all properly entered values of component LCC.

Behind the component LCC we place 3 measuring probes - Ammeters (RMB - Probes
& 3-phase - Probe Curr), as it is depicted in a fig. 1. (RMB - right mouse button). Double
click of left mouse button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3
Phases but we check just the only one checkbox A (we will compare the values only in phase
A - L1, in this example). This setting is valid for all 3 ammeters which are placed in the
electric scheme.
We placed another measuring probe called voltmeter, in the node connecting all 3
ammeters (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Probe Volt). Double click of left mouse button on
voltmeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases but we check just the only
one checkbox A.
We continue with component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph, which represents the load.
We proceed as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and
we select component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph from selection menu Branch Linear.
Double click of left mouse button on component RLC-Y 3-ph, it displays input window of
component, where we enter the following values: R_1 = R_2 = R_3 = 400 L_1 = L_2 =
L_3 = 300 Ω. For a better overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z1.
(Z1 = "Z" is an abbreviation of Slovak word "zataz", what in English means "LOAD"). In a
fig. 7 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Z1).
We continue with the second branch, which is in parallel connection with the first
branch. We insert Three-phase switch. We create it as follows: Right mouse button click on
the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select the type of switch which is called Switch
time 3-ph from the selection menu Switches. Double click of left mouse button on
component Switch time 3-ph, it displays input window of switch, where we enter the
following values: T-cl is a closing time of switch, what is in our case 0,1 s (T-cl_1 = T-cl_2 =
T-cl_3). T-op is opening time of switch. This time was not specified in assignment, so we
enter the time of 10 s (T-op_1 = T-op_2 = T-op_3). In a fig. 8 we see all properly filled values
of component Switch time 3-ph.
In series with three-phase switch we placed the second load Z2. But at the first we
have to calculate the values of load according formulas which are bellow (also the result of
Thompson resonance formula - parallel compensation with condition cos φ = 1).
For parallel compensation, with condition cos φ = 1:
Z1  R  j  X L Z2   j  X C
Z
Z1  Z 2

R  j  X L    j  X C  
Z1  Z 2 R  j  X L  j  XC

R  X C2
 j 

X C  X L  X C  X L   R2
 Re j  Im

R2  X C  X L  R2  X C  X L 
2 2
ReZ 
cos  
Z
If cos φ = 1  ReZ   Z  ImZ   0
ImZ  

X C  X L  X C  X L   R2 
 0 .  .Two solutions: X C 
R 2  X L2
; XC  0
R2  X C  X L 
2
XL
For paralel compensation, sith the condition of cos   0,95 it follows:

R  X C2
ReZ  R2  X C  X L 
2
cos   
Z R  X C2
 j 

X C  X L  X C  X L   R2 
R2  X C  X L  R2  X C  X L 
2 2
R  R 2  X C2  2  X C  X L  X L2  X C
cos  
R 2

 X L2  R 2   X C  X L 
2

XC 
 
cos   R 2  X L2  X L  cos   R  1  cos 2  
Two solutions:
 
R 2  cos 2   1  X L2  cos 2 
XC 
 
cos   R 2  X L2  R  1  cos 2   X L  cos  
 
R 2  cos 2   1  X L2  cos 2 
After the entering values: for cos   0,95 ; Z1  R  j  X L  400  j  300  :

400  400 2  X C2  2  X C  300  300 2  X C
0,95 
400 2

 300 2  400 2   X C  300
2

7220 1520  39 1
XC    1483,447474   C  5,493693035 μF
7 21   XC
1520  39 7220 1
XC    579,4096686   C  2,145744232 μF
21 7   XC
After the entering values: for cos   1 ; Z1  R  j  X L  400  j  300  :

R X2
400  3002
2 2
1
XC   L
 833, 3   C  3,819718634 μF
XL 300   XC
1
XC  0  C   F (invalid solution)
  XC
For serial compensation, with condition of cos   1 it follows:

Z1  R  j  X L Z2   j  X C
Z  Z1  Z 2  R  j  X L  j  X C  Re j  Im
ReZ 
cos  
Z
If cos   1  ReZ   Z  ImZ   0

ImZ   j  X L  j  X C  0  XC  X L
For serial compensation, with condition of cos   0,95 it follows:
ReZ  R R
cos    
Z R  j  X L  j  XC R2   X C  X L 
2
Two solutions:
X L  cos   R  1  cos 2 
XC 
cos 
R  1  cos 2   X L  cos 
XC 
cos 
After the entering values: for cos   0,95 , Z1  R  j  X L  400  j  300  :

