OOAD

COMPLETE TWOMARKS

UNIT - I

1) What is an object?
An object means a combination of data and logic that represents some real world
entity. In an object-oriented system, everything is an object. A spread sheet ,a cell in a
spread sheet, a bar chart, a report, a file ,even a single character all are examples of an
object.

2) What is a class?
A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behavior
single object is simply an instance of a class .It is a specification of structure, behaviour
and inheritance for objects.

3) What is an attribute?
An attribute is a describing property of an object. It represents the state of an
object. Example, the properties of a car, such as color, manufacturer and cost.

4) What is an information hiding?

Information hiding is the principle of concealing the internal data and procedures
of an object and providing an interface to each object in such a way as to reveal as little
as possible about its inner workings.

5) Define an encapsulation
Containment of the object inside a ‘capsule’. The user cannot see inside the
capsule but can use the object by calling the program part of it.

6) What is a class hierarchy?

An ordering of properties and behaviors used as the basis for making distinctions
between classes and subclasses.

7) Define an inheritance.
Inheritance is the property of object –oriented systems that allows objects to be
built from other objects. It is a relationship between classes where one class is the parent
class of derived class.

8) What is a dynamic inheritance?

Dynamic inheritance allows objects to change and evolve overtime. Since base
classes provide properties and attributes for objects, changing base classes changes the
properties and attributes of a class.

9) What is a multiple inheritance?

Object-oriented systems permit a class to inherit its state (attributes) and
behaviours from than one super class.
10) Define polymorphism
Poly means ‘many’ and morph means ‘form’. It means that the same operation
may behave differently on different classes. It means objects that can take on or assume
many different forms.

11) What is cardinality?

Cardinality is an important issue in association which specifies how many
instances of one class may relate to a single instance of an associated class.

12) Mention the phases in object oriented system development object-oriented system
development consists of

1. Object oriented analysis.

2. Object oriented information modeling.
3. Object oriented design.
4. Prototyping and implementation.
5. Testing, iteration and documentation.

13) Draw a figure for class hierarchy for the payroll application

Employee

Name
Address
Salary

Production worker
Office worker Manager

Data entry Data entry

Data entry
Compute payroll Compute payroll
compute payroll

14) What is at static binding?

The process of determining a+compile time is called as static binding.
15) What is a dynamic binding?
The process of determining * dynamically)at run time which function to invoke is
termed dynamic binding.
16. What is object persistence?
An object persistence is the ability of an object to endure beyond application
session boundaries, by storing the object in a file or a database.

17. What is a protocol?

A protocol is a interface to the class operations and their visibility, message that a
class understands.

18. What is private protocol?

Private protocol is a accessibility only to operations of the class itself, this
includes methods the class uses only internally.

19. What is protected protocol?

Protected protocol is the accessibility only to subclasses and operations of the
subclass.

20. What is public protocol?

Public protocol is the accessibility to all classes; it defines the stated behaviour of
the class.

21. Mention the list that the sub process must have
a. A description n terms of how it works.
b. Specification of the input required for the process
c. Specification of the output to be produced.

22. What is a waterfall approach?

A waterfall approach is an approach to software development that starts with
deciding what to do and how to do it, then doing it, testing and using the application.

23. Mention the questions we need to be able to answer the achieve high quality in
software.
a. How do we determine when the system is ready for delivery?
b. It is now an operation system that satisfies user’s needs.
c. Is it correct and operating as we thought it should?
d. Does it pass an evaluation process.

24. Mention the three macro processes in object SDLC.

a. Object oriented analysis.
b. Object oriented design.
c. Object oriented implementation.

25. Mention the activities in object oriented system development.

a. Object oriented analysis.
b. Object oriented design.
c. Prototyping
d. Component based development
e. Increment testing.
26. What is object oriented analysis?
The object oriented analysis is concerned with determining the system
requirements and identifying classes and their relationship to other classes in the problem
domain.

27. What is object oriented design?

The object oriented design (OOD) is to design the classes identified during the
analysis phase and the user interface. During this phase, we identify and define additional
objects and classes that support implementation.

28. List the guidelines to use in Object Oriented Design.

a. Reuse, rather than build, a new class.
b. Design a large number of simple classes, rather than a small number of
complex classes.
c. Design methods.
d. Critic what have proposed. If possible, go back and refine the classes.

