Network analysis –

Exercise 6

Try to solve the tasks, the solution will be discussed in the exercise on 01th
December, 2017.

Task 1: Two generators in parallel

An electrical load RL is connected to two generators in the way ex-
pressed in Fig. 1. Theses generators have different internal resistances
R1 and R2 .

R1 R2
UL RL
U01 U02

Figure 1:

1. How are the respective powers of the two generators related to

each other if one assumes that U01 = U02 = U0 ?
2. For the following values: RL = 5Ω, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 2Ω, U01 = 3V ,
U02 = 1V calculate how much electrical energy is converted in:
R1 , R2 and RL
3. With the given values from 2., calculate the amount of power that
the respective generators provide.
4. What value of RL would result in a maximum power output at
RL .

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Task 2: Task from an old exam
Given is the network shown in Fig. 1, consisting of two current sources
i1 and i2 , one voltage source U0 and seven resistors R1 to R7 .

Figure 2:

1. (16 P) Determine the voltage across the terminals a and b while

you find the equivalent voltage source for the left handed circuit
(Thevenin Equivalent and Thevenin Source). Derive the relations
for the open-circuit voltage Uq and the related resistance Ri .
2. (3 P) The value of the load resistance R7 has to be determined in
such a case, that the dissipated power in R7 becomes a maximum.
Determine R7 as a function of the given resistances.
3. (3 P) With respect to the terminals a and b determine the equiv-
alent current source for the left circuit and derive the relations
for the short-circuit current ik and the related inner resistance Ri
(Norton-Equivalent and Norton Source).
4. (3 P) Calculate the voltage Uab for the case in task 2.2.

2
Task 3: Effective values
Given are the following time dependent functions of a current i with
frequency ω:

1. Calculate the equivalent DC-currents in order to provide the same

power on a load like the above mentioned AC-currents do in av-
erage. [5.6]
2. Now assume that the currents i get replaced by voltages u (i ⇒ u).
Calculate the Arithmetic Mean (AM), Average Rectified Value
(ARV) [5.9] and Root Mean Square (RMS) [5.8] of each voltage.

Task 4: Phasor
Sketch the phasor diagrams of the following circuits and calculate the
respective impedances, admittances and arguments ϕ = ϕi − ϕu for a
frequency of ω = 10 1s [7.26].
1. Only one resistance (R = 7Ω)
2. Only one inductance (L = 0.1H)
3. Only one capacitance (C = 1mF )
4. The resistance and the capacitance in series
5. The resistance and the inductance in series
6. The resistance and the capacitance in parallel
7. The resistance and the inductance in parallel
8. All three parallel to each other
9. All three in series to each other

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Solution
Task 1:
1.1)

M1 : U01 = U0 = IL · RL + I1 · R1
M2 : U02 = U0 = IL · RL + I2 · R2

It holds: U01 = U02 . Therefore one gets:

IL · RL + I1 · R1 = IL · RL + I2 · R2
I1 · R1 = I2 · R2
I1 R2
⇒ =
I2 R1
Calculate the power at sources:
P01 I01 · U01 I01 · U0 I01
= = =
P02 I02 · U02 I02 · U0 I02

Due to KCL, it holds:

I01 = I1 and I02 = I2

P01 I01 I1 R2
⇒ = = =
P02 I02 I2 R1

4
1.2)

Solution using superposition: [4.50/53]

P = I · U ⇒ We need the currents IL , I01 = I1 and I02 = I2 as

functions of given values (R1 , R2 , RL , U01 , U02 )

First (a): Setting U02 = 0

R2 RL
The total resistance would be: Ratotal = R1 + R2 +RL
Thus:

U01
Ia1 =
Ratotal
RL U01 RL
Ia2 = Ia1 = ·
R2 + RL Ratotal R2 + RL
R2 U01 R2
IaL = Ia1 = ·
R2 + RL Ratotal R2 + RL

Second (b): Setting U01 = 0

R1 RL
The total resistance would be: Rbtotal = R2 + R1 +RL
Thus:

U02
Ib2 =
Rbtotal
RL U02 RL
Ib1 = Ib2 = ·
R1 + RL Rbtotal R1 + RL
R1 U02 R1
IaL = Ib2 = ·
R1 + RL Rbtotal R1 + RL

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 Adding (a) and (b):

I1 = Ia1 − Ib1
U01 U02 RL
= − ·
R2 RL R1 RL R1 + RL
R1 + R2 +
R2 + RL R1 + RL
U01 (R2 + RL ) U02 (R1 + RL ) RL
= − ·
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL R1 + RL
U01 (R2 + RL ) − U02 RL
=
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL
I2 = Ib2 − Ia2
U02 U01 RL
= − ·
R2 RL R2 RL R2 + RL
R1 + R1 +
R2 + RL R2 + RL
U02 (R1 + RL ) U01 (R2 + RL ) RL
= − ·
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL R2 + RL
U02 (R1 + RL ) − U01 RL
=
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL
IL = IaL + IbL
U01 R2 U02 R1
= · + ·
R2 RL R2 + RL R1 RL R1 + RL
R1 + R2 +
R2 + RL R1 + RL
U01 R2 + U02 R1
=
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL

Solution using KCL and KVL:

K1 : IL = I1 + I2 = I01 + I02
U01 − IL · RL
M1 : U01 = I1 · R1 + IL · RL ⇔ I1 =
R1
U02 − IL · RL
M2 : U02 = I2 · R2 + IL · RL ⇔ I2 =
R2

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Calculating RL first:
U01 − IL · RL U02 − IL · RL
IL = I1 + I2 = +
R1 R2
⇔ IL R1 R2 = U01 R2 − IL R2 RL + U02 R1 − IL R1 RL
U01 R2 + U02 R1
⇔ IL =
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL

Then using the equations for meshes M1 and M2:

U01 R2 + U02 R1
U01 − · RL
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL
I1 =
R1
U01 (R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL ) − U01 R2 RL − U02 R1 RL
=
R1 (R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL )
U01 (R1 R2 + R1 RL ) − U02 R1 RL
=
R1 (R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL )
U01 (R2 + RL ) − U02 RL
=
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL
U02 (R1 + RL ) − U01 RL
I2 =
R1 R2 + R1 RL + R2 RL

Calculate the currents with given values:

I1 = 0.421 A
I2 = −0.158 A
IL = 0.263 A

For calculating the power:

P1 = R1 · I12 = 0.709 W
P2 = R2 · I22 = 0.05 W
PL = RL · IL2 = 0.346 W

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1.3)

Active elements provide energy to the electrical circuit. It means that

the power P = −U · I

P01 = −U01 · I01 = −U01 · I1 = −3 V · 0.421 A = −1.263 W

P02 = −U02 · I02 = −U02 · I2 = −1 V · (−0.158 A) = 0.158 W

1.4)

the first derivation of PL (RL ) has to be zero:

 2 !
d U01 R2 + U02 R1
· RL = 0
dRL R1 R2 + RL R2 + RL R1
2
(U01 R2 + U02 R1 )2

U01 R2 + U02 R1
⇔ − 2RL (R1 + R2 ) = 0
R1 R2 + RL R2 + RL R1 (R1 R2 + RL R2 + RL R1 )3
2RL (R1 + R2 )
⇔ =1
R1 R2 + (R1 + R2 )RL
R1 R2
⇔RL =
R1 + R2

The result is, that RL has to be equal to the internal resistance of

the source! This a general requirement of real sources! [4.57/58]

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Task 2:
2.1)

Neglect R1 and R4 :

I2

I1 R3
U0
R2 a

R5 R7

R6 b

Determine equivalent voltage sources for both current sources:

U2 = R3 I2 , U1 = R2 I1

U2

R3
R2 U0
a

U1 R5 R7

R6 b

9
 Add voltages sources and resistances R2 and R3 :
Ua = U0 − R2 I1 − R3 I2 , Ra = R2 + R3

Ra

Ua a

R5 R7

R6 b

Transform back to a current source:

Ua
Ia = R a

Ra
Ia
R5 R7

R6 b

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 Add parallel resistances:
Ra5 = RRaa+R
R5
5

Ra5
Ia
R7

R6 b

Transform back to a voltage source and add finally Ra5 and R6 :

Uq = Ub = Ia Ua5 = (U0 − R2 I1 − R3 I2 ) RaR+R
5
5
, Ri = Rb = Ra5 + R6

a
Ub

Rb R7

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2.2)

for maximum power dissipation RL has to be equal to Ri :

Ra R5 (R2 + R3 )R5
R7 = Rb = Ra5 + R6 = + R6 = + R6
Ra + R5 (R2 + R3 ) + R5

2.3)

Change Ub into a current source: (Ri = Rb stays the same)

R5
Ub (U0 − R2 I1 − R3 I2 ) R2 +R 3 +R5
Ik = = (R +R )R
Rb 2 3 5
+ R6
(R2 +R3 )+R5

2.4)

As Ri and R7 are equal, it is just a voltage devider resulting in half of

the open circuit voltage!
1 1 R5
Uab = − Ub = − (U0 − R2 I1 − R3 I2 )
2 2 Ra + R5

Task 3
2.1)

Dissipated power:
• Power at time t:

p(t) = R · i(t)2

• Average power:
Z T Z T
1 1
p= p(t)dt = R i(t)2 dt
T 0 T 0

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1) Sine function

AC-Current: i(t) = î sin(ωt)

2π
T
Rî2 ω Rî2 ω π
Z Z
1 2 2
ω 1
p=R î · sin (ωt)dt = sin2 (ωt)dt = = · R · î2
T 0 2π 0 2π ω 2
Equivalent DC-current:
1 !
p= · R · î2 = P = R · I 2
2
î
⇒I=√
2
R
How to calculate sin2 (ωt)dt