400  39 1
X C  300   431,473642   C  18,88783986 μF
19   XC
400  39 1
XC   300  168,5263579   C  7,377273027 μF
19   XC
After the entering values: for cos   1 ; Z1  R  j  X L  400  j  300  :
1
X C  X L  300   C  10,61032954 μF
  XC
For simplification, bellow will be procedure only for the paralel compensation, where
cos  = 1.
Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select
component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph from selection menu Branch Linear. Double click
of left mouse button on component RLC-Y 3-ph, it displays input window of component,
where we enter the following values: C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 3,819718634 F. For a better
overview we can name the component in input field Label on Z2. In a fig. 9 we see all
properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (Z2).
appropriate input field and press the OK button. We will name 4 nodes. Node connecting
component LCC and the first ammeter as UZOL1. Node connecting the second ammeter and
component RLC-Y 3-ph (Z1) as UZOL2. Node connecting the third ammeter and three-phase
switch as UZOL3. Node connecting all three ammeters as UZOL (it is recommended to use
capital letters and numbers). ("UZOL" is a Slovak translation of English word "NODE").
Under the term node, we understand also the ending of a component, not only connection of
branches in ATPDraw program. The node, on which we entered a name, will change its
colour from red to black. We ground the outputs of components RLC-Y 3-ph (Z1) and RLC-Y
3-ph (Z2) in this way that we double click of left mouse button on them (outputs = nodes), it
displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of nodes on Ground. There is
final scheme depicted in fig. 10.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of currents measured by ammeters. (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
A window will be displayed, where at the left side we can see the list of variables: t, 3
variables for current and 1 variable for voltage. Left mouse button click on three variables
which describe current and press the button PLOT (fig. 12).
the maximum (peak) value of individual currents I1max, I2max and I3max, after the time 0,1 s,
so after the compensation. Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak values of
sine waves to their maximum (peak) value, as long as the program displays warning "Unable
to zoom so deeply". On the left bottom palette of window MC's PlotXY plot we find the
icon "Show cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of individual sinus waves.
Automatically, it displays a window which is called Values, where we find out the maximum
value of individual currents. I1max = 116 [A] (fig. 14). I2max = 145 [A] (fig. 15). I3max = 87 [A]
(fig. 16).
Fig. 13 Display of a waveforms of currents
After that we find out instantaneous power P till and after the compensation. We
proceed as follows: We select the current, which flows in both branches, in menu MC's
PlotXY - Data selection. In this example, it is the current I1 (c:UZOL1A-UZOLA) and this
current will be multiplicated (button x in circle) with voltage (v:UZOLA) and press the
button PLOT (fig. 17).
instantaneous power P till compensation (till 0,1 s). Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the
vicinity of peak value of sine wave to its maximum (peak) value (till 0,1 s), as long as the
value of sine wave. Next to this icon, there is the result. PPRED = 9,038 MW (fig. 19). (PPRED =
"PRED" is a Slovak word what in English means "BEFORE or TILL").
Fig. 18 Display of a waveforms of powers
After that we find out instantaneous power P after the compensation (after 0,1 s).
Using the mouse we stepwise zoom the vicinity of peak value of sine wave to its maximum
(peak) value (after 0,1 s), as long as the program displays warning "Unable to zoom so
cursor" and this cursor we placed at the peak value of sine wave. Next to this icon, there is
the result. PPO = 8,456 MW (fig. 20). (PPO = "PO" is a Slovak word what in English means
"AFTER").
Conclusion
I1max = 116 [A]

I2max = 145 [A]
I3max = 87 [A]
PPRED = 9,038 MW
PPO = 8,456 MW
10 THREE-PHASE POWER CONVERTER
10.1 Example 1
Assignment
Analysis of circuits of power converters brings us in consequences of repeated

switching and other phenomena associated with switching many complications, which limit
the usage of mathematical analysis. Nowadays, we can use the computational programs as
EMTP or PSPICE, with the help of which we can realize calculations to solve the problem.
In a fig. 1, we see the electric scheme, where the additional filter circuits (5., 7., 11. a
13. harmonic) are connected to electric source and snubbers are connected to individual
diodes. Three-phase AC source with an internal impedance and voltage 287,5 kV is connected
to transformer. 100 km transmission line is connected to source through DC reactors. The
load is connected at the end of electric line.
Fig. 1 Diagram of three-phase uncontrolled rectifier with filtering of higher harmonics
In a controlled rectifier, the impulse would be implemented on the control electrode of

thyristor by control system TACS. The voltage on transformer's secondary winding is 120 kV.
The current has the same running without using the filter as the current, which flows into the
rectifier. The effect of filter (high harmonic) can be considered from the content of high
harmonic. The highest level of in 5-th harmonic is 5 % related to first harmonic with filter, but
without filter 5-th harmonic is 16 % and 7-th harmonic is 8 %. To eliminate the impact of
higher harmonics, in addition to filtration, the multi phase rectifiers can be used.
As the first, we create the electric scheme (circuit diagram) according to fig. 1 in
ATPDraw program and we select the type of source, which is called AC 3-ph type 14 (3-
U
U max  zdr 2
3
287500
U max  2  234743 V 
3
seconds]). The consequence of value Tsto = 0, is the infinite voltage source. We do not
change the radio button from the part Type of Source. We leave it on Voltage. For a better
overview, we can name the source in input field Label on U. In a fig. 2 we see all properly
entered values of source AC 3-ph type 14.
We continue with component, which is called Line RL, which represents the internal
impedance of transformer. The component Line RL was chosen because we can enter both
positive and zero sequence of impedance of transformer. We proceed as follows: Right mouse
follows: R0 = 1 L0 = 40 m; R+ = 0,3 and L+ = 20 m.
R+ a L+ represents positive sequence of resistance and reactance of transformer