29. What is prototype?

A prototype is worth a thousand pictures. It enables us to fully understand how
easy or difficult it will be to implements some of the features of the system.

30. What is horizontal prototype?

The horizontal prototype is simulation of the interface but contains no
functionality. It is very quick to implement, provide good overall feel of the system.

31. What is vertical prototype?

A vertical prototype is a subset of the system features with complete functionality.
The principal advantage of this method is that the few implemented functions can be
tested in great depth.

32. What is analysis prototype?

An analysis prototype is an aid for exploring the problem domain. This class of
prototype is used to inform the user and demonstrate the proof of the concept.

33. What is domain prototype?

A domain prototype is an aid for the implemental development of the ultimate
software solution. Is used as a tool for the staged delivery of subsystems to the users or
other member of the team.

34. What is component based development?

Component based development is an industrialized approach to the software
development process. Application development moves from custom development to
assembly of pre built, reusable software components that operate with each other.

35. What is RAD?

RAD is a set of tools and techniques that can be used to build an application faster
than typically possible with traditional methods.
36. List the advantages of RAD.
The advantages of RAD are,
a. Quicker delivery of products, reducing the “time of market”.
b. Faster than any traditional method.

37. Mention the disadvantages of RAD.

The main disadvantages of RAD is, it sacrifices the quality of the product for a
quicker delivery.

38. List the tools used in RAD.

The tools used in RAD are,
a. Delphi
b. Visual Age
c. Visual Basic
d. Power Builder

39. What is reusability?

Reusability is the major benefit of object oriented development. For an object to
be really reusable, much more effort must be spent designing it.

40. Mention the reuse strategy.

a. Information Hiding
b. Conformance to naming standards.
c. Creation and administration of an object repository.
d. Encouragement by strategic management of reuse opposed to constant
redevelopment.
e. Establishing targets for a percentage of the objects in the project to be reused.

41. Define classification.

Classification is the process of checking to see if an object belongs
to a category or a class, is regarded as a basic attribute of human nature.

42. Name the four approaches for identifying classes.

1. The noun phrase approach
2. The common class pattern approach.
3. The use case driven, sequence/collaboration modeling approach.
4. The classes, responsibilities and collaborators approach.

43. Give the guidelines for selecting classes in an application.

1. Look for nouns and phrases in the use cases.
2. Some classes are implicit or taken from general knowledge.
3. All classes must make sense in the application domain.
4. Carefully choose and define class names.

44. What are redundant classes?

Two classes that express the same information called as redundant classes.
If more than one word is being used to describe the same idea, select the one that is most
meaningful.
45. What is an adjective class?
An adjective classes suggest a different kind of object, different use of the
same object or it could be utterly irrelevant. It signals that the behaviour of the object is
different, and then make a new class.

46. What is attribute classes?

An attribute classes are that tentative objects that are used only as values, should
be defined or restated as attributes and not as a class.

47. What are irrelevant classes?

Each class must have a purpose and every class should be clearly defined and
necessary. If a class doesn’t have any purpose means it is called as irrelevant class.

48. List some of the Noun phrases in the Via net Bank ATM system.
1. Account
2. Amount
3. Bank client
4. Cash
5. Saving Account
6. Checking Account
7. Transaction history

49. What is common class patterns approach?

Common class patterns approach is based on a knowledge base of the common
classes that have been proposed by various researchers.

50. List the patterns for finding the candidate class and object.
1. Concept class
2. Events class
3. Organization class
4. People class
5. Places class
6. Tangible things and devices class

51. What is concept class?

A concept class is a particular idea or understanding that we have of our world. It
encompasses principles that are not tangible but used to organize or keep track of
business activities.

52. What is Events class?

Events classes are points in time that must be recorded. Things happen usually to
something else at a given date and time or as a step in an ordered sequence.

53. What is an organizational class?

An organization class is a collection of people, resources, facilities or groups to
which the users belong, their capabilities have a defined mission, whose existence is
largely independent of the individuals.
54. What is people class?
The people class represents the different roles users play in interacting with the
application. People carry out some function. Example employee, client, teacher and
manager.

