An Invited Talk on

Recent Trends on ‘Ad-Hoc Networks’

(An Eagle View)

Presented by,

Dr. Velmani Ramasamy, M.E., Ph.D., FISECE, FISEEE, MIEEE, MIAENG,

Assistant Professor/Communication Engineering,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia.

21 Sept 2017 1
 Outline of the Presentation

1. Ad-Hoc Networks
2. Mobile Wireless Networks
3. Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks
4. ISM Bands

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 1. Ad-Hoc Networks
✓ Ad hoc – A latin word, means “for a particular purpose only” or “for this purpose only”.

✓ WANETs / MANETs / Ad-hoc networks are different?

✓ MANET also known as "on-the-fly“ networks or "spontaneous networks".

✓ MANET – The collection of wireless mobile nodes (devices) dynamically forming a

temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or
centralized administration.

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History of Ad-Hoc Networks

➢ Early of 1970s, Packet Radio Network -> wireless data network.

Sponsored by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

➢ In 1980s, Survivable Radio Network (SURAN) project.

➢ Mid of 1990s, inexpensive 802.11 radio cards invented for personal computers.

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➢ In early 1990s,
✓ Charles Perkins from SUN Microsystems USA - Deals the dynamic addressing issues.

✓ Chai Keong Toh from Cambridge University – Developed a new routing protocol called
Associativity-Based Routing (ABR).
▪ ABR is implemented into Linux OS on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a enabled laptops.

✓ After the ABR development, Charles designed a Destination Sequence Distance Vector
(DSDV) protocol.

➢ In 1999, practical Ad-Hoc mobile network was proven.

➢ In 2005, Ian D. Chakeres developed Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol.

➢ In 2007, David Johnson and Dave Maltz designed Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol.
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MANET - Example

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Properties of Ad-hoc wireless network

➢ Continuously self-configuring.
➢ Self organizing.
➢ Infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected wirelessly.
➢ Free to move independently in any direction.
➢ Devices may change their links to other devices frequently.
➢ Heterogeneous & Adaptive.

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Current trends in Ad-hoc networks research

➢ Physical/MAC layer
✓ High data rate WLAN.
▪ Use 60 GHz spectrum.
▪ Gbps data rate for indoor user.
▪ 2-4 Gbps per user by using array of smart antennas.
✓ Improving MAC by using smart antennas.
✓ Near-far problem in CDMA.
✓ Energy efficient MAC.
✓ Decrease outrange probability of mobile nodes.

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➢ Routing
✓ Influence of mobility models on various routing protocols.
✓ Location based/region based routing.
✓ Robustness to node failures. i.e., topology management, route repair.
✓ Hot-spot mitigation.
✓ Scalability.
✓ Component based routing (CBR).
✓ Energy/bandwidth efficient routing for disaster management system.
➢ Transport layer
✓ Connection oriented service.
✓ TCP over long distance.
✓ Mobile UDP.
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➢ Cross-layer
✓ Protocol complexity.
✓ Computational cost.
✓ Adaptation loop.
✓ Routing with load-balancing.
➢ Ad hoc network architecture
✓ Distributed decision making
▪ Social science concept.
▪ Local decisions for the values of suitable parameters.
▪ Homogeneous/Heterogeneous network parameters.
➢ Mobility
➢ QoS
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Traditional Problems of Ad-hoc Networks
➢ Power management
➢ Security
➢ Bandwidth optimization
➢ Lack of fixed infrastructure
➢ Multi-hop nature
➢ Heterogeneous & Adaptive

Active Research Areas of Ad-hoc Networks

➢ Routing
➢ Topology maintenance
➢ Location management
➢ Device discovery
➢ Mobility
➢ QoS
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Advantages of the Ad-hoc networks
✓ Use of unlicensed frequency spectrum (ISM Band).
✓ No expensive infrastructure must be installed.
✓ Quick distribution of information around sender.
✓ Highly performing network.
✓ No single point of failure.

Disadvantages of the Ad-hoc Networks

✓ No central entities ⇒ operation in completely distributed manner.
✓ All network entities may be mobile ⇒ very dynamic topology.
✓ Network functions must have high degree of adaptability.

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Possible Implementations of the Ad-hoc networks

✓ Telephones (cellular, cordless, other)

✓ Cordless multimedia (headsets, speakers, mic.)