R0 a L0 represents zero sequence of resistance and reactance of transformer
In a fig. 3 we see all properly entered values of component Line RL.
Fig. 3 Setting parameters for Line RL component
In series with component Line RL, we insert measuring probe called Ammeter. (RMB
- Probes & 3-phase - Probe Curr). (RMB - right mouse button). Double click of left mouse
button on ammeter, it displays window, where we select the option 3 Phases and check all
In parallel to ammeter, we place the component, which is called RLC-Y 3-ph, which
represents the filter element. We insert it as follows: Right mouse button click on the desktop
of ATPDraw program and we select component, which is called RLC-Y 3-ph from selection
menu Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on component RLC-Y 3-ph, it
displays input window of component, where we enter the following values: R_1 = R_2 = R_3
= 500 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0 mH and C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0,1 μF. We ground the output of
component RLC-Y 3-ph in this way that, we double click of left mouse button on it (output =
node), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of node on Ground. In
a fig. 4 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph.
Fig. 4 Setting parameters of RLC-Y component
The next component which the scheme contain is 2-winding saturable transformer.
we select the type of transformer which is called Saturable 3 phase from selection menu
Transformers. Double click of left mouse button on transformer saturable 3 phase, it
displays input window of transformer, where we enter the following values:
U1 - Voltage on primary winding (star connected) - (287,5/√3 ) = 166 [kV]

U2 - Voltage on secondary winding (star connected) - (120/√3 ) = 69,3 [kV]
R [ohm] on primary winding = 1 Ω
R [ohm] on secondary winding = 0,2 Ω
L [mH, ohm] on primary winding = 260 mH
L [mH, ohm] on secondary winding = 0,5 mH
Coupling is in both cases in star connected, so (Y). Phase Shift is 0. After that we
check the checkbox RMS (enter RMS values) and uncheck the checkbox 3-leg core. I(0) = 0
A, F(0) = 0 Wb, Rm = 800000 Ω.
Neutral point of primary and secondary transformer winding is grounded (double click
of left mouse button on them (outputs = nodes), it displays field (window) of a nodes, and we
check the property of nodes on Ground). In a fig. 5 we see all properly entered values of
transformer Saturable 3 phase.
We continue with inserting of filter elements (5-th, 7-th, 11-th and 13-th harmonic
component of voltage), which are connected on primary winding of transformer.
Filter element of 5-th harmonic: Right mouse button click on the desktop of
ATPDraw program and we select component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph from selection
= 0,01 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 100 mH and C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 4,0528 μF. For a better
overview we can name the component in input field Label on 5. We ground the output of
component RLC-Y 3-ph (5.) in this way that, we double click of left mouse button on it
(output = node), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of node on
Ground. In a fig. 6 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (5.).
Fig. 6 Setting parameters of RLC-Y component (5th harmonics filter)
In parallel to 2-winding transformer we place the component which is called RLC-Y

3-ph, which represents alternative component (shunt admittance). Right mouse button click
on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph
from selection menu Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on component RLC-
Y 3-ph, it displays input window of component, where we enter the following values: R_1 =
R_2 = R_3 = 1000 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0 mH a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0,005 μF. We ground
the output of component RLC-Y 3-ph in this way that, we double click of left mouse button
on it (output = node), it displays field (window) of a node, and we check the property of node
on Ground. In a fig. 10 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph.