55. What is places class?

Places are physical locations that the system must keep information
about. Example, buildings, stores, sites and offices.

56. What are classes, responsibilities and collaborators?

Classes, responsibilities and collaborators is a technique used for identifying
classes, responsibilities and therefore their attributes and methods.

UNIT-II

1. What is object modeling technique?

The object modeling technique describes a method for the analysis, design and
implementation of a system using an object oriented technique. It is fast, intuitive
approach for identifying and modeling all the objects making a system.

2. Mention the phases included in OMT

a. Analysis
b. System Design
c. Object Design
d. Implementation

3. List the three different parts of OMT

a. An object model
b. A dynamic model
c. A functional model

4. What is object model?

The object model describes the structure of objects in a system, their identity, and
relationships to other objects, attributes and operations.

5. What is OMT dynamic model?

The OMT dynamic models depict states, transitions, events and actions. State
transition diagram is the network of states and events.

6. Mention the four primary symbols of DFD

a. The process
b. The data flow
c. The data store
d. An external entity

7. What is an event class?

An event class is a point in time that must be recorded.
8. What is schema?
A schema is a complete definition of the data formats, such as the data structures,
types and constraints.

9. Mention the two development process in Booch methodology

1. A macro development process
2. A micro development process

10. What is the macro development process?

The macro process series as a controlling framework for the micro process and
can take weeks or even months.

11. List the steps included in macro development process.

1. Conceptualization
2. Analysis and development of the model
3. Design or create the system architecture
4. Evolution or implementation
5. Maintenance

12. What is micro development process?

Micro development process is a description of the day-to-day activities by a single
or small group of software developers.

13. Mention the steps include in Micro development process

1. Identity classes and objects
2. Identity class and object scenarios
3. Identity class and object relationships
4. Identity class and object interfaces and implementation

14. What is a use case?

Use cases are scenarios for understanding system requirements. A usecase is an
interaction between users a and a system.

15. What does use case description should contain?

1. How and when the use case begins and ends.
2. The interaction between the use case and its actors.
3. How and when the use case will need data stored in the system.
4. Exceptions to the flow of events.
5. How and when concepts of the problem domain are handled.

16. What is an abstract use case?

An abstract use case is not complete and has no actors that initiate it but is used
by another use case. This inheritance could be used in several levels.

17. What is Object-Oriented Software Engineering?

Object-Oriented Software Engineering also called Objectory is a method of
object-oriented development with the specific aim to fit the development of large, real-
time systems.
18. What are the different models to build Objectory?
1. Use case model
2. Domain object model
3. Analysis object model
4. Implementation model
5. Test model

19. Define pattern in analysis phase?

A pattern is an instructive information that captures the essential structure and
insight of a successful family of proven solutions to a recurring problem that arises within
a certain context and system of forces.

20. What is generative pattern?

Generative patterns are patterns that not only describe a recurring problem, they
can tell us how to generate something and can be observed in the resulting system
architectures they helped shape.

21. What is Non-generative pattern?

Non-generative patterns are static and passive. They describe recurring
phenomena without necessarily saying how to reproduce then.

22. Mention the essential components that should be clearly recognizable on reading a
pattern?
1. Name
2. Problem
3. Context
4. Forces
5. Solution
6. Examples
7. Resulting context
8. Rationale
9. Related patterns
10. Known uses
11. Proven solution to a recurring problem.

23. What is antipattern and mention its varieties?

An antipattern represents “worst practice”. Antipatterns come in two varieties,
1. Those describing a bad solution to a problem that resulted in bad situation.
2. Those describing how to get out of a bad solution and how to proceed from
there to a good solution.

24. List the processes in the Unified approach?

The processes are,
Use-case driven development
Object-oriented analysis
Object-oriented design
Incremental development and prototyping continuous testing.
25. Mention the steps included in OOA process?
OOA process consists of the following steps.
a. Identify the actors.
b. Develop a simple business process model using UML activity diagram.
c. Develop the use case.
d. Develop interaction diagrams.
e. Identify classes.

26. Mention the steps included in OOD process?

Object oriented Design process consists of the following steps,
1. Designing classes, their attributes, methods, associations, structures and
prototype, apply design axioms.
2. Design the Access layer.
3. Design and prototype User interface.
4. User satisfaction and Usability Tests.
5. Iterate and refine the design.

