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Review Article Open Access

A Review on Evaluation of Tablets

Haritha B*
ASN Pharmacy College, Tenali, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract
Tablets are defined as solid unit dosage form of medicaments intended for oral use. They became most popular as they were
easy in preparation compared to any other type of dosage forms. But the major drawback exists in its manufacturing. If any minor
problem occurs during their manufacturing then the whole batch of the unit should be discarded. It is necessary to avoid any sort of
errors during its manufacturing and as a result evaluation of tablets is very important before dispatching of a batch. In the present
study, we discussed about the evaluation tests for tablets.

Keywords: Solid unit dosage; Compression method; Indian Evaluation of Tablets

pharmacopoeia; Organoleptic properties
• Appearance,
Introduction • Size and Shape,
Tablets are a solid dosage form of medicaments with or without • Organoleptic properties,
excipients which are prepared by compression method. According to
the Indian Pharmacopoeia tablets are solid, flat or biconvex unit dosage • Uniformity of thickness,
form of a medicament alone or medicament along with excipients • Hardness,
prepared by compressing technique. They may vary in its size shape and
weight depending on the medicament and its mode of administration. • Friability,
Tablets are said to be most widely used conventional dosage forms due
• Drug Content Uniformity,
to its variety of advantages and 70% of the medicaments were dispensed
in tablet forms. Most of the medicaments can be processed into tablets • Weight Variation Test,
but there are some exceptions like medicaments with low density
characters, hygroscopic and the medicaments which were not possible • Wetting time,
to administer. Post-compression studies (Evaluation parameters) plays • Water Absorption Ratio,
a major role to release any dosage form into the market [1-25].
• In vitro Dispersion Time,
Advantages
• In vitro Disintegration Test,
• Unit dosage forms with dose precision,
• In vitro Dissolution Studies,
• Least content variability,
• Two set of apparatus,
• Administration of accurate amounts of minute doses of a drug
is possible, • Apparatus-1,

• Economical of all oral dosage forms as its production doesn’t • Apparatus-2.

requires additional processing steps,
Appearance
• Easy transportation,
Appearance is the first most required quality for the acceptance
• Sustain release of a drug can be achieved through enteric of tablet. General elegance and its identity play a major role for the
coating, consumer acceptance. Acceptance of the appearance of batches of the
tablet has been done based on the measurement of the following factors
• Medicaments with bitter taste can be masked with coating
like size, color, shape, presence or absence of odor, taste etc. [26-50].
technique (Sugar coating),
• Tablet dosage form is stable when compared to all oral dosage Size and shape
forms. Size and shape of a tablet has been determined by its thickness.
Disadvantages
Administration of drugs is not easy in case of children, *Corresonding author: Haritha B, Professor, ASN Pharmacy College, Tenali,
Andhra Pradesh, 522201, India; Tel: 086442 39595; E-mail: Haritha@gmail.com
Drugs with slow dissolution is not acceptable for tableting with Received March 20, 2017; Accepted April 04, 2017; Published April 08, 2017
good bioavailability,
Citation: Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets. J Formul Sci
Medicaments with low density characters and amorphous in nature Bioavailab 1: 107.
are difficult to compress, Copyright: © 2017 Haritha B. This is an open-access article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
Hygroscopic nature of drugs is not acceptable for tablet use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
compression. source are credited.

J Formul Sci Bioavailab, an open access journal Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107

