(1936 1957 ICSMFE) Proceedings (Contents) PDF

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'1
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON
' t
.. SOIL MECHANICS AND

.! t~·
~{ FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
f ~~(
JUNE 22 to 26, 1936
. ·~.
:"::;
mm
m
VOLUME I
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

III.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Bt EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLING OPERATIONS
Page
B-1 Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. Submitted by Laboratory of
Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherlands)
B-:2 Sampling and Testing Undisturbed Sands from Boreholes, J, P, van Bruggen
(Netherlands)
B-3 · Short Description of a Field-Testing Method with Coneshaped Sounding Apparatus.
p, Barentsen (lletherlands) 7-10
B-4 E>oploraticn of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operations. WilliamS, Hanna (Egypt) lQ-ll
B-5 Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operation, L, F, Cooling and

D, B, Smith (England) 1:2
B-6 An Improved Type of Soil Sampler for Eloploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling
Operations. Thomas E, Stanton (U,S,A,)
B-7 Desoription of An Apparatus to Register Graphically the Settlements of a Plane Plate
Resting upon a Subsoil and Charged with a Constant or Inoreasing Load. J, L, A,
Cuperas (Netherlands) 16-22
Seotion Ct REGIOnAL SOIL STUDIES FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES

· 0-l Regional Soil Studies for Engineering Purposes, William S, Hanna (Egypt)
0-:2 Soil Survey of the Flushing Meadow Park Site, Long Island, New York, George L,
Freeman (u .S,A,)
0-3 Rels.tion betwoon the Chemioal Composition and the Physical Characteristics of
Some Hawaiian Soils. Carl B, Andrews (Hawaii)
Section D: SOIL PROPERTIES

D-l Comparison Betvreen Consolidation, Elastic, and other Soil Properties Established
from Laboratory Tests and from Observations of Structures in Egypt. Gregory
Tsohebotareff (Egypt)
D-:2 The Shearing Resistance of Soils, L, F, Cooling, D, B, Smith (England)
Report on the Investigation of the Compressibility of the Ground of the Hydro-
Eleotric Power Plant Svir 3 and on the Application of the,Test Results to the
Computation of the Settlements, A, Frey Samsioe (Sweden) 41-47
Improved Methods of Consolidation Test and of the Determination of Capillary
Pressure in Soils, N. Gersevanoff (USSR)
D-5 Long Duration Consolidation Tests, J, H, van der Burght (Netherlands)
D-6 The Chemical Nature of Soils, K, Endell and U, Hoff~ (Germany)

.D-7 The Shearing Resistance of Saturated Soils and the Angle betvreen the Planes of
Shearo Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria)
Section E: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS

E-1 Relation between Observed Inequalities of Settlement of Buildings in Egypt and
Theoretioul Stress Distribution, Based on Boussinesq Formulas, G~egory
Tsohebotareff (Egypt)
E-:2 The Stress Distribution round a Pile, F, E, Relton (Egypt)
E-3 Tangential StressEHi under ~:Spread Foundation. D, P, Kryni_ne (U ,S,A.)
IV
(Seation E Continued)
Determination of Stresses Within a Two Dimensional Elastic and Isotropic Earth
Mass, D, P, Krynino (U,S,A,)
E-5 Studies of Soil Pressures and Soil Deformations by Means of a Centrifuge.
G, I, Pokrovsky and I, s, Fedorov (USSR)
Seation Fo SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

F-1 Settlement Observations or Buildings in Egy-pt, William S, Hanna and Gregory
Tsohebote.reff (Egypt)
F-2 Movements of Building Footings Duo to Earthquake Loads, Frederick J, Converse
(u.s.A.) ·
F-3 Settlement of Exhibits Buildings at the Texas Centennial Central Exposition,
Raymond F. Dawson (u,s.A,)
F-4 Settlement Reaords of the Mississippi River Bridge at Now Orleans. William P,
Kimball (u.s.A.)
F-5 A Case of Bridge Abutment Movement, C, L. Nord (U,S,A,)
F-6 A Case of Settlement of a Bridge Pier, D, P, Krynine and C, L, .Nord (U,S,A,)
F-7 Results of Long Duration Settlement Tests, A, S, Keverling Buisman (Netherlands)
F-8 Measuring Groundwater Pressures in a Layer of Peat, Caused by an Imposed Load.
J, c. N, Ringeling (Netherlands) ·
F-9 Direot Measuring of Internal Water Pressures in Clay, C, Biomond (Netherlands)
F-10 Settlement or the Soil Surface around the Foundation Pit during the Construction
of the Looks at Vrooswijk Resultant on the Sinking of tho Groundwater,
W, H. Brinkhorst (Netherlands)
F-11 The National Theatre Building and Efforts made to Prevent its Further Sinking.
Jose G, Ledesma (Mexico)
Section Go STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES

G-1 On Bank Slides in the 1'/hangpoo River, Wang Yen (China)
G-2 The Control of Landslides, Robert G, Hennes (U,S,A,)
G-3 Foundation Investigation of Fort Peak Dam Closure Section, T. A, Middlebrooks
(u.s.A.)
G-4 Uplift Pressure on Weirs of Simple and Complex Designs. E, McKenzie Taylor and
V, J, Vaidhianathan. (India)
G-5 Determination of Groundwater Tensions: A Neoessa.ry Element in Investigating
the Stability or Slopes. G, H, van Mourik Broekman and A, S, Keverling Buisrnan
(Netherle.nda)
G-6 Critical Height and Factor of Safety of Slopes Against Sliding, Karl v, Terzaghi
(Austria)
G-7 Stability of Slopes o~ Natural Clay. Karl v. Terzaghi (Austria)
Section Ho BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

H-1 Theory of Lateral Bearing Capacity of Piles, Paul E, Raes (Belgium)
H-2 On the Computation of Piles, Daaed on the Theory of Axial Impact.

A, A, Kansohin and A, A, Plutalow (USSR)
·:
/ ... '"·.
v
(Section R Continued)
Page
H-3 The Carrying Capacity of Piles as Computed from Pile Loading and Pulling Tests,
c, Frunx (Netherlands) 173-180
Section I: PILE LOADING TESTS

I-1 The Predetermination of the Required Length and the Prediction of the Toe
i Resistance of Piles. Submitted by Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherls.uds)

I-2 Pile Loading Tests at Zwijndrecht, Holland, G, C, Boonstra (Netherlands)
181-184.
185-194
I-3 Records of Some Pile Tests in Shanghai, S, E, Faber (China) 194-199
Section J: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETIJW,

TUNNEL LININGS, ETC,
J-1 The Distribution of Normal Pressure on a Retaining Wall Due to a Concentrated
I J-2
Surface Load, M, G, Spangler (u,s,A,)
The Correlation of Soil Mechanics Studies with the Design and Construction of
Retaining Walls, Robart F, Lsgget (Canada)
...._.
200-207
207-211
J-3 Distribution of the Lateral Pressure of Sand on the Timbering of Cuts, Karl v,
Terzaghi (Austria) 211-215
J-4 Effect of the Type of Drainage of Retaining lTalls on the Earth Pressure, Karl
v, Terzaghi (Austria) 215-218
J-5 A Fundamental Fallacy in Earth Pressure Computations, Karl v. Terzaghi (Submitted as a re-
Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, print and enclosed
April, 1936. with this volume)
Section K: GROUNJJI'IATER MOVEMENT AND SEEPAGE