In series with 2-winding transformer we place the component which is called RLC 3-
ph, which represents alternative component (direct-axis impedance). Right mouse button
click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select component which is called RLC 3-
ph from selection menu Branch Linear. Double click of left mouse button on component
RLC 3-ph, it displays input window of component, where we enter the following values: R_1
= R_2 = R_3 = 0 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 20 mH a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0 μF. We select the type
Current from the selection box Output (current measurement). In a fig. 11 we see all
properly entered values of component RLC 3-ph.
Fig. 11 Setting parameters of RLC-3 component
In parallel to component RLC 3-ph we place component which is called RLC-Y 3-ph,
which represents alternative component (shunt admittance). Right mouse button click on the
R_3 = 1000 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0 mH a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0,005 μF. We ground the
output of component RLC-Y 3-ph in this way that, we double click of left mouse button on it
Ground. We select the type Voltage from the selection box Output (voltage measurement).
In a fig. 12 we see all properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph.
In series with component RLC 3-ph we place the same component RLC-Y 3-ph,
which represents the overvoltage protection. Right mouse button click on the desktop of
= 5000 L_1 = L_2 = L_3 = 0 mH a C_1 = C_2 = C_3 = 0,005 μF.
This component RLC-Y 3-ph (overvoltage protection) is placed in the electric scheme
for 2 times, so we copy it and insert it on a place according the electric scheme, which is
depicted in a fig. 1. Both of these components have the same values. In a fig. 13 we see all
properly entered values of component RLC-Y 3-ph (overvoltage protection). Entered values
are valid for both components.
Fig. 13 Setting parameters of RLC-Y component (surge arrester – overvoltage protection)
Another component which the electric scheme contain is component which is called
Diode (type 11), which represents the rectifier diode. We insert it as follows: Right mouse
button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select component which is called
Diode (type 11) from selection menu Switches. Double click of left mouse button on
component Diode (type 11), it displays input window of component, where the values of all
attributes are equal to 0.
This component (rectifier diode) is placed in the electric scheme for 6 times. Two
rectifier diodes are placed in series to each other. This pair of rectifier diodes are in parallel to
other pair of rectifier diodes (fig. 1). In a fig. 14 we see all properly entered values of
component Diode (type 11), (the values are valid for all 6 rectifier diodes).
Fig. 14 Setting parameters of rectifying diodes
We placed the component which is called Splitter in the node connected components
RLC 3-ph (alternative component), RLC-Y 3-ph (alternative component) a RLC-Y 3-ph,
(overvoltage protection). (RMB - Probes & 3-phase - Splitter). Its phases are rotated to the
right, so we have to rotate component in this way that its phases will lead upwards (fig. 1).
We name its individual phases from left to right as L1, L2 and L3.
We connect the phase L1 with the first pair of rectifier diodes (bottom pair). We
connect the phase L2 with the second pair of rectifier diodes (middle pair). We connect the
phase L3 with the third pair of rectifier diodes (top pair).
We continue with component, which is called RLC.sup, which represents the snubber.
we select component, which is called RLC.sup from selection menu Standard
Component.... Double click of left mouse button on component RLC.sup, it displays input
window of component, where we enter the following values: R = 0,05 , L = 500 mH and C =
0 μF.
This component RLC.sup is placed in the electric scheme for 2 times, so we copy it
and insert it parallelly to the first component RLC.sup (fig.1). Both of these components have
the same values. In a fig. 15 we see all properly entered values of component RLC.sup (the
values are valid for both components).
Fig. 15 Setting parameters of RLC component (DC reactors to smooth voltage)
We place the component, which is called Line Z -T, on outputs of both components
RLC.sup. Component Line Z -T represents the transmission line. We insert it as follows:
Right mouse button click on the desktop of ATPDraw program and we select Distributed,
then Transposed lines (Clarke) and finally 2 phase from selection menu Lines/Cables.
Double click of left mouse button on component Line Z -T, it displays input window of
component, where we enter the following values:
Positive sequence of resistance of transmission line: R/l+ = 0,05 Ω/km

Zero sequence of resistance of transmission line: R/l0 = 0,2 Ω/km
Positive sequence of reactance of transmission line: A+ = 300 mH/km
Zero sequence of reactance of transmission line: A0 = 750 mH/km
Positive sequence of capacitance of transmission line: B+ = 300000 µF/km
Zero sequence of resistance of transmission line: B0 = 250000 µF/km
Length of transmission line: l = 100 km
ILINE = 1 (enter the value from 0 to 1)
IPUNCH = 0 (lumped-resistive modelling)
In a fig. 16 we see all properly entered values of component Line Z -T.
Fig. 16 Setting parameters of 100 km transmission line