Citation: Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets. J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1: 107.
Size and shape of a tables plays an important role in its patient
compliance as the size of the tablet increases it is not much easier for
its administration. Micrometer is the devise which is used to determine
the thickness of a tablet. It can be acceptable if the batch falls within the
±5% of standard deviation.
Organoleptic properties
Color should be distributed uniformly without appearance of any
signs of mottling. Colour of the tablet should be compared with the
standard colour for comparison.
Uniformity of thickness
To determine the uniformity of thickness random selection of
tablets has to be done from each and every batch and need to measure
its thickness independently. If the thickness of any single tablet varies
then the batch containing that batch will not be dispatched into market
(Figure 1).
Hardness
The ability of a tablet to withstand for mechanical shocks is known
as hardness. Pfizer hardness tester is the instrument which is used to
determine the hardness of tablet. It is expressed in kg/cm2. Take three
tablets from each batch and hardness should be determined and the
selection of tabled should be done randomly. Then the mean and
standard devialtion values should be determined.
Friability
Roche friabilator is the equipment which is used for the
determination of friability.
It is expressed in percentage.
Note down the initial weight of the tablets individually (W initial).
Tablets are placed in a plastic chamber which revolves at 25 rpm
and they are subjected to fall from a height of 6 inches in the friabilator
for about 100 revolutions. Then measure the weight of the tablet (W
final) and observe any weight difference before tablet and after the
friabilator processing (Figure 2).
Limits: loss in weight less than 0.5 to 1% of the initial weight of the
tablet should be considered as acceptable limits.
Percentage of friability is calculated as:
F={(W initial)- (W final)/ (W initial)}×100.
Drug content uniformity
Initially weigh the tablet and then powder it. Now the powdered
tablet is transferred into a 100 ml volumetric flask and add 0.1 N HCl
upto mark. Now filter the solution and discard first few ml of filtrate.
Take 10 ml of filtrate should be taken into a 50 ml volumetric flask and
add 0.1 N HCl up to the mark and analysed spectrophotometrically at
274 nm and 234.5 nm. The concentration of the content of the drug
Figure 1: Vernier callipers used to determine the diameter of the tablet.
J Formul Sci Bioavailab, an open access journal
Page 2 of 5
Figure 2: Roche friabilator.
Average weight of the tablet Percentage deviation
130 mg or less 10
More than 130 mg and less than 324 mg 7.5
Table 1: Percentage deviation in weight variation.
(μg/ml) was calculated by using the standard calibration curve of the
respective drug [51-75].
Drug content is calculated by using the below formula
Concentration of the drug in (μg/ml) × 100 × 50/10 × 1000
Weight variation test
Random selection of 20 tablets from each batch should be done
and note down the weight of the tablet individually and check for any
variation in its weight. According to US Pharmacopies small variations
in the weight is negligible and can be accepted. Below is the acceptable
limit of percentage deviation in weight variation (Table 1).
Wetting time
This method was performed to determine the wetting time of a
tablet. A piece of tissue paper which is folded twice is kept in a petridish
containing 6 ml of water and place the tablet on the tissue paper.
Observe the time taken for complete wetting of the tablet. Following
procedure should follow three times (three trial) for each batch and
standard deviation is also calculated from the obtained results.
Water absorption ratio
A piece of tissue paper which is folded twice is kept in a petridish
(i.d.=6.5 cm) containing 6 ml of water and place the tablet on the
tissue paper. Observe the time taken for complete wetting of the tablet.
Thus wetted tablet was weighed. Now the water absorption ratio R is
calculated using the formula
R=100 × Wa –Wb/Wb
Wb is the weight of the tablet before absorption,
Wa is the weight of the tablet after absorption,
Following procedure should follow three times (three trial) for each
batch and standard deviation is also calculated from the obtained results.
In vitro dispersion time
Dispersion time of a tablet is determined by placing a tablet in 6 ml
Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107
Citation: Haritha B (2017) A Review on Evaluation of Tablets. J Formul Sci Bioavailab 1: 107.
Figure 3: In vitro disintegration test.
of 6.8 pH phosphate buffer and note down the time taken for complete
dispersion of tablet.
Following procedure should be done for three tablets from each
batch and in vitro dispersion time is calculated. Standard deviation
time is also determined from the obtained results. It is expressed in
seconds [76-102].
In vitro disintegration test
Disintegration is defined as the process of breakdown of tablet into
small particles. Disintegration time of a tablet is determined by using
disintegration test apparatus as per IP specifications. Place each tablet
in each 6 tubes of the disintegration apparatus a then add a disc to each
tube containing 6.8 pH phosphate buffer. The temperature of the buffer
should maintain at 37 ± 2°C and run the apparatus raised and lowered
for 30 cycles per minute. Note down the time taken for the complete
disintegration of the tablet without any remitants (Figure 3).
Two set of apparatus
Conclusion
Tablets are the conventional dosage forms compared to any other
oral dosage forms. It is necessary for pharmaceutical manufacturers to
develop a given drug entity in a new and improved dosage form with
a good bioavailability. Every batch of the tablets should undergo the
above-mentioned evaluation tests before dispatching in to markets.
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Volume 1 • Issue 1 • 1000107