✓ Portable computers (Laptops, desktop, other)

✓ Cordless computer peripherals (keyboard, mouse)

✓ LAN – Local Area Network peripherals (printer, fax)

✓ PDAs - Personal Digital Assistants (palm top/pilot)

✓ Digital cameras

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Ad-hoc Networks - Applications
i. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) xiv. Hospital ad-hoc network
ii. Smart phone ad-hoc networks (SPANs) xv. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
iii. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) xvi. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)
iv. Army Tactical MANETs
v. Military or tactical MANETs
vi. Air Force UAV Ad-hoc networks
vii. Navy ad-hoc networks
viii. Hub-Spoke MANET
ix. Internet-based mobile ad-hoc networks (iMANETs)
x. Ad Hoc Home Smart Lighting
xi. Ad Hoc Street Light Networks
xii. Ad Hoc Networked of Robots
xiii. Disaster Rescue ad-hoc network
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 2. Mobile Wireless Networks

What is mobility in wireless networks?

➢ Movement of Ad-hoc/Sensor nodes.

How is mobility considered in wireless networks?

➢ Mathematical/Scientific calculations simplifies the assumptions of the movement

behaviors of the nodes.
➢ Mobility can be applied to the nodes depending on the application requirements.

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Why are mobility models considered?

➢ Mobility models characterize the mobile nodes movement patterns.

i.e., the different behaviors of the nodes.
➢ To predict the future positions of the nodes.
➢ To investigate the new communication/navigation techniques.
➢ Nodes movements are considered as an independent/dependent of each other respectively.
i.e., mobile nodes location, velocity and acceleration change over time.

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Classification of Mobility Models

Individual/entity mobility models - mobility pattern of the individual mobile node.

Group mobility models - co-operative groups movement towards/away the mobile nodes
acts in synchrony as a group.

Autoregressive mobility models - the mobility pattern of individual node/group of nodes

correlating the mobility status and that may consist of position, velocity, and acceleration
at consecutive time instants.

Flocking and swarm group mobility models - a collective action of a massive number of
cooperating mobile agents with a mutual group objective.

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Virtual game-driven mobility models - based on the user requirements, an individual/group
of mobile nodes are characterized from the real time to virtual agents cooperating with each
other groups of mobile users.

Non-recurrent mobility models - nodes mobility on the unknown way of unrepeatable the
previous patterns.

Social-based community mobility models - each mobile node is considered as a member of

a cluster of a community whereas different communities may be a part of an overall society.

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 Mobility models [40]

Individual/entity mobility [20] Group mobility [9] Virtual game-driven mobility

▪ Random way point ▪ Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM)

▪ Random walk (i.e. nomadic, community, column and pursue)
Non-recurrent mobility
▪ Random gauss-markov ▪ Exponential Correlated Random Mobility model (ECRMM)
▪ City section ▪ Reference Velocity Group Mobility (RVGM)
▪ Boundless simulation area ▪ Structured group
▪ Realistic random direction ▪ Virtual track-based group Flocking and swarm group mobility
▪ Geographic constraint ▪ Drift group
▪ Deterministic ▪ Group force
▪ Temporal based model
▪ Semi-markov smooth
▪ Group extending individual
▪ Fluid-flow
▪ Gravity
▪ Mobility vector Autoregressive mobility [2] Social-based community mobility [6]
▪ Probability version of random walk
▪ Correlated diffusion ▪ Time-Variant Community (TVC) mobility
▪ Autoregressive Individual mobility
▪ Particle-based ▪ Community-Based Mobility (CBM)
▪ Autoregressive Group mobility
▪ Hierarchical influence ▪ Home-cell Community-Based Mobility (HCBM)
▪ Behavioral ▪ Orbit-based mobility
▪ Steady state generic ▪ Entropy-Based Individual/Community Mobility
▪ Graph-based ▪ Knowledge-Driven Mobility (KDM) Model

▪ Smooth random
21 Sept 2017 Figure. Classification of mobility models based on their areas. 19
 3. Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs)

What is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)?

➢ Consist of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to monitor physical or

environmental conditions.

➢ Incorporates a base station/sink/gateway that provides wireless connectivity back to the

wired world and distributed nodes.

➢ 2.45 GHz/5.8 GHz radios are available on IEEE 802.15.4/IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards (or)
proprietary radios (900 MHz).