The last component, which the scheme contain, is component, which is called
RLC.sup, which represents load. We insert it as follows: Right mouse button click on the
desktop of ATPDraw program and we select component, which is called RLC.sup from
selection menu Standard Component.... Double click of left mouse button on component
RLC.sup, it displays input window of component, where we enter the following values: R =
200 Ω, L = 30 mH and C = 0 µF. We select the type Voltage from the selection box Output
(voltage measurement). In a fig. 17 we see all properly entered values of component RLC.sup.
Fig. 17 Setting parameters of RLC component (load)
button on a node, to which we want to get a name and we enter the name of node in an
appropriate input field and press the OK button. We will name the 11 nodes. Node,
connecting the electric source and component Line RL as ST. Node connecting component
Line RL and ammeter as STS. Node on primary winding of transformer as T1. Node on
secondary winding of transformer as T2. Node connecting component RLC 3-ph (direct-axis
admittance), component RLC-Y 3-ph (shunt admittance) and component RLC-Y 3-ph
(overvoltage protection) as RST. (The names of mentioned nodes represent terminals, which
are labelled as R, S, T). Nodes connecting rectifier diodes and RLC.sup components as NEG
respectively POS. (NEG = negative side voltage; POS = positive side voltage). Nodes
connecting RLC.sup components and component Line Z - T as NEGL respectively POSL.
(NEGL = negative line voltage; POSL = positive line voltage). Nodes on both outputs of
component Line Z-T as NEGLE respectively POSLE. (NEGLE = negative voltage at line
end; POSLE = positive voltage at line end). It is recommended to use capital letters and
numbers. Under the term node we understand also the ending of a component, not only
connection of branches in ATPDraw program. The node, on which we entered a name, will
change its colour from red to black. There is final scheme depicted in fig. 18.
for two items from menu Settings: Delta T represents the smallest step of computation, what
is in our case 2,5 ∙ 10−6 s (notation 2,5E−6). Tmax represents the length of simulation, what
is in our case 0,1 s. In a fig. 19 we see all properly entered values of ATP Settings.
line. After that it will be displayed the waveform of chosen currents and voltages. (ATP -
Run Plot XY).
A window will be displayed; where at the left side we can see the list of variables: t, 4
variables for voltage and 6 variables for current. Left mouse button click on two variables,
which describe current, specifically c: STSA–T1A and c: T2A–RSTA and press the button
PLOT (fig. 20).
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 21, where are graphically
displayed the waveforms of currents: current network and rectifier current flowing in
phase A.
Fig. 21 A course of currents of phase A - main supply current and current into rectifier
After that we find out the load voltage and waveform of voltage on input to the
rectifier in phase A. We proceed as follows: In menu MC's PlotXY - Data selection, we
select two variables for voltage, specifically v: RSTA– and v: POSLE-NEGLE and press the
button PLOT (fig. 22).
The basic graph will be displayed as it is depicted on fig. 23, where are graphically
displayed the waveforms of voltages: load voltage and waveform of voltage on input to the
rectifier in phase A.
Fig. 23 Load voltage and voltage of phase A on the input of rectifier

11 CABLES
Electromagnetic waves propagate variously inside the cable (between the core and
shield) and outside the cable, due to different dielectric constants – permittivities (inside
150 m/s, outside 250 to 300 m/s). Therefore, especially for the calculation of high-
frequency transients it is necessary to enter the correct permittivity also inside the cable and
outside the cable. The simplest model of the cable is possible to create by general element
with distributed parameters, but this model models only inside part of the cable. This can be
used in the case, that the sheath voltage is negligible (perfectly grounded cable). Alternatively
it may be used a combination of external and internal links, as is the case in the ideal
transformer. For modeling cables there are mainly used in EMTP procedure CABLE
CONSTANTS and CABLE PARAMETERS.
Multiphase open cable system
Properties:
 Suitable for cables placed in air and in the ground
 Cable layout is in Fig. 1
 It is possible to neglect the second insulator, armour and the third insulator
 It is used especially for one-phase cables placed in the ground
Fig. 1 Layout of a single-core cable
Multiphase cable system enclosed in pipe
Properties:
 Pipe (tube) could be also from the material of very low conductivity as a concrete
 Cable layout in in Fig. 2
 It is used for multi-phase cables
Fig. 2 Layout of a three-phase cable

For both type of cables there are used the same models as for the overhead lines.
However, for cables there is higher capacity on terminals. Sheaths and armour can be
grounded variously, it is possible also cross-connection of sheaths.
As a example, in Fig. 3 there is introduced above-the-ground coaxial cable of core

radius 2,5 mm, sheath radii 10 and 11 mm and cover 12,5 mm. Relative permitivity of
insutator is equal to 4, cable length 10 m and cabel is 0,1 m above the ground. Cabel is loaded
at the end by resistance 50  (it correspond to almost impedance adjustment) and at the
beginning, there is injected unit-pulse voltage signal (Fig. 3).
U
Fig. 3 Comparising of coaxial cable models
In Fig. 4 one can see characteristics of voltages on voltage sources and on the cable
end with utilizing  - model and frequency independent model of overhead line.
120
[%]
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [s] 1.0
source pi model frequency independent
Fig. 4 Response to a step-voltage in the different models of the coaxial cable
For  - model of overhead line there was necessary to consider, that in series
parameters there is indicated reactance, and therefore it is necessary control setting of Xopt
parameter. On Fig. 4 is not introduced the characteristics of frequency dependent models (for
better information), but in general, it could be not at all different as these ones, because of
high frequency 5 MHz. For particular types of cables and their placing, on-ground,
aboveground and cabel placed in the ground offers menu of ATPDraw the dialog of some
types of models and it is the feeling of practical experiences, which one from the adequate
model (frequency dependent) is suitable to use for particular case.
11.1 The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw

In ATPDraw will be created circuit diagram according to Fig. 5. On model of voltage
source will be set in entry Amp value 100, and in entry Tsta value 1.5E-7 and in entry Tsto
value 1, what invove that the voltage source will be active for 1 second. In Type of source we
set option Voltage (Fig. 6). We will read 1-phase current, so we will set number of phases 1
(Fig. 7).
Fig. 5 Circuit diagram in

ATPDraw
Fig. 7 Setting of phase number
Fig. 6 Setting of parameters of voltage source U
By the following algorithm (Fig. 8) we choose the cable type (Lines/Cables  LCC).
Fig. 8 Inserting of element – cable – to scheme
In the cable setting menu we change in tab Model in block System type option to
Single Core Cable, number of phases Ph to 2, cable numbers in Number of cables to 1, in
entry Cables in we set “in air” (Air). In block Model and in entry Type we choose type
Bergeron (constant parameters) and in block Standard data in sequence, we set ground
resisitivity Rho 100, frequency Freq. init 50000 and length of cable Length 10.
Fig. 9 Setting of cable parameters
In cable setting, we change in tab Data the value of the overall cable radius Total
radius 0.0125. We set the sheath by the check option Sheath, and in block Position we
change the vertical value Vertical to 0.1 and horizontal value Horizontal we leave it equal to
0. Then we set values for core and sheath according to Fig. 10.
Fig. 10 Setting parameters of cable

The load value we set in entry RES to 50. As we want to determine the voltage value
on the load, in entry Output we set option Voltage.
Simulation (Fig. 12). As it is a short transient phenomena, the calculation stem must be
adjusting delta T 1E–6 s and similarly also the calculation time, for example Tmax 1E–6 s.
In entry Xopt we change value to 5000000 (i.e. 5 MHz) (Fig. 13).
Fig. 12 ATP – Settings Fig. 13 Dialog window Settings – Simulation
subdirectory of ATP with the same name with file extension *.atp (Fig. 14). By the command
run ATP from top menu ATP there will be executed the calculation in ATP, where the
results will be files with file extensions *.lis and *.pl4 (Fig. 15). Then, in ATPDraw, from the
top menu by option ATP run PlotXY there one can run the graphical postprocesor (Fig. 16).
Fig. 14 ATP – Make File… Fig. 15 ATP – run ATP Fig. 16 ATP – run PlotXY
In window PloxXY, with the marking by v: XX0001 there is introduced the

characteristics of voltage from source and by v: XX0011 – XX0009 the characteristics of
voltage on the load. By click on left mouse button one can mark the characteristics that will
be displayed, and by click on button Plot there will be displayed.
Fig. 17 Dialog window of sub-program PlotXY for characteristics displaying
Fig. 18 Voltage characteristics of the particular cable

12 TRANSFORMERS
Fig. 1 2-winding transformer
In Fig. 1 is depicted cutting of 2-winding transformer, for which are valid equations:
d d
u1  (Φ0  Φ1 )  N1  i1  R1 u2  (Φ0  Φ2 )  N 2  i2  R2 (1)
dt dt
where 0, 1 and 2 are fluxes linked generally with both windings (primary, secondary).
Flux 0 is applied especially within iron core and determines the magnetizing characteristics.
Flux 0 is mutual in both equations and form equations (1) results in:
 d   d 
N 2   u1  Φ1  i1  R1   N1   u 2  Φ2  i2  R2  (2)
 dt   dt 
This equation corresponds to equivalent circutit diagram with idela transformer

according to Fig. 2. Circuit of flux 0 (magnetizing flux) could be connected at any side of
ideal transformer. For leakage fluxes 1 and 2 correspond inductances L1, L2, and R1, R2 are
resistances of windings.
Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit diagram of two winding transformer
Model of transformer with three winding is in Fig. 3. This model correspond to

assumption, that every winding has its own flux. In real conditions, the winding 1 and
winding 2 have not fully identical flux, as for winding 2 and winding 3. However, for most of
cases this model is sufficiently accurate. The mentioned models are usable up to frequencies
of some kHz. For higher frequencies, above the 10 kHz, or in case of atmospherical or
switching overvoltage the voltage distribution in primary winding is not linear because of
parasitic capacities against the ground and within the winding. For these cases there could be
the first winding modelled in several sections. Every section has its self and mutual
inductance to other.
Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit diagram of three winding transformer
Then, the overall winding including the primary, secondary, etc. is represented by so-
called inductance matrix. Accordingly, there is necessary to know the configuration of metal
core. For high frequencies, there is almost no flux penetration iwards to metal core. For
frequency range, which corresponds to atmospherical impuses, the iron core substitute the air.
Inductance matrix is in form (L are the self- and M are the mutual- inductances of particular,
in this case four, reactors):
L11
M 12 L22
(3)
M 13 M 23 L33
M 14 M 24 M 34 L44
The example of transformer connection 550/300 kV to network is in Fig. 4 considers

the single-line scheme and in EMTP it utilizes the procedure SATURABLE
TRANSFORMER, by which in ATPDraw one can place the values of elements of equivalent
circuit diagram including the open-circuit characteristics.
U
Fig. 4 One-phase two-winding transformer connected to network
Because of saturation, caused by magnetizing characteristics, during the transformer

connection to network, the substantial current flows to transformer, as it is displayed in Fig. 5.
300 1200
[kV] [A]
1000
200
800
100
600
0
400
-100
200
-200
0
-300 -200
0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50
secondary voltage primary current
Fig. 5 Connection of transformer to network and characteristics of secondary voltage and primary
current
12.1 The sequence of steps for entering data in ATPDraw