K-1 Electric Investigation or Underground Water Flaw Nets. C, G, J, Vreedenburgh
and O, Stevens (Netherlands Indies) 219-222
K-2 On the Steady Flow of Water Percolating through Soils with Homogeneous-
anisotropic Permeability. C, G, J, Vreedenburgh (Netherlands Indies) 222-225
K-3 Seepage under an Earth Dam, Submitted by Laboratoirss du Batiments et des
Travaux Publios, Ministers de L'Education Nationale, Paris (France) 225-227
K-4 The Law or Distribution of Moisture in Soils and Methods f~r the Study of the
Same, N, A, Ostashev (USSR) 227-228.
Section L: SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGH\VAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS

L-1·· Studies of Fill Construction Over Mud Flats-Including a Description of Experimental
Construction Using Vertical Sand Drains to Hasten Stabilization. O,J. Porter (U.S.A,) 229-235
L-2 · Experimental Road for Heavy Traffic on a very Compressible Soil (Peat-Bog-Ground) •
J, A, Royer (Netherlands) 235-238
L-3 Vertical and Lateral Displacements of a Reinforced Concrete Culvert Under a
·High Earth Embankment, M, G, Spangler (U,S,A,) 238-243
L-4. The Application of Soil Mechanics to Highway Foundation Engineering. John O, \
Morton (U,S,A;) · . 243-247
L-5 Soil Profile Field Methods ~n New Hampshire. John o, Morton (U,S,A,) 247-247
L-6 The Soil Survey as used by the Michigan Sta.te Highway Department, Olaf
Stokstad (u.s.A,) . 248-262
VI
Section M:
METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR Et!GI!lEERING PUR- No
POSES, INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CONSTRUCTING .AllD COMPACTING EARTH FILLS
Page
M-1 A New Method of Impe~eabilizing and Improving the Physical Properties of Pervious Me
Subsoils by Injecting Bituminous Emulsions. J. Ph, Pfeiffer (Netherlands) 263-266 t.
M-2 Earth Embanlanents for the Pickwick Landing Dam, c. M. Weston (u.s.A,) 266-273 oh
,_,, 00
:'"..'
11-3 Electrochemical Hardening of Clay Soils. K, Endell and U. Hoffmann{Germany) 273-275 '~; of
of
~eotion N: MODERN METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIOlT OF FOUliDATIONS Zl,, di
Il-l Foundation for the Palace of the Soviets: Designing a rigid Heavy Foundation on Com-
'"j
ci
.me
'
presaible Uaterials through the Use of Soil Meoluinios, Carlton S, 1'rootor (u,s,A,) 276-278 ;,
N-2 Foundations of the New Telephone Building, Albany, New York, George W, Glick (u,s,A,) 278-284 i
N-3 Some Features .in Connection with the Foundatton of Svir 3 Hydro-Electric Power . ge
Development. Prof, H, Graftio, Leningrad, in collaboration with Vattenbyggnadsbyran,
'.
f en
VBB, Stockholm (Sweden) . 284·290
bs
N-4 A Special Foundation Method for. Bridge Piers, Adopted in Danish fjords. Pro£,
Anker Engelund (Denmark) r Me
N-5 The Floating Foundation of the New Building for the National Lottery of Mexico: An
291-294
r B
th
Actual Size Study of the Deformations of a Flocculent-structured deep Soil by
Jos6 A, Cuevas {Mexico) 294-301
""
pl
'. ~-o.·
Section Z: MISCELWTEOUS
Tl1
Z-1 Soil Mechanics as a Practical Science, William P, Kimball (u.s.A,) 302-306 u~
Z-2 Note on the Physical Characteristics of Mud from the Entrance Bar of the Yangtze
River. Herbert Chatley (China)
I ti
Z-3 Stress Distribution in Dry and in Saturated Sand Above a Yielding Trap-Door, Karl
306-307
~
t UI
v, Terzaghi (Austria) 307-311 tr
I ai
Z-4 Investigation or the Bearing-Power of the Subsoil (Especially Moraine) with 25 x 25 mm
Pointed Drill Weighted with 100 kg without Samples, O, Godskesen (Denmark) 3n~:n4 .,l ec
Z·;i Soil Studies for the StorstrOJd Bridge, Denmark, A, E, Bretting (Denmark) 314-327
~ bE
sl
AUTHOR INDEX
Tl'
Andrews C~3 Freeman C-2 Proctor N-1
Barentsen B~3 Garsavanoff D-1~ Ra.es H-1
£i
Relton fx
Biemond F-9 Glick N-2 E-2 of
Boonstra I-2 Graftio N-3 Ringe ling F-8 '! pe
Bretting Z-5 Hanna B-4,C-l,F-l Royer L-2 ,:
Brinkhorst F-10 Hennes G-2 Samsioe D-3 pc
Brookman G-5 Hoffmann D-6,M-3 Smith B·5,D-2
van Bruggen B-2 Kansohin H-2 Spangler J-l,L-3 i:-
fl
Buiaman F-7 ,o-5 Kimball F•4,Z-l Stanton B-6 8(
van aer Brught D-5 Krynine E-3 ,E-4,F-6 Stevens K-1 dl
Chatley Z-2 Ledesrne. F-11 Stokstad K-6
Converse F-2 Leg get J-2 Taylor o-4
Cooling \ol
B-5,D-2 Middlebrooks G-3 Terzaghi D-7 ,G-6 ,G-7
Cuevas N-5 Morton L-4,L-5 J-3' J-4. J-? O<
Cuper as B-7 Nord F~5,F-6 Z•3 tl
Dawson F-3 Osta.shev K-4 Taahebotareff D-l,E-l,F-1
Endell D-6,M-3 Pfeiffer M·l Vaidhianathan ri-4
Engel\Uld N-4 Plutalow H-2 Vattenbyggnadsbyran N-3
Faber I-3 Pokrovsky E-5 Vreedenburgh K-l,K-2
Fedorov E-5 Porter L-1 Wang Yen G-1
Franx H-3 \'Ieaton M-2
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
JUNE 22 to 26, 1936
VOLUME II
GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

•.: ' ,, ·:; Ill: .
TABLE. OF CONTENTS
Seotion AI REPORTS FROM SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORIES 0!1 TESTING APPARATUS,