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Figure. Wireless Sensor Network Figure. Wireless Sensor Node Architecture

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Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks

i. Bird Observation on Great Duck Island xi. Vital sign monitoring

ii. Zebranet xii. Tracking Military Vehicles
iii. Cattle Herding xiii. Parts Assembly
iv. Bathymetry xiv. Self-healing mine field
v. Glacier Monitoring xv. Sniper localization
vi. Cold chain management
vii. Ocean water monitoring
viii. Grape Monitoring
ix. Power Monitoring
x. Rescue of avalanche victims

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Why mobility is the major phenomena in Wireless Sensor Networks?

➢ Among 15 different applications of WSNs,

✓ 10 applications are purely mobile.
✓ 1 application is partially mobile.

➢ Almost 70% of the applications are mobile.

➢ Hence, mobile sensor nodes play an important role in humans real world applications.

What is Mobile Wireless Sensor Network?

➢ Sensor nodes in a wireless sensor networks are mobile.

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What is mobile sensor node?

Figure. Architecture of the mobile sensor node

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Major design challenges of MWSNs
i. Hardware cost xiii. Data/node centric
ii. System architecture xiv. Network heterogeneity – node/communication link
iii. Memory and Battery size xv. Node failure
iv. Processing speed xvi. QoS – PDR, delay, throughput, etc.
v. Node deployment xvii. Data fusion/redundancy
vi. Dynamic topology xviii.Self-configuration
vii. Sensor node/Sink mobility xix. Cross layer design
viii. Node coverage xx. Balanced traffic
ix. Energy consumption xxi. Fault tolerance
x. Protocol design xxii. Wireless connectivity
xi. Scalability xxiii.Programmability
xii. Localization xxiv.Security
xxv. Data transmission method, etc.
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Applications of MWSNs

i. Environmental monitoring xi. Undersea navigation

ii. Economics xii. Smart spaces
iii. Mining xiii. Inventory tracking
iv. Meteorology xiv. Tactical military surveillance
v. Seismic monitoring
vi. Acoustic detection
vii. Health care applications
viii. Process monitoring
ix. Infrastructure protection
x. Context aware computing

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 4. ISM Bands
Center
Frequency range Availability Licensed users
frequency
6.765 MHz 6.795 MHz 6.78 MHz Subject to local acceptance FIXED SERVICE & Mobile service
13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz 13.56 MHz Worldwide FIXED & Mobile services except Aeronautical mobile (R) service
FIXED & MOBILE SERVICE except Aeronautical mobile service, CB
26.957 MHz 27.283 MHz 27.12 MHz Worldwide
Radio
40.66 MHz 40.7 MHz 40.68 MHz Worldwide Fixed, Mobile services & Earth exploration-satellite service
only in Region 1, subject to AMATEUR SERVICE & RADIOLOCATION SERVICE, additional apply
433.05 MHz 434.79 MHz 433.92 MHz
local acceptance the provisions of footnote 5.280. For Australia see footnote AU.

Region 2 only (with some FIXED, Mobile except aeronautical mobile & Radiolocation service;
902 MHz 928 MHz 915 MHz
exceptions) in Region 2 additional Amateur service
FIXED, MOBILE, RADIOLOCATION, Amateur & Amateur-satellite
2.4 GHz 2.5 GHz 2.45 GHz Worldwide
service
FIXED-SATELLITE, RADIOLOCATION, MOBILE, Amateur & Amateur-
5.725 GHz 5.875 GHz 5.8 GHz Worldwide
satellite service
AMATEUR, AMATEUR-SATELLITE, RADIOLOCATION & Earth
24 GHz 24.25 GHz 24.125 GHz Worldwide
exploration-satellite service (active)
61 GHz 61.5 GHz 61.25 GHz Subject to local acceptance FIXED, INTER-SATELLITE, MOBILE & RADIOLOCATION SERVICE

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive), FIXED, INTER-SATELLITE,

122 GHz 123 GHz 122.5 GHz Subject to local acceptance
MOBILE, SPACE RESEARCH (passive) & Amateur service
RADIOLOCATION, RADIO ASTRONOMY, Amateur & Amateur-
244 GHz 246 GHz 245 GHz Subject to local acceptance
satellite service
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 Thank You !!!

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 Queries ???

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