In ATPDraw will be created circuit diagram according to Fig. 6. On model of voltage
source will be set in entry Amp value 428660.7, and in entry Tsta value 0.01 and in entry
Tsto value 1, what invove that the voltage source will be active for 1 second. In Type of
source we set option Voltage. We choose the phase shift in entry Pha to –90 and frequency
in entry f 50 (Fig. 7).
Fig. 6 Circuit diagram in

ATPDraw
Fig. 7 Setting of parameters of voltage source U
We assign in RLC component in entry R the value 0.5, to L the value 30 and to C the
value 0. Because we want to read the current value on this component, in block Output we
set the option to Current.
Fig. 8 Setting parameters of RLC component

For transformer we set in tab Attributes to particular entries the values according to
following table.
Fig. 9 Setting parameters of saturable transformer
Similarly, in tab Characteristic we set the values of saturation characteristics

according to following table.
Fig. 10 Setting parameters of saturable transformer
We will read the 1-phase voltage, then we set number of phase to 1 (Fig. 11).
Fig. 11 Setting of phase number

Simulation (Fig. 12). As it is a short transient phenomena, the calculation stem must be
adjusting delta T 5E–5 s and similarly, the calculation time, for example Tmax 0.1 (Fig. 13).
Fig. 12 ATP – Settings Fig. 13 Dialog window Settings – Simulation
subdirectory of ATP with the same name with file extension *.atp (Fig. 14). By the command
run ATP from top menu ATP there will be executed the calculation in ATP, where the
results will be files with file extensions *.lis and *.pl4 (Fig. 15). Then, in ATPDraw, from the
top menu by option ATP run PlotXY there one can run the graphical postprocesor (Fig. 16).
Fig. 14 ATP – Make File… Fig. 15 ATP – run ATP Fig. 16 ATP – run PlotXY
And in window PlotXY with the marking v: XX0006 there is introduced the secondary
voltage course on the transformer winding and c: XX0001 – XX0003 is the current course on
RLC component (primary current). By clicking of left mouse button (indication of votage
course) and right mouse button (indication of current course) there will be marked courses for
Fig. 17 Dialog window of sub-program PlotXY for courses displaying
Fig. 18 Courses of current and voltage in above-mentioned circuit

Literature 225
LITERATURE
[1] Meyer, W. S. – Liu, T.-H.: Alternative Transient Program (ATP) Rule Book.
Canadian/American EMTP User Group, 1987-2000.
[2] Kizilcay, M.: Power System Transients and Their Computation. Osnabrück, 2000.
[3] Prikler, L. – Høidalen, H. K.: ATPDraw User’s Manual, 1998-2009.
[4] Mach, V.: EMTP – ATP. [Online] [citované 1. júl 2011] Dostupné na
< http://homen.vsb.cz/~mah30/ >.
[5] Medveď, D. – Hvizdoš, M.: Modelovanie v prostredí EMTP-ATP. – 1. vyd – Košice :
TU - 2011. - 74 s. - ISBN 978-80-553-0776-3.
[6] Mešter, M. – Hvizdoš, M. – Chladný, V.: Alternative Transient Program – The
Professional Tool for Power Engineering Simulations. In: The Oradea University
Annals, Electrotechnical Section, Oradea, 2003, p. 179-184. ISSN 1223-2106.
[7] Medveď, D.: Electric losses modeling of decentralized power sources connection using
EMTP ATP. In: ELEN 2010, ČVUT Praha, 2010, p. 1-9. ISBN 978-80-254-8089-2.
[8] Kizilcay, M.: Alternative Transients Program Features. [Online] [citované 1. júl 2011]
Dostupné na < http://www.emtp.org/ >.
[9] Haginomori, E.: Applied ATP-EMTP to Highly-sophisticated electric power systems.
[Online] [citované 1. júl 2011] Dostupné na < http://gundam.eei.eng.osaka-
u.ac.jp/haginomori/index.html >.
[10] Rot, D. – Kožený, J.: Modelování startu tavby oxidů kovů elektromagnetickou indukcí
ve studeném kelímku. ElectroScope, 2010, roč. 2010, č. 4, s. 1-6. ISSN: 1802-4564.
[11] Mešter, M. – Hvizdoš, M. – Chladný, V.: Alternative Transient Program –
profesionálny nástroj pre modelovanie prechodných javov v elektrizačných sústavách.
In: EE – Časopis pre elektrotechniku a energetiku, Bratislava, Vol. 9, No. 5/S, 2003, p.
15-17. ISSN 1335-2547.
[12] Hvizdoš, M. – Mešter, M.: Modelovanie výkonových transformátorov s využitím
programu ATP. In: EE – Časopis pre elektrotechniku a energetiku, Bratislava, Vol. 10,
No. 5/S, 2004, p. 45-48. ISSN 1335-2547.
[13] Hvizdoš, M. – Mešter, M.: Modelovanie zemných porúch na vonkajších vedeniach. In:
EPE 2005, VŠB – TU Ostrava, 2005, p. 1-9. ISBN 80-248-0842-0.
[14] Hvizdoš, M.: Modelovanie prevádzkových a poruchových stavov v elektrizačnej sústave.
In: E2006/10 – Simulace a dynamické modelování systémů a procesů v elektrizační
soustavě, EGÚ Praha, 2006, p. 1-16.
[15] Medveď, D.: Modelovanie prechodných dejov pri pripojovaní rozptýlených zdrojov
energie v prostredí EMTP ATP. In: Elektroenergetika, Vol. 3, No. 7, 2010, p. 15-18.
ISSN 1337-6756.
Dušan Medveď
SIMULATION IN ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
A collection of excercises I
Publisher: Technical University of Košice, in 2017
Circulation: 100 pcs
ISBN 978-80-553-3142-3