TECHNIQUE OF TESTING AND INVESTIGATIONS IN PROGRESS
Page
A-1 General Report from the Laboratory of the Egyptian University 'in Cairo, Charles
Andreae. (Egypt), 1·3
A·2 Report on Teating Apparatus, Teohnique of Testing and Investigations in Progress.
Submitted by the Laboratory of Soil Meohanioa, Delft (Holland),
A-3 Report from Soil Ueohanica Laboratory on Testing Apparatus, Technique of Testing,
and lnveatigations in Progress. Submitted by Building Reseo.roh Station, Go.rstcn,
Harts (England), 12·16
A-4 Report on an Apparatus for Consumate I-nvestigation of the Mechanical Properties o{
Soils, Walter Kjellman, (Sweden).
A-5. The Soil Mechanics Laboratory at Yale University, D. P, Krynine. (u.s.A.),
A·6 Report from the Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the Univeraity of Michigan on Teating
Apparatua, Technique of Testing, and Inveatigations in Progreaa. w. s, Housel.
(u.s.A.). 24.Z8
A•7 Cornell University Soil Mechanios Laboratory •. H, T. Jenkins, (u.s.A.), 28.29
A-8 Report of Soils Teating Laboratory Fort. Peck Distriot, U, s·, Engineer Offioe at
Fort Peok, Montana. J, P. Hartman. (u.s.A.), 29·33
A-9 Report on the Laboratoire du Sol et dea Fondations. Submitted by the Laboratoirea
du Batiment et des Travaux Publics, Uiniatere de l 'Education Nationals, Paris
(France), .
A-10 Apparatua for Teatin~ Compressibility and Capillary Propertiea of Soils.
v. Bouliohev. (USSR). 37·38
A·l~ The Spring·Scale Cone. A Pocket Apparatua for Determining the Firmnesa of ~lay.
o, Godskesen. (Denmark).
A·l2 Recent Progress of Reaearoh 7/orks on Soil Mechanica in Japan, especially about some
Soil Meohanics Laboratories. N. Yamaguti, (Japan),
A-13 A New Method for Determining the Relative Consistency of Soils. Donald M,
· Burmister. (u.s.A,), 43·47
A·l4 Soil Engineering in the Tennessee Valley, Evan w. Vaughan. (u.s.A.), 48.49
A·l5 Report on Work of the American Sooiety for Testing Materials. C. A. Hogentogler
· and w. s. Housel, (u.s.A.), 49·52
A·l6 Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the Thayer School of Civil Engineering. W, P, Kimball,
(u.s.A.). 52·54
A-17 The Soil Mechanics Division of the Preussische Versuchaanstalt fUr Waaaerbau and
Schift'bau in Berlin. (Germany).
A-18 The Soil Meohanica Laboratory at the Mining Academy of Freiberg. (Germany),
A·l9 The Soils Laboratory of the Division of Teats, u, S. Bureau of Public Roads,
(u.s.A.),
A·20 The Division for Soil Mechanics of the Franziua·Institute for Foundations and
Hydraulics at the Technical University in Hanover. (Germany}.
A-21 Determination of the Water Content of Soil Samples by Means of Xylol, Begemann.
(Germany}.
A·22 The I-nstitute of the German Research Sooiety for Soil Mechanics (Degebo} at the
Tachnisohe Hoohschule in Berlin. (Germany), 68.72
A·2:l The Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the U, S. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,
Mississippi, s. J, Buchanan. (u.s.A,), 72·81
A-24 The Soil Mechanics Laboratory at the Technisohe Hochschule in Vianna. (Austria). 81·85
A.25 The Soil Mechanics Laboratory at Harvard University. P, c, Rutledge. (u.s.A,). 8!j.97
IV
Section B 1 EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AliD SAJAPLING OPERATIONS

Page
B-8 Preliminary Results o£ Coring in Loose Strata, H, Fehlmann. (Switzerland), 98-101
Section C 1 REGIONAL SOIL STUDIES FOR EUGINEERING PURPOSES
C-4 Bibliography o£ Shanghai Soils and Foundations, Submitted by Engineering Society

· o£ China, 102
C-5 Testing the Subsoil for the Nmv Drinking Water Reservoir of the City of Vienna at
the Lainz Game. Preserve. R, Till~. (Austria), 102-107
c-6 Regional Soil Study of Clays from Chicago, Illinois, P, c, Rutledge. (u.s.A,), 107-lll
Seotion D1 SOIL PROPERTIES '

D-8 On the Influence o£ Soale-liko Shape o£ Clay Particles on the Process of Shear in ·I
Soils. George Tar-Stepanian. (USSR), . • . 112-116
D-9 The Influence of the Speed of Loading Increment· on the Pressure Void Ratio Diagram I
o£ Undioturbed Soil Samples, Karl Langer. (France), · 116-120 1
D-10 Shearing Tosto, Compressive Tests on Cylinders. Comparison of Resulto in Vim< of
Determining 'the Angle of Friction and the Settlements in Soils, Maurice Buisson.
(France). 121-125
D-11 A Ring Shearing Apparatus for the Determination of the Shearing Resistance and Plastic
Flow of Soils. 11. Juul Hvorslev. (Austria),
D-12 An Investigation of Jllrgensen 1 s Squeeze Test. Arpad War lam. (Hungary l.•
D-13 Progress Report on an Investigation of the Shearing Resistance of Cohesi.onless
Soils. J, D. Parsons. (u.s.A,). · ·
D-14 Progress Report on Research on the Consolidation of Fine-Grained Soils. Hamilton
..
Gray. (u.s.A.),
Section E1 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS
E-6 A Rational Method for the Determination of the Vertical Normal Stresses under
Foundations, W, Steinbrenner, {Austria). 142-143
E-7 A Method of Representing the Distribution of Stress in Ground, Charles Fischer.
{Austria), 144.
E-8 Influence of Rigidity of a Circular Foundation Slab on the Distribution of Pressures
I
over the Conte.ot Surfe.ae, Hubert Bororrioka. (Austria), · 144-149 J
E-9 The Measurement of Soil Pressures on the ·Lining of the Midto\m Hudson Tunnel, G. }.!,
Re.pp and A. H. Baker. (u.s.A.), . · 150-l% .,'I
E-10 Stress Distribution in Ele.stio Solids, Hamilton Gray, (U,S,A,), 157-168 ·;
E-ll Correlation of Surfe.oe Loading ~eats with Unoonfined Compression Tests for Cohesive
Soils, Austin B, Mason, (u.s.• A. ), '169-173
SeotiQn F 1 SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES
F-12 Settlement Reoords ond Loading Data for Various Buildings Ereoted by the Public Vlorks
Departmsnt, Munioipe.l Council, Shanghai. N, V{, B•. Clarke and J, B. Watson. (Chine.),· 174-185
F-13 Foundation Date.. J, A. Favrot. (Chine.). 185-186
F-14 FoUndation Soil Testing and Settlement Measuring, Charles Fisoher. (Austria), 186-191 ·I
F-15 Securing e. Vienna Tenement House against Injurious Settlement by Reducing the Soil
Pressure and Draining the Underground, R. Tillme.nn. (Austria), 191-193
Seotion G1 STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES
G-8 On the Stability of Foundations of Embankments. Leo JOrgenson. (Estonia), 194-200

G-9 Stability or Earth Slopes, Joseph J.t.ky, (Hungary). 200..207.
v
Seotion H1 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
Page
H-4 Conditions for the St~ility of Piles, E, M, Lozovsky. (USSR), 208-211
H-5 ~arnic Formul& for Determining the Resist&nae of Piles, B, M, Lozovsky. (USSR). 212-216
H-6 Notes on the Pile Driving Formula Included in the Proposed Boston Building Code,
J, stuart Crandall, (u.s.A.). 216-220
Seotion. I 1 PILE LOADING TESTS
I-4 Pile Driving &nd Test-loading Records. N. W, B. Clarke and J, B. Watson, (China),
I-5 Lae.d Test on a Wood Pile DriVen into the Ground, R. Tillmann, (Austria),
I-6 Pile· Loading Tests, Bonnet Carre Floodway, J, P. Dean and J. C. Baehr. (u.s.A.),
Section J1 EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAII!ING VIALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETING,