27. Mention the diagrams that are expressed in object oriented development?
Behaviour diagrams
Interaction diagrams
Sequence diagrams
Collaboration diagrams
State charge diagrams
Activity diagrams

28. What is implementation diagrams?

Implementation diagrams show the implementation phase of systems
development, such as the source code structure and the run-time implementation
structure.

29. How many implementation diagrams are there and what are they?
There are two types of implementation diagrams, they are
a. Component diagrams.
b. Deployment diagrams.

30. What is a package?

A package is a grouping of model elements. Packages themselves may contain
other packages. It may contain both subordinate packages and ordinary model elements.

31. Define a stereotype?

A stereotype is a built-in extensibility mechanism of the UML, allowing the user,
during modeling, to define a subclass of existing modeling elements with the same form
but a different intent.
32. List the four major tools used for extracting information about a system?
a. Examination of existing system documentation
b. Interviews
c. Questionaire
d. Observation

33. Why analysis is a difficult activity?

Analysis is a difficult activity because it is a creative activity that involves
understanding the problem, its associated constraints and methods of overcoming those
constraints.

34. Draw the figure to show the difference between users and actors?

Syauia Member Borrow books

Jackie Employee Order books

Lili Volunteer Check ID’s

35. Mention the guidelines for finding use cases?

1. For each actor, find the tasks and function that the actor should be able to
perform.
2. Name the use cases.
3. Describe the use cases briefly by applying terms with which the user is
familiar.

36. How should we name a use case?

Use case names should provide a general description of the use-case function. The
name should express what happens when an instance of the use case is performed.

37. Mention the guidelines for developing effective documentation.

1. common cover
2. 80-20 rule
3. Familiar vocabulary
4. Make the document as short as possible
5. Organize the document
38. What is an actors?
Actors are external factors that interact with the system.
Example of actors is, Member, Employee and volunteer.

39. What is the 80-20 rule?

The 80-20 rule generally applies for documentation.80% of the work can be done
with 20% of the documentation. The trick is to make sure that the 20% is easily
accessible and the rest is available to those who need to know.

40. What are the steps in the ATM transaction use case?
1. Insert ATM card
2. perform the approval process
3. Ask type of transaction
4. Enter type of transaction
5. Perform transaction
6. Eject card
7. Request take card
8. Take card

41. What is an aggregation?

An aggregation is also called as A-part-of relationship, represent the situation
where a class consists of several component classes. A class that is composed of other
classes does not behave like its part, actually it behaves very differently.

42. Mention the two major properties of a pair-of relationship.

The two major properties of a-part-of relationship are,
1. Transitivity
2. Antisymmetry.

43. Define transitivity.

A transitivity is the property where,if A is part of B and B is part of C, then A is
art of C.Example,a carburetor is part of an engine and an engine is part of a
car,therefore , a, carburetor is part of a car.

44. Define antisymmetry.

Antisymmetry is the property of a-part-of relation where ,if A is part of B, then
B,then Bis not part of A.
Example, an engine is part of a car,.but car is not part of an engine.

45. List the guidelines provided to identify a part of structures.

The guidelines to identify a part of structures are,
1. Assembly
2. Container
3. Colletcion-member
46. What is an assembly?
An assembly is constructed from its parts and assembly-part situation physically
exists.Eaxample,a French onion soup is an assembly of onion soup is an assembly of
onion, butter, flour,wine,French bread, and so on.

47. What is container?

Container is a physical whole encompasses but is not constructed from Physical
parts. Example a house can be considered as a container for furniture and appliances.

48. What is collection –member.

Collection member is a conceptual whole encompasses parts that may be physical
or conceptual.Example,a football team is a collection of players.

49. What is two-three rule?

Two-three rule is to identify actors, start with naming at least two, Preferably
three, people who could serve as the actor in the system.

50. What is schema?

Schema is also called as meta-data,a complete definition of the data formats,such
as the data structures,types and constraints.

UNIT-III

1. What is UML?
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language of writing software
blueprints. The UML may be used visualize,specify,construct and document the artifacts
of a software intensive system.

2. Mention the three major learning elements to form a conceptual model

of the language.
The UML’s basic building blocks,the rules that dictate how these building blocks
may be put together and some common mechanisms that apply throughout the language.

3. What is specifying?
Specifying means building models that are precise,unambiguous and
complete.The UML addresses the specification of all the important analysis,design and
implementation decisions that must be made in developing a software intensive system.

4. What are artifacts include?

Artifacts include requirements,architecture,design,sourcecode,project plans
,tests,prototypes and releases.

5. Where can the UML are used?

UML can be used in enterprise information systems, banking and financial services,
telecommunications, transportation, defense, retail, medical electronics, scientific and
distributed web-based services.
6. What are the building blocks of the UML?
The UML encompasses three kinds of building blocks.
a. Things
b. Relationships
c. Diagrams.

7. What are the four kinds of things in the UML?

The four kinds of things in the UML are,
a. Structural things
b. Behavioral things
c. Grouping things
d. Annotational things

8. Define structural things.

Structural things are the nouns of UML models. There are the most static part of
a model, representing elements that are either conceptual or physical.

9. What are the seven kinds of structural things?

The seven kinds of structural things are
a. Class
b. Interface
c. Collaboration
d. Use case
e. Active class
f. Component
g. Node

10. Define a class.

Class is a description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations,
relationships and semantics. It implements one or more interfaces. It is rendered as a
rectangle, usually including its name, attributes and operations.

11. Define an interface.

Interface is a collection of operations that specify a service of a class or
component. An interface might represent the complete behavior of a class or component
or only a part of that behavior. It is rendered as a circle together with its name.

I spelling

12. Define collaboration.

Collaboration defines an interaction and is society of roles and other elements that
work together to provide some co-operative behavior that’s bigger than the sum of all the
elements. Collaboration is rendered as a ellipse with dashed lines, usually including only
its name.
Name
13. What is use case?
Usecase is a description of set of sequence of actions that a system performs that
yields an observable result of value to a particular actor. It is rendered as an ellipse with
solid lines, usually including only its name.

Place order

14. What is an active class?

Active class is a class whose objects own one or more processes or threads and
therefore initiate control activity. It is rendered just like a class, but with heavy lines
usually including its name, attributes and operations.

Event Manager
Name
Suspend()
Flesh()
15. Define a component.
Component is a physical and replaceable part of a system that conforms and
provides a realization of a set of interfaces. It is rendered as a rectangle with tabs,
including only its name.

Order form java

16. Define a node.

A node is a physical element that exists at runtime and represents computational
resources, generally having at least some memory and often processing capability. A
node is rendered as a cube, usually including only its name.

NAME

17. What are behavioral things?

Behavioral things are the dynamic parts of UML models. These are the verbs of a
model, representing behavior overtime and space.

18. How many kinds of behavioral things are there and there and what are they?
There are two kinds of behavioral things. They are
a. An interaction.
b. A state machine.
19. Define an interaction.
An interaction is a behavior that comprises a set of messages exchanged among a
set of objects within a particular context to accomplish a specific purpose. It involves a
number of elements, messages action sequences and links.

20. What is a state machine?

A state machine is a behavior that specifies the sequence of states of an object or
an interaction goes through during its lifetime in response to events together with its
responses to those events. A state is rendered as a rounded rectangle, usually including its
name and its sub states.

Waiting

21. How many kinds of relationships are there and what are they?
There are four kinds of relationships in the UML, they are
a. Dependency
b. Association
c. Generalization
d. Realization

22. Define a diagram

A diagram is the graphical presentation of a set of elements, most often rendered
as a connected graph of vertices (things) and arcs (relationships).

23. Name the types of UML diagrams.

a. Class diagram
b. object diagram
c. Use case diagram
d. Sequence diagram
e. Collaboration diagram
f. State chart diagram
g. Activity diagram
h. Component diagram
i. Deployment diagram.

24. What is a class diagram?

A class diagram shows a set of classes, interfaces and collaborations and their
relationships. It addresses the static design view of a system. It includes active classes,
address the static process view of a system.

25. What is an object diagram?

An object diagram shows a set of objects and their relationships. It represents
static snapshots of instances of the things found in class diagram.
26. What is a use case diagram?
A use case diagram shows a set of use cases and actors and their relationships. It
addresses the static use case view of a system. These diagrams are especially important in
organizing and modeling the behaviors of a system.

27. Define a sequence diagram

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the time-ordering
of messages. It addresses the dynamic view of a system. It is isomorphic.

28. Define a collaboration diagram

A collaboration diagram is defined as an interaction diagram that emphasizes the
structural organization of the objects that send and receive messages. It is isomorphic,
meaning that we can take one and transform it into the other.

29. What is a state chart diagram?

A state chart diagram shows a state machine, consisting of states, transitions,
events and activities. It addresses the static implementation view of a system. It maps to
one or more classes, interfaces or collaborations.

30. What is a component diagram?

A component diagram shows the organizations and dependencies among a set of
components. It addresses the static implementation view of a system. It maps to one or
more classes, interfaces or collaborations.

31. What is a deployment diagram?

A deployment diagram shows the configuration of runtime processing nodes and
the components that live on them. It addresses the static deployment view of architecture.

32. Name the common mechanisms in the UML.

a. Specifications
b. Adornments
c. Common divisions
d. Extensibility mechanisms

33. What is an event?

An event is the specification of a significant occurrence that has a location in time
and space I the content of state machines. It is an occurrence of a stimulus that can trigger
a state transition.

34. What is focus of control?

Focus of control is a symbol on a sequence diagram that shows the period of time
during which an object is performing an action or through a subordinate operation.

35. What is a node?

A node is a physical element that exists at runtime and that represents a
computational resources ,generally having at least some memory and often
times ,processing capability.
36. What is object lifeline?
A live in a sequence diagram that represents the existence of an object
over a period of time.

37. What is trace?

A trace is a dependency that indicates an historical or process relationship
between two elements that represents the same concepts, without rules for deriving from
the other.

38. What is a note?

Note is a graphical symbol for rendering constraints or comments attached to an
element or a collection of elements.

39. What is a model?

A model is a simplification of reality, created in order to better understand the
system created a semantically closed abstraction of a system.

40. Define an operation?

Rectangle

Add()
Suspend()
Flesh()
An operation is the implementation of a service that can be requested from any
object of the class to affect behavior.

41. What is a message?

A message is a communication between objects that conveys information with the
expectation that activity will ensue , the receipt of a message instance is normally
considered as an instance of an event.

UNIT-IV

1. What is debugging?
Debugging is the process of finding out where something went wrong and
correcting the code to eliminate the errors or bugs that cause unexpected results.

2. What is language error?

Language errors result from incorrectly constructed code, such as an incorrectly
types keyword or some necessary punctuation omitted. This type of errors will be
reported by the system.
3. What is run-time error?
Run-time errors occur and are detected as the program is running, when a statement
attempts an operation that is impossible to carry out.

4. What is logic error?

Logic errors occur when code does not perform way you intended. The code might
be syntactically valid and run without performing any invalid operations and yet produce
incorrect results.

5. What is error-based testing?

Error base testing techniques search a given class’s method for particular clues of
interests, and then describe how these clues should be tested.

6. What is scenario-based testing?

Scenario based testing also called usage-based testing, concentrated on what the
user does not what the product does. This means capturing use cases and the tasks users
perform, then performing them and their variants as tests.

7. What are the different types of testing strategies?

A. Black box testing.
B. White box testing.
C. Top-down testing.
D. Bottom-up testing.

8. Mention the steps needed to create a test plan?

a. Objectives of the test.
b. Development of a test case.
c. Test analysis.

9. What is the path testing?

The path testing makes certain that each path in a object’s method is executed at
least once during testing.

10. What is scenario based testing identity?

Scenario based testing identify interaction bugs. They often are more complex
and realistic than error-based tests. They will cover at least the higher visibility system
interaction bugs.

11. What is alpha testing?

Alpha testing is a testing done by in-house testers, such as programmers, software
engineers and internal user.

12. What is beta testing?

A beta testing is a popular , in expensive ,and effective way to test software on a
select group of actual users, who perform tests on the software as they would use it in
their normal environment.
13. What is test plan?

Test plan is a plan developed to detect and identify potential problems before
delivering the software to its users.

14. What is black box testing?

Black box testing is a testing by trying various inputs and examining the resulting
output without knowing how the conversion is implemented.

15. What is top-down testing?

A top-down strategy can detect the serious design flows early in the
implementation. It need more testing than an individual object’s methods or supporting
logic.

16. What is bottom-up testing?

Bottom-up testing starts with the details of the system and proceeding to higher-
levels by a progressive aggregation of details until they fit the requirements for the
system.

17. What is branch testing coverage?

Branch testing coverage , performing enough tests to ensure that every branch
alternative has been executed at least once under some test.

18. What is Metaphor?

Metaphor is that relating two otherwise unrelated things by using one to denote the
other. (such as a question mark to label a Help button).

19. What is regression testing?

Regression testing is that all passed tests are repeated with the revised program.

20. What is referential integrity?

Referential Integrity is that making sure that a dependent table’s foreign key
contains a value that refers to an existing valid tuple in another relation.

21. What is usability testing?

Usability testing is the testing that measures the ease of use as well as the comfort
and satisfaction users have with the system.
22. What is White-Box testing?

White-Box testing assumes that the specific logic is important and must be tested
to guarantee the system’s proper functioning.

23. Define Validation.

Validation is the task of predicting correspondence. ”Am I building the right

product”. True correspondence cannot be determined until the system is in place.

24. What is Correspondence?

Correspondence measures how well the delivered system matches the needs of
the operational environment, as described in the original requirements statement.

25. Define Verification?

Verification is the task of determining correctness. “Am I building the product

right”.

26. What is Correctness?

Correctness measures the consistency of the product requirement with respect to

the design specification.

27. What is commercial Off-the-shelf software?

COTS software that is already written and commercially availableto implement a
part of the required software functionality.

28. What is user-centered interface?

User-Centered interface is one that replicates the user’s view of doing things by
providing the outcome users except for any action.

29. what is User-satisfaction testing?

User satisfaction testing is the process of quantifying the usability test with some
measurable attributes of the test,such as functionality,cost or ease of use.

30. Mention the ISO definition for usability testing?

1. Definition tasks.What are the tasks?
2. Defining user.Who are the user?
3. A means for measuring effectiveness,efficiency and satisfaction.How do we
measure usability?

31. Give some guidelines for developing usability testing.

1. Should include all of a Software’s components
2. Need not be very expensive or elaborate.
3. All test need not involve many subjects.
4. Apply usability testing early and often.
32. Why recording is needed in the usability test?
Recording is needed in the usability test because even the best observer can miss
details,reviewing the data later will prove invaluable.

33. What is the objectives of the user satisfaction test?.

1. As a communication vehicle between designers, as well as between user and
designers.
2. To detect and evaluate changes.
3. To provide a periodic indication.
4. Pinpointing specific area of dissatisfaction.

34. Mention the guidelines for developing a user satisfaction test.

1. The format of very user satisfaction test is same, but its contents is different for
each project.
2. Find out what attributes should be included.
3. Ask the users to select a limited number of attributes.
4. These attributes play a crucial role in the evaluation of the final product.
5. Comments are most significant part of the test.

35. List the steps in the user satisfaction cycle.

1. Create a user satisfaction test for your own project.
2. Conduct the test regularly and frequently.
3. Read the comments carefully.
4. Use the information from user satisfaction test and other test to improve the
product.

36. Name some of the measurable goals in usability.

1. 95 percent of users should be able to find how to withdraw money from the
ATM machine without error and with no formal training.
2. To percent of all users should experience the new function as “a clear
improvement over the previous one”.

37. What are the types of test involved in use-case model?

1. Quality assurance test cases.
2. User satisfaction test cases.
3. Usability test cases.

38. What is algorithm-centric methodology?

Algorithm-centric methodology of development of an algorithm that can
accomplish a specified task,then building data structures for that algorithm to use.

39. What is Configuration Control System ?

Configuration Control system is a way of tracking the changes to the code.
At a minimum,every time the code changes,a record should be kept that tracks changed ,
who changed it and comment about why the changes was made.
40. What is object constraint language?
The object constraint language (OCL) is a specification language that uses simple
logic for specifying properties of a system.

41. What is an Object identifier?

An object identifier is an object system,object identity often is implemented as
some kind of object identifier or unique identifier.