Simulation in Electric Power System-Exercises I

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Simulation in Electric Power System

Author: Ing. Dušan Medveď, PhD.

Reviewers: Ing. Jaroslav Džmura, PhD.

© 2017, Ing. Dušan Medveď, PhD.

Publisher: Technical University of Košice

If you can’t explain it simply,

Košice, 2017 author

When dumb is silent,

The selection menu for selecting the circuit elements:

Fig. 1.1 Menu for selecting the elements in the circuit

Probes & 3-phase

2 DIRECT CURRENT EXCERCISES

Fig. 2.1 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit

2.1.1 Solution of transient phenomenon analyticaly

2.1.2 Solution of transient phenomenon by program EMTP-ATP

Fig. 2.2 Setting parameters for voltage source U

Another element, which appears in a scheme, is measuring probe called Ammeter.

Fig. 2.3 Setting parameters for resistor R

In series with resistor we place a component which is called inductor. We proceed

Fig. 2.4 Setting parameters for inductor L

Fig. 2.5 Setting parameters for switch S

Fig. 2.6 Wiring diagram of electric circuit in ATPDraw

Fig. 2.7 Dialog Settings – Simulation (ATP – Settings)

Fig. 2.8 PlotXY – Data selection

Fig. 2.10 The course of the voltage on resistor (detailed part)

Fig. 2.11 PlotXY – Data selection

Fig. 2.12 The course of the voltage on inductor

Fig. 2.13 The course of the voltage on inductor (detailed part)

The value of voltage U = 10 V, is given in the assignment. We can check it by addition

Fig. 2.14 PlotXY – Data selection

Fig. 2.15 The course of the current on resistor

3 1-PHASE CURRENT EXCERCISES

Fig. 3.1 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit

Fig. 3.2 Setting parameters for voltage source U

Another component which is placed in the scheme is a capacitor. We proceed

Fig. 3.5 Setting parameters for capacitor C

Fig. 3.6 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit

Fig. 3.7 Dialog Settings – Simulation (ATP – Settings)

Fig. 3.8 PlotXY – Data selection

Fig. 3.9 Display of a waveform of voltage

Manual Scaling window

Fig. 3.11 Manual Scaling window

Fig. 3.12 Waveform for value reading

At the end we calculate the value of phase shift φ, where:

The formal notation of result:

Ux = ux(t) = 2,5651  e j  317,2°  e jt [V]

Fig. 1 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit

Fig. 2 Setting parameters for current source I

Fig. 3-4 Setting parameters for resistors R1 and R2

Another component which is placed in the scheme is an inductor. We proceed

Fig. 5 Setting parameters for inductor L

It is clear that it is the parallel connection of resistor R1 to resistor R2 and inductor L

Fig. 6 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit

Fig. 7 Dialog Settings – Simulation (ATP – Settings)

Fig. 8 PlotXY – Data selection

Fig. 9 Display of a waveform of current

Fig. 10 Detailed peak value

Manual Scale button

Fig. 11 Manual Scaling window

Fig. 12 Waveform for value reading

At the end we calculate the value of phase shift φ, where:

The formal notation of result:

Ix = ix(t) = 0,37113  e j  53,8°  e jt [A]

Fig. 1 Wiring diagram of electrical circuit