TUNNEL LININGS, ETC,
J-6 Relation betvreen Relative Density and Earth Pressure, Hans Petermann. (GerDlBJlO')•
Section L1 SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGH'iiAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS
L-7 Observations of the Texas State Highway Department on the Subsequent Effects of the
Vniformity and the Non-Uniformity of Foundation Soil-Types on Pavements; and also the
Effects of Uniformity and Non-Uniformity of Uoisture Content Fluotuatione in Soil
Foundations of High Volumetric Change, Henry c. Porter, (u.s.A,),
L-8 Progress Report on an Investigation of Frost Action in Soils. A. Mackintosh.
(u.s.A.)·
Seotion M1 METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR .ENGINEERING
PURPOSES, INCLUDING RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Ill COJ!STRUCTING AND COMPACTING
EARTH FILLS
M-4 Soil Consolidation Vlorks Effected near Elne, France on a Bridge over the Tach River,
P. Baohy. (Fronoe),
Section N1 MODERll METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS
N-6 The Failure of Bridge Piers due to Scour. Karl v •. Terzaghi, (Austria), 264
N-7 Concrete Filled Steel Cylinders for Foundations. Harry T. Immerman, (u.s.A.), 264-267
N-8 Foundations of 40Wall St., New York City, Harry T, Immerman. (U.s.A,)", 267-'2:72
N-9 Cofferdams, Lazarus White. (U, S.A.), .272-'2:79
Section Z 1 MIS!lELLANEOUS
z-6 Principles Governin~ Interpretation of Results Obtained Through Exploration ·or

Soils for Foundation Purposes, J, M, Abeleff, (USSR), 280-282
Z-7 About the Protection of' Structures from the Existence of Radiating Elastic Waves in
the Soil. D. D. Barkan, (USSR).
z-8 Field Investigations of' the Theory of Vibration of MAssive Foundation under Machines,
D. D. Barkan. ·(ussR), . 285-288
z-9 A Method of Determining the Rate of Deformation in Soil Mass by. Means of Electricity,
G, I. Pokrowskio (USSR), 289-290
"Z-10 Consolidation of Marina Clay. 0. K. Froehlich (Aus'tria) •. 290-294
z-11 Pretest Shoring of' Retaining Wall. Harry T, Immerman, (U.S.A,), 294-296
z-12 The Alexander Dam, Soil Studies and Settlement·Cbservations, Joel B. Cox, (U.S.A.), 296-298
Z-13 Experimelits with Models for Determining the Deformation and Tensions in Foundations
on Plo.stio Ground, Ad, Pogacy. (Poland) • 298-299
VI 'l·'
Page
z-14 Water Supply Souroes for Metropolitan Boston, FrankE, Winsor, (u.s.A,), 300
z-15 Foundations and Embankments of quabbin Dams, Stanley M, Dora. (u.s.A,), 300-307
z-1.6 Soil Mechahios Laboratory at the Technical University of Budapest, Hungary. 307
. Joseph Jaky, (Hungary),
Z-17 Proposed N~ Boston Building Code - Chapter on Foundations. Gilbert Small,
(u.s.A,). 308-318
Z-18 Practical Soil Meohanios at Muskingum. Theodore T, Knappen and Robert R,
Phillipa. (u.s.A.), Appendix
(reprint)
Z-19 Improved Soil Testing Methods, Glennon Gilboy. (u.s.A.), Appendix 1:
(reprint)
Z-20 Simple Tests Determine Hydrostatic Uplift, Karl v. Terzaghi, (Austria), Appendix
(reprint)
Z-21 Field Test for Identification of Soils Capable of Frost Heaving. Leo Appendix
JUrgenson. (Estonia), (reprint)
Abele££
Andreae
z-6
A-l
AUTHOR
Froehlich
Gilboy
Z-10
Z-19
INDEX
Pars oris
Petermann
D-13
J-6
I
I
Bachy M-4 Godskesen A-ll Phillipe Z-18
Baehr I-6 Gr.., D-14, E-10 Poge.ny Z-13
Be.ker E-9 Hartman A-8 Pokrowski Z-9
Barkan Z-8, Z-9 Hogentog1er A-15 Porter L-7
Begeme.nn
llorowioka
A-21
E-8
Housel
Hvorslev
A-6, A-15
D-ll
Re.pp
Rutledge
E-9
A-25, c-6
I
Bou1ichev A-10 !Jmnerman 11-7 ,11-B,Z-ll Small Z-17 1
z-16
~
Buchanan A-23 JOky a-9, Steinbrenner E-6
Buisson D-10 Jenkins A-7 Ter-Stepanie.n D-8
Burmister A-13 JUrgenson G-8, Z-21 Terzaghi N-6, z-20 'I
Crandall H-6 Kimball A-16 Tillma.nn C-5, F-15, I-5
Clarke F-12, I-1+ Kjellme.n A-4 Vaughan A-14
Cox Z-12 Kne.ppen Z-18 Ylarlam D-12 J
Dean I-6 Krynine A-5 Watson F-12, I-4
Dora Z-15 Langer D-9 White N-9
Fe.vret F-13 Lozovsky H-4, H-5 Winsor Z-14
Fehlms.nn B-8 Mackintosh L-8 Yamaguti A-12 ,l
Fischer E-7, F-14 Mason E-ll
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Secretary's Report. A, Casagrande (u.s.A,),

Treasurer's Report, · P, c, Rutledge, (U,S.A,),
ADDRESSES
Opening Remarks. A, Casagrande. (U.S.A,), ll
Address of Welcome. James B, Conant. (U,S,A,), ll-12
Relation Betvreen So.il Mechanics ani! Foundation Engineering, Karl v. Terzaghi.
(Aus~ria), · · · 13-18
Address. DanielE, Moran. (u,s,A,), 18-19
Soil Study and Engineering. F, E. Schmitt, (u,s,A,), 19-21
Farewell Address. A, Agatz. (Geme.ny), 21-22
Closing Address of the President. Karl v. Terze.ghi, (Austria). 22-23
Section Bt EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLIHG OPERATIO!lS

B-9 Opening Diseussion, Henry A. Mohr, (u.s.A,),
B-10 ·Disoussion, Daniel E. Moran. (u,s,A.),
B-ll Discussion, Ee.rl F. Bennett, (u,s,A,),
B-12 Discussion. A Method for Determining the Representative Character of Undisturbed
Samples and Something of the Disturbance Caused by the Sampling Operation,
Donald M. Burmister. (u,s,A,), 26-28
i.
B-13 Disoussion, llarold E. Russell. (u.s~A.).
B-14 Discussion, Spencer J, Buohane.n, (U,S,A,),

B-l!) Discussion, EvanVf. Vaughan, (u,s,A,),
B-16 Comments on Various Papers, (B-3 1 B-6, B.-7),···
Section Dt SOIL PROPERTIES

n-.15 Opening Disoussion, Donald W, Taylor. (u,s,A.),
D-16 .Discussion. Soil Properties as Functions of.General Soil Formation Processes,
H, F. Winterkorn. (u.s.A,), 33
1)..17 Discussion of Paper C-2, Interpretation of Some of the Results of the Soil
Survey of the Flushing Meadows Park Site. Donald M, Burmister. (u.s.A,), 33-36
D-18 Discussion. Willie.ili P, Kimball, (u,s,A.), 37
n-.19 Discussion, G, Tsohebctaretr. (Egypt), 37-38
1)..20 Discussion, C, A, Hcgentcgler. (u,s,A,). 38-39
1)..21 · Discussion, George E, Ekble.w, (U,S,A,), 39
1)..22 Discussion, L, F. Cooling, (England), 39-40
III
Page
D-23 Discussion of Paper o..6 (Blf l<>tter), The Chemical Nature of Clays,
H, F. Winterkorn, (u,s,A,)
D-24 Discussion (By l<>tter), Apparatus for Testing Soils in Compaoted State,
c. A, Hogentogler, Jr. (u,s,A,),
D-2!i Discussion (By l<>tter); Permeability Device for Undisturbed San<) Srunples,
Joseph Szily, (Hungary),
D-26 ·Discussion (By Lotter), liO\'I' Apparatus for Volumetric Determination of Carbonates
and Water Contents in Soils, le.dislav C, Smolik, (Czechoslovakia), 47-48
D-27 Discussion (By l<>tter), Relation Between Void Ratio and Effective Principal
Stresses for a Remculded, Silty Clay, l<>o Rendulic, (Germany),
D-28 Discussion (By Letter), Conditions of Failure for Remoulded Cohesive Soils.
M, Juul Hvorslev, (Austria),
D-29 Discussions (By Lotter), Maurice Buisson, (France),

D-30 Discussions (By Letter), Carl B, Andrews, (Honolulu),
D-31 Discussion of Paper o..6 (By Lotter), T,. A, Middlebrooks, (u,s,A,),
D-32 Discussion, Lazarus White. (U,S,A,),

D~33 Discussion (By Letter), Notes on the Shearing Resistance and the Stability of
Cohesionless Soils and their Relation to the Design of Earth Druns, Arthur
Casagrande, (U,S,A,), 58-60
D-34 Discussion (By Letter), The Determination of the Pre~Consclidation Load and
Its Practical Significance. Arthur Casagrande, (U,S,A,),
D-35 Commento on Various Papers. (D-1, C~6),
D-36 Discussion (By Letter), Bror Felleniuso (Sweden),
Section Et STRESS DISTRIBUTIOn I!! SOILS

~12 Opening Discussion. Pressure Distribution, "
Franz Kogler. (Germany),
Discussion on the Distribution of Stress around a Pile, Raymond D, Mindlin.

(u.s.A,), 71
~14 Discussion, A Graphical llethod of Determiuing the Distribution of Stress in the

Underground Due to Foundation Loads, Donald M, Burmister. (U,S,A,), 71~73
~15 Discussion, D, P, Krynineo (U,S,A,), 73-74

~16 Discussion, Benjrunin K, Hough, -Jr, (U.S.A,). .75
~17 Discussion (By Letter), Stress Distribution as a Problem in Attraction.
George w. Gliok. (u,S,A,), 7~77
~18 Comments on Various Papers. (E-9), 77

~19 Discussion (By Letter), ThOIW.s A, Middlebrooks·, (U,S,A,), 78
~20 Discussion of Paper Jlo, ~4 (By Letter), D, P, Krynine. (u,s,A,) 78
Seotion F1 SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

F-16 Ope~ Disoussion, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria),
F~17 Diaoussion, Interpretation of Loading Tests for Footings. Donald M, Burmister.

(u.s.A,) 87~88
IV
Page
F-18 Discussion. Additional Experience on Situ-Cast Concrete Piles, Rudolf Tillman,

(Austria), 89
F-19 Disaussion of Paper F-2, Rudolf Tillman, (Aust~ia), 89-90
F-20 Disaussion, Wilhelm Loos, (Germany), 90-92

F-21 Discussion of Papers No, F-12 and F-13 (By Latter). On Settlement of Struaturas
in Shanghai, China. Karl v, Terzaghi, (Austria).
F-22 Disaussion on the 1~vements of the Piers of the Mississippi River Bridge 1
Paper llo, F-4, Kal'l v. Tarzaghi, (Austria), and William P. Kimball. \U.S,A,) 96-98
F-23 Discussion of Paper F-4 (By Letter). Settlement Records of the Mississippi River
Bridge at New O,leans, William P, Kimball, (u.s.A,), 98-99
F-24 Discussion, Vlillirun S, Housel, (U,S,A,), 99-101
F-25 Discussion on Paper .llo, F-8. (By Latter). 14>uriae Buisson. (Fre.naa), 101
F-26 Discussion (By Letter). Soil Testing and Observation in the Design and
Construotion of Rotundan-Bridge Across the Danube River in Vienna. Charles
Fisch.er, (Austria),
F-27 Discussion of Paper No, F-6 (By Lotter), Thomas A, Middlebrooks, (U,S,A,),
F'-28 Discussion (By Latter). Settlement Observations on Structures of the

"Raichsautobahnan 11 • Leo Casagrande. (Germany), . 104-1o6
F-29 Discussion (By Letter). Comparison of Computed and Observed Settlements,
Ernst von Gottstein. (Germany). 107-110
F-30 Comments on Various Papers (F-2, F-14), 110
Section G1 STABILITY OF EARTH AIID FOUNDATIO!T WORKS AlTD OF NATURAL SLOPES
G-10 Opening Discussion. Frank A, Marston, (U,S,A,), 111-112
G-11 Opening Discussion. Stability of Embankment Foundations. G, Gilboy. (11,S,A,) 112
G-12 Discussion, T. T. Knappen, (u.s.A.), 112-113
G-13 Discussion, A Method for Determining the Shearing Resis.tance of Fill

Materials, Earth Embankments, ato, in Place by Means of a llew Shear
Apparatus, Donald 11, Burmister. (u.s.A.). 114-116
G-14 Discussion, Joachim Ehrenberg, (Germany). 117-118
G-15 Discussion on Gilboy's Presentation of Jurgenson's 11ethod of Foundation

llnalysis, T, A, Middlebrooks, (u.s.A.), 118
G-16 Disousoion, Notes on the Stability of Slopes, Donald \'1, Taylor, (U,S,A,), 118-122
G-17 Discussion (By Latter), Two Examplos Concerning Underground Sliding Caused by
Construction of Embankments and Statio Investigations of the Effectiveness of
11easures Provided to Assure their Stability, Ernst von Gottetaia, ( Get'!llallY) • 122-128
G-18 Discussion of Paper No. G-3 (By Latter), Arshng G, Solakian, (U,S,A,) 128-129
G-19 Discussion (By Letter), Robe~t G, Hennes, (U,S,A,), 129
G-20 Comments on Various Papers. ( G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4), 130

v
Page
Section H1 BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
H-7 Opening Discussion, J, S, Crandall, (U,S,A,), 131-132
1!-8 Discussion on Sections H e.nd I, John G, Mason, (U,S,A, ), 132-136
H-9 Discussion, R, Pietkowski. (Poland), 1;:>6-137
H-10 Discussion, Lazarus \Yhite. (u.s.A,), 137-138
H-11 Discussion on the Lateral Resistance of Piles, Pe.per No, H-1, Paul Raes
(Belgi\lli\) and A, E. Cummings. (U,S,A,),
· H-12 Discussion on Sections H e.nd I, W, S, Hsnnn e.nd Gregory Tsohebote.reff,
(Egypt),
H-13 Discussion, Carlton s, Proctor •. (U,s,A,),
H-14 Discussion, Kjetil Hsugeto, (U,S,A,),
H-15 Discussion (By Letter), Some References to Pile Driving and the Supporting
Power of Piles in British Teopnioal Publications, Robert Fo Leggett, (Canada),
H-16 DiooUBsion of Paper No, H-5 (By Lotte>·), Dimitri P, Krynine, (u.s.A,),
H-17 Discussion of Paper No, H-2 (By Letter), Calculation of Piles Aocording to the
Theory of the Longitudinal Flow, B,. B, Kretschmer. (USSR),
H-18 Report on Special Meeting of the Committee on Bearing Value of Pile Foundations,
Waterways Division, .American Society of Civil Engineers,
H-19 Comments on Various Papers. (I-5),
Section J1 EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAI!IIUG WA.IJ.1l, EXCAVATION SHEETING,

TU!lllEL LI!lHTGS, ETC.
J-7 Opening Discussion, Arthur Casagrande, (U,S.A,)
J-8 Discussion, Karl v, Terzaghi, (Austria),
J-9 Discussion, Pressure Distributions on Retaining Walla. Raymond D, Mindlin,

(u.s.A,) 155-156
J-10 Discussion of Paper J-3· Jeremiah E, B. Jennings. (U,S,A,), 157-158
J-11 Discussion of Paper No, J-1 (By Letter), A, E, Cummings, (U,S,A,), 158-159
J-12 Discussion of Paper No, J-1 (By Letter), D, P, Krynine. (U,s,A,), 159-16o
J-13 Discussion (By Letter), Some References to Lateral Earth Pressure in
British Teohnioal Publications, Robert F, Leggett. (Canada). 16o
Section K: GBOUJID WATER MOVEt<E!IT AND SEEPAGE

K-5 Opening Discussion, Joel D, Justin. (U,S,A,], 161
K-6 Discussion, William P, Creager. (U,S,A,), 161-162
Discussion, A Praotioal Application of the Flow !let Method of Analysis

to the Design of Cofferdams. Donald M, Burmister. (U,S,A,), 162-164
K-8 Discussion of Paper K-3 (By Letter), Direct Measurement of the

Permeability of the Ground, J, P, Daxelhofer. (Fre.noe),
K-9 Discussion. Q, Stevens, (Netherlands Indies),
VI
Page
Section Lo SOIL PROBLEMS Ill HIGHYIAY E!IGI!IEERI!IG INCLUDING FROST ACTIO!!
Ill SOILS
L-9 Opening Discussion, Soils for Highway Uses, C, A, Hogentogler. (U,S,A,), 167~168
L-10 Discussion, H, F. Winterkorn. (U,S,A,), 168-169
L-11 Discussion, 1ruck Settlement Under High>;ay Fills. Earl F. Bennett. (U,S,A,), 169-170
L-12 Discussion (By Letter), Effect of' Freezing a.nd Thawing of Soil-under
Foundations of Cold Storage Warehouse, E, A, Dockstader, (U,S,A,), 171-173
L-13 Frost Action in Soils and Its Relation to High>;ay Engineering•

Gunnar Beskow. (Sweden), 17:?
Section Mo JJETHODS FOR IMPROVI!lG THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS FOR

ENGINEERING PURPOSES, I!ICLUDI!lG RECEl!T DEVELOPI!EllTS IN
CONSTRUCTING AliD COMPACTING EARTH FILLS j
M-5 Comparative Studies of the Effectiveness of Different Methods for Compacting
Cohesionless Soils, Wilhelm Leos, (Germany) , 174-179.
M-6 Opening Discussion. Karl v, Terzaghi, (Austria), 180.182
Section No MODER!! METHODS OF DESIGN AJID CO!!STRUCTIQII OF FOIDIDATIOI!S
11-10 l'he Foundations of the San Franoisoo-Oakla.nd Bay Bridge, Carlton S, Proctor.
(u.s.A,) 18:?-193
N-11 Foundation of' Modern Bridges in Delllllllrk. Aage E, Bretting. (Dell!Ml.rk) • 193-201
N-12 Experienoes in the Construction and Working of Mercantile Harbours at

Bremen and Brcmerhaven and their Value in the Design of New Structures.
A, Agatz, (Germany), 201-215
11·13 The Foundation of the Building "La Ba1aise" in Lugano, Switzerland

Involving Modern Methods in Deep Foundation Technique, G, D, Radio. (Italy), 215-225
N-14 Opening Discussion. Lazarus 1'/hite. (U,S,A,), 226-228
11-15 Discussion on the Movements Within Foundation Pits During Construction.

J, A, Cuevas (Mexico}, Lazarus White (u,s,A,) a:o:l Karl v, Terzaghi (Austria), 228·231
N~l6 Discussion. Paul E, Rae a, (Belgiwa), 231-233
11-17 Foundation Conditions in Mexico City. Jose A, Cuevas •. (Mexico), 233-237
Section Zo MISCELLANEOUS
Z-22 Discussion, Karl v. Terzaghi, (Austria), 238
Z-23 Discussion of Paper No, N-6 (By Lotter), Irving B, Crosby, (U,S,A,), 238-2:?9
Z~24 Discussion (By Letter), Maurice Buisson, (France), 2:?9-240
Z-25 Di.scussion (By Letter). Karl R, Kennison. (U,S,A,), 240
z~26 Discussion of' Paper No. Z-17 (By Letter), Proposed !lew Boston Building
Code. Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria),
Z..'Z{ A Preliminary Investigation into the Subject of Foundations in the
'Blaok Cotton' and 'Kyatti' Soils of the Mandalay District, Burma.
D. Wooltorton, (India),
Z-28 Discussion of Paper No, Z..'Z{ (By Letter). W, E, Sl.jnpson, (U,S,A,);

VII
Pag0
Z-29 Report on a Joint Meeting of the Comnittee on Foundations e.n,d Soil Mechanics
of the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education and of the Committee
on the Standardization of Symbols and Conventions. 258
Z-29o. Opening Discussion, A. Casagrande. (u.s.A.). 25B-26l
Z-29b Discussion on Instruction in Soil Mechanics, Karl v. Terzaghi. (Austria), 261-263
Z-29o Discussion, Herbert Ensz, (u.s.A,), 264
Z...29d Discussion, E. E. Bauer. (U,S,A,). 261.~-265
z.!29e Discussion, W. P, Kimball, (U,S,A,), 265

Z-29£ Disoussion, Frederick J, Converse, (u.s.A,),· 265-266
Z-29g Discussion. D, Krynine, (U,S,A,), 266
Z·29h Discussion. Robert G, Hermes. (U.S.A,), 266-267
Z-29i Discussion, Donald M. Burmister. (U .s~A,), 267-268
Z-30 Discussion of Paper No, Z-4 (By Letter), 0, Godskesen. (Denmark), 268
.List of Participating and Absentee Members Appendix
LIST OF PAPERS DISCUSSED
Paper llo. Author Discussion Paper No. Author Discussion
Conte.ined in Contained in
A-25 Rutledge Z-24 Favrot F-21
B-3 Barentsen B-16 Fischer F-30
B-6 Stanton B-13 1 B-16 Wang G-20
B-7 Cuperas B-16 G-2 Hennes G-19, G-20

C-2 Freeman D-17 1liddlebrooks G-18, G-20
0..3 Andrews D-30 Taylor &
Vaidhianathan G-20
C-6 Rutledge D-35
Terzaghi G-16
G-6
Il-l Tschebotareff D-19, D-29,
D-30, D-35 G-9 Jaky G-16.
Cooling & H-l Raes H-11

Smith D-22 1 D-29 H-2 Kansohin &
Plutalow R-17
Gerservv.noff D-29
H-5 Lozovsky H-16
Endell &
Hoffmann D-31 I-5 R, Tillman H-19
D-7 Terzaghi D-31 Spangler J-9, J-ll, J-12
J-l
E-l Tsohebotareff .E-13 J-3 Terzaghi J-10
E-2 Relton E-13 Vreedenhurgh K-9
E-4 Krynine E-20 IOO.yer K-8
K-3
F-2 Converse F-30 ll-6 Terzaghi Z-22, Z-23
F-4 Kimball F-22, F-23 Z-17 Committee Z-26
F-6 Krynine & Z-18 Knappen &
lford F-27 Phillipe Z-24
F-8 Ringe ling F-25 Ylooltorton Z-28
Z-27
F-12 Clark &
Watson F-21
I
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND

l
lI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
'
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

· . FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
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.ROTTERDAM
JUNE 21 TO 30 • 1948
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VOLUME I
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TABLE OF OONTEN~S
SECTION I THEORIES, I!YPOTRESES, CONSIDERATIONS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER, Page'

Sub-section Ia ;,GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Ia 1 Early history and bibliography of soil mechanics, J, Feld (U,S,A,) 1
Sub-section Ib 1 GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS-'
Ibl Engineeri~ uses and limitations of pedology for regional expl~ration of soils.
H,F, Winterkorn (U,S,A,) , , , 8
Sub-section Ic 1 PHYSICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS,
Ic i Contribution to the theory of shrinking. R, Haefeli and G. Amberg (Switzerland) 1?
Ic 2 Heat flow towards the floor of cold stores, situated in the ground level, and
calculation of the insulation or the heating system to prevent frost penetration
in the ground. R,F,X, Ruckli (Switzerland) 18
Ic? Physico-Chemical properties of soils, H,F, Winterkorn (U,S,A,) 2?
Sub-section Id 1 STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONS ; CONSOLIDATION
Id 1 Problems of soil settlement, T, Edelman (Netherlands) ?0
Id 2 Precise determination of primary consolidation • .I.,H, Naylor end I,G,Doran (Ireland) }4
Id ? The mathematical solution for esrly,stages of consolidation, E,N,Fo:z:, (England) 41,
Id 4 On the compressibility of preconsolidated soil-layers. R,Haefeli (Switzerland) 42
Sub-section Ie 1 SREARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS
Ie On the law of friction of sand, Takeo Mogami (Japan)
1 51
Ie Determination of the bearing power of clay foundation. Takeo Mogami (Japan)
2 55
Ie ? The stability of slopes acted upon by parallel seepage, R, Haefeli (Switzerland) 57
Ie 4 Limitation of the validity of application of the formulas from Prandtl - Buisman
and from Andersen for the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil underneath foot-
ings, E. de Beer and M, Wallays (Belgium) 63
Ie 5 Improvement of the method of calculation of the equilibrium along sliding circles,
H, Raedschelders (Belgium) 68
=
Ie 6 The ~ 0 analysis of stability and its theoretical basis. A,W, Skempton (England) 72
Ie 7 A simplified method for computing the bearing capacity of the soil supporting
footings or piers. L. Marivoet (Belgium) 78 l
Ie 8 Validity of Coulomb's law of stability, J, J6ky (Hungary)
Ie 9 State of stress in great depth, J. J6ky (Hungary)
Ie 10 A fundamental theory of plastic deformation and breakage of soil. K,Hoshino (Japan)
87
I
,I
Ie 11 On the bearing capacitY of piles. J, J6ky (Hungary) 100
Sub-section If I EARTH PRESSURE
I
If 1 Pressure in silos. J, J6ky (Hungary) 10?
If 2 Calculations of sheet pile walls in cohesive soils, C,F,Kollbrunner (Switzerland) 108
Sub-section Ig : STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Ig 1 Approximative calculations of the stress-distributions due to concentrated vertical
loads, G,.l., Oosterholt (Netherlands) , 112
Ig 2 On the depth of foundation, F, Szel~owski (Poland) 115
Ig ? Computation of beams resting on soil, E. de Beer (Belgium) 119
Ig 4 The influence of the heterogenity of the soil mass on its deformation,
K, Hruban (CzeQhoslovakia) 12?
Ig 5 Sources of error in settlement estimate, K, Hruban (Czechoslovakia) 127
Ig 6 The mean elastic settlement of'a uniformly loaded area at a depth below the ground
surface. E,N, Fo:z: (England) 129
Sub-section I i ; MISCELLANEOUS
Ii 1 The concept of soil moisture deficit, R,K, Schofield and H,L. Penman (England) 1}2
·r
SECTION II 1 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS page
Sub-sectio~ II a GENERAL
IIa l Effect of natural hardening of the unconfined compression strength of remolded
clays, O, Moretto (Argentine) 137
IIa 2 ·~ne geotechnical properties of a deep stratum of post-glacia.J. ~~ey at Gosport.
A,W, Skempton (England) 145
lia 3 LaboratorY studies relating to the clay fraction of cohesive soils, K,E, Clare
(England) 151
Sub-section II b IDENTIFICATION TESTS
IIb l An experimental study of maximum and minimum porosities of sands, J,J,Kolbuszewski
(England) 158
Sub-section II c CONSOLIDATION TESTS
IIc 1 Seoundsry time effect in the compression of unconsolidated sediments of volcanic
origin. A, Croce (Italy) 166
IIo2 Consolidation tests on soils containing stones. L,J, Murdock (England) 169
Sub-section II d 1 TRIAXIAL TESTS
IIdl Correlation between the results of cell-tests end compression tests. E, de Beer
(Belgium) 173
IId 2 The angle of shearing resistance in cohesive soils for tests at constant.water
content. H,Q, ·Golder and A,W, Skempton (England) 185
I IId 3 A study of the immediate triaxial test on cohesive soils, A,W, Skompton (England) 192
,• IId '4 A contribution to the study of the elastic properties of sand, G. Wilson end
J,L,E, Sutton (England) 197
IId5 The determination of the shearing strength of varved clays end of their sensit-
ivity to remolding, G,P, Tschebotarioff end J,R, Beyliss (U,S,A,) 203
Sub-section II e 1 DIRECT SHEAR TESTS
IIel A large shear box for testing sands and gravels, A.W. Bishop (England) 207
IIe 2 The shearing resistance of soils as determined by direct shear tests at a constant
rate of strain, J. MacNeil Turnbull (Australia) 211
Sub-section I I f 1 ELECTRO:QSMOSIS
IIf l Electro-osmosis. L. Casagrande (England) 218
Sub-section II g MISCELLANEOUS
llgl Laboratory compaction technique, A.L. Little (England) 224
IIg 2 Some laboratory experiments in the waterproofing of soils, K,E, Clare (England) 230
IIg 3 · An investigation of the bearing capacity of shallow footings in dry sand,
G.G. lleyerhof (England) · 23?
SECTION III FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

Sub-section III a I BORING AND SAMPLING
Ilia l Field tests with new combined loading test sampler for Harbour Extension Works.
A. llortensen (Dem;nark) . 244
Ilia 2 Extractor for. taking disturbed ssmples in hard ground, o. Wager (Sweden) 249
IIIa ; Concerning tbe physical propert1e of cleys. R,E. Fadum (England) 250
IIIa 4 A method of' extracting lone; continuous cores of undis~'urbed soil. W,K;Jellmann and
T, Kallsteni us (Sweden)
255
Sub-section l l l b I l!IEAS!lREMENTS OF SPECIAL SOIL PROPERTIES
nib 1 Permeability of peat by water, J,L,A, Cuperus (Netherlands) 2!_i8
IIIb 2 Simple field tests for. soils, A,H, Gawivh (Australia} 264.
IIIb 3 Devermination in situ of the shear strength of undisturbed cley by means of a.
rotating auger, L, Carlson (Sweden) . .
IIIb 4 A practical method of rapid measurement of 'soil moisture and its applications, '·''
K, Hoshino (Japan) · 270
, .. , .
'··.·
.• 'f ..'- .. -.'
IIIb 5 Testing of the elasticity and stress property of rock soil, F; ·aornlimann
(Switzerland) _
IIIb 6 ·construction and method-of operating of a new deepsounding apparatus,
G, Plahtema (Netherlands) - 277
IIIb 7 Improved sounding apparatus, as developed in Holland since 19?6.
J, Vermeiden· (Netherlands) . · 280
Sub-section III o .I MEASUREMENTS OF PRESSURES AND DEFORMATIONS
nrc 1 Experience gained in the measurement of pore pressures in a dam-and its foundation.
M,G, Speedie (Australia) · - _ . . 287
IIIc 2 Some results of water pressure measurements in clay layers, E, de Beer and
H. Raedschelders (Belgium) _ 2~
III<> :? Loading tests on clay, s. Odenstad (Sweden) 299
IIIc 4 Measurement of pore water pressure, T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) :?03
. r±rc 5 An electrically operating pore water pressure cell, R,G, Boiten and G, Plantema
(Netherlands) .
Sub-section II-I d : VIBRATION RESEARCH
IIId l The resonance· ot·machine foundations and the soil coefficients whioh effect it,
G,_p, Tschebotarioff and E,R, Ward (u,S,A,) :?09
Sub-section III e AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHING
IIIe l The determination of soil conditions by aerial photographic analysis.
D,J, Belcher ·(u,s·,A,) __
IIIe 2 Correlation between permafrost and. soils as indicated by aerial photographs,
K,B, Woods, J,E, Hittle and R,E, Frost (U,S,A,) ?21
IIIe :? Aerial photographs used for an engineering evaluation of soil materiels,
R,E, Frost and K;B, Woods (U,S,A,)
Sub-section III g MISOELLAIIEOUB
IIIg l The permafrost investigations in arctic and subarctic regions, W,K, Wilson (U,S,A,) 330
I
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(., PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND
f l ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

.'I'l:•I·'1 .
ROTTERDAM
·JUNE 21 TO 30 • 1948
VOLUME II
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
V 0 L U ME II
SECTION IV STABILITY AND DEFORMATIONS OF FARTH CONSTRUCTIONS Page

Sub-section IVa: E!dBANKMENTS OF HIGHWAYS AND RAILROADS
IVa l Strengthening the road-bed of a railway, supported by soft .soil and situated amidst
the buildings of the central part ·of a town. J,L.A, Cuperus and F,C, de Nie
(Netherlands) · 1
IVa2 Undulation of railway embankments on soft sub-soil during passi!lg of trains·.
F,Q, de Nie (Netherlands) 8
.Sub-section IVb: DAMS AND LEVEES
IVb 1 Some factors involved in the design of a large earth dam in the Themes Valley, A,W,
Bishop (England) 13
·m 2 A ship in a flood defence bank constructed on a peat bog. W.H. ·ward (England) 19
IVb3 Construction of Muirhead Reservoir, Scotland, J ,A, Banks (England) 24
Sub-section IVc: EXCAVATIONS AND SLOPES
IVcl Description of a flow slide in loose sand, R,B, Peck and W, V,Kaun (U,S,A) 31
rvc 2 A coastal landslip, W,H, Ward (England) l:?
IVc3 Control of the stability of a sliding slope in a rBilway-cut near Wetteren,
.L, Marivoet (Belgium) 38
IVc 4 Two failures with cut-off walls. T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) 43
IVc 5 Slips in fissured clay, F,L, Cassel (England) 46
IVc 6 The rate of softening in stiff fissured clays, with special reference to London
clay, A. W, Skempton (England) . 50
IVc7 Analytical studies· of Panama Canal slides. W, V, Binger (U ,S,A,) 54
Sub-section IVd: hiTSCELLANEOUS
IVd l Stabilization of river banks, W,E, Doran (Ireland) 60
IVd 2 Practical examples of the ¢ =
0 analyses of stability of clays, A,W, Skempton and
H,Q, Golder (England) 63
SECTION V . : EARTH IRESSURE; STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING CON-

STRUCTIONS,
Sub-section Va: EARTH IRESSURE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL WALLS
Va 1 Earth pressure against retaining walls. H. Jansson, A.• Wickert and A. Rinkert
(Sweden) 71
Sub-section Vb: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL WALLS
Vbl Measurement of pressure in timbering of a trench in clay, H,Q, Golder (England) 76
Vb2 Lateral earth pressure as a problem of deformation or of rupture. G.P. Tschebo-
tarioff and Ph,P. Brown (U,S,A,) 81
Vb:? Earth pressure on flexible walls, S, Packshaw (England) 86
Vb4 Computation of a quay wall, T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) 91
Sub-section Vc: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS
Vc 1 Experience with flexible culverts through railroad embankments, O.K. Peck and
R,B, Peck (U.S.A,) 95
SECTION VI FOUNDATION IRESSURE ANO SETTLEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ON FOOTINGS AND

RAFTS
Sub-section VIa: MEASUREM>NTS OF SETTLEMENTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY
VIa 1 Discussion of the influence of soil dumped behind the abutments of a bridge on the
settlements of this construction. J,L,A, Ouperus (Netherlands) . 99
VIa 2 Subsidence signal-tower Cruquiskade at Amsterdam, F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 101
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t VIa 3 subsidence of the northern abutment of the railw~ bridge aeross the,Hollsnds
Diep, F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 104
1lI VIa 4 Settlement of auxiliary pier No, 5 of the railway bridge across the Maas (Meuse)
near Venlo. F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 106
I VIa5 Settlements of a viaduct, a culvert and the road-bed in the railway Arnbem-
Zutphen, near Voorstonden. F,C, de Nie (Netherlands) 109
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II VIa 6 Settlement records on bridges founded on sand, E.de Beer (Belgium) lll
VIa 7 Estimation of future settlements of the dikes of the North-East Polder, based
on observation of past settlements. F,J,B,G. Geers and W,C, van Mierlo (Nether-
1\ lends) 122
VIa 8 Determination of expected settlements of hydraulic fills in the Syangen Polder
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near Rotterdam. w.c. van Mierlo and H,I, den Breeje (Netherlands)
VIa 9 Settlement analysis of Waterloo Bridge, L.F. Cooling (England)
125
130
', i VIa 10 Settlement observation on four grain silos. L,F, Cooling (England) 135
' VIa 11 Loading tests on tanks in Persia. R,V, Allin (England) 138
VIa 12 Observed settlements: C,F. Kollbrunner (Switzerland) . 141
Ij
Sub-section VIb: MEASUREMENTS OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONTACT FACE,
'
VIb 1 Tests for the determination of the distribution of soil reactions underneath beams
resting on soil. E,de Beer (Belgium) 142
Sub-section VIc: INFLUENC)E OF GROUNDWATER
VIc 1 Influence of groundwater level oscillation on subsidence of structures, J, Jaky
(Hungary) ~ 148
Sub-section VId: SPECIAL HlOBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
VId 1 Small bouse foundation design. J,E, Jennings end D,J, Henkel (South Africa). 151
VId 2 Some soil rupture and settlement problems in the construction of a lock, at
Duffel.L, Marivoet