1 − cos(2x)
sin2 (x) =
2
1 − cos(2ωt)
Z Z Z
2 1 2 1
sin (ωt)dt = sin (ωt)dωt = dωt =
Z ω Z ω 2
1 1 1 1
= · · [ 1 · dωt + cos(2ωt)dωt] = · [ωt − sin(2ωt)]
ω 2 2ω 2

2) Triangular function

For the calculation shift the triangle T/4 to the right and consider
only a quarter of the period (0 ≤ t ≤ T /4)!
→ AC-Current: i(t) = 4Tî · t

!2
Z T /4 Z T /4
1 4R 4î
p = R i(t)2 dt = ·t dt
T /4 0 T 0 T
2 Z T /4
64Rî 2 64Rî2 T 3 1
= t dt = = · R · î2
T3 0
3
T 192 3

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 Equivalent DC-current:
1 !
p= · R · î2 = P = R · I 2
3
î
⇒I=√
3
Calculation over the whole period from −T /2 to T /2

Z T /2 Z 0 Z T /2
1 1
p = R i(t)2 dt = R · [ i(t)2 dt + i(t)2 dt]
T −T /2 T −T /2 0

Define i(t) for the interval −T /2 - 0. This is a linear function. It

means it could be expressed by the equation:

i(t) = a1 · t + b1

With conditions i(0) = i0 and i(−T /4) = 0 the coefficients a1 and b1

can be calculated:

2i0
i(t) = · t + i0
T
Now it is possible to integrate the first part.

0 0 Z 0
16i2 8i2
Z Z
2i0
2
i(t) dt = [ 2
· t + i0 ] dt = [ 20 · t2 + 0 · t + i20 ]dt =
−T /2 −T /2 T −T /2 T T
16i20 3 4i20 2 0 2 T 1
= [ 2 ·t + · t + i20 · t]dt−T /2 = i20 · [ T − T + ] = i20 T
3T T 3 2 6
The same considirations can be applied for the interval 0 - T /2:

2i0
i(t) = − · t + i0
T
Now it is possible to integrate the second part.

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 Z T /2 Z T /2
2 2i0 1
i(t) dt] = [− · t + i0 ]2 dt = i20 T
0 0 T 6
The overage power can be calculated:
Z 0 Z T /2
1 2 1 1 1 1
p = R ·[ i(t) dt + i(t)2 dt] = R · [ i20 T + i20 T ] = i20 R
T −T /2 0 T 6 6 3

î
⇒I=√
3

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2.2)

1) Sine function

Z T
1
u = û · sin (ωt) dt = 0V
T 0
T
2 T /2
Z Z
1
|u| = |û · sin (ωt)| dt = û · sin (ωt) dt
T 0 T 0
!
Tω
2û 1 cos 2 2
= − = û
T ω ω π
s s
Z T 2
Z T
1 û
Urms = û2 sin2 (ωt)dt = sin2 (ωt)dt
T 0 T 0
r
û2 π û
= =√
T ω 2

2) Triangular function

Z T
1
u = u(t)dt = 0V
T 0

1 T 4 T /4 4û
Z Z
|u| = |u(t)| dt = tdt
T 0 T 0 T
16û T /4 16û T 2
Z
û
= 2
tdt = 2 =
T 0 T 32 2
s s
Z T Z T /4  2
1 4 4û
Urms = u(t)2 dt = dt
T 0 T 0 T
s
64û2 T /4 2
Z
û
= t dt = √
T3 0 3

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Task 4

Im Z R  R  7
îR
Re Y R  R 1  0.14S
ûR
R  0  0

Im Z L  j    L  j 1
ûL îL
Y L   j    L    j 1S
1
Re

L    / 2   90

Im
Z C   j    C    j 100
1

îC
Re
Y C  j    C  j  0.01S
ûC
C    / 2   90

17
 Im Z RLs  R  j    L  7  j 1
ûL
îR ûR
Re Y RLs  0.14  j  0.02S

L 
RLs  arctan   8.13
 R 

1
Im Z RCs  R    7  j 100  
j   C
îR ûR  7 100 
Re Y RCs    j S
 10049 10049 
ûC
 100 
RCs  arctan    86, 00
 7 

1
1 1   LR  7 49 
Im Z RLp          j
 R j   L    L  j  R  50 50 
L jR
 0.14  j  S
ûR îR 1 1
Re Y RLp   
R j   L  LR
îL RLp  81.87

1
1 
 6.97  0.49  j  
R
Z RCp    j   C  
Im
R  1 j  R   C
îC
 j    C  0.14  0.01 j  S
Re 1
ûR îR Y RCp 
R

RCp   4.00

18
 Im
îR ûL
ûR Re

ûC

1  1 
Z RLCs  R  j    L   R  j   L    7  j  99  
j   C    C 

1 7  j  99
Y RLCs   S
 1  9850
R  j   L 
   C 

RCLs  85.96

Im
ûR îC Re
îR

îL

1
1 1 
Z RLCp    j    C    0.14  j  0.99  
 R j   L 

1 1
Y RLCp    j    C   0.14  j  0.99  S
R j   L

RLCp  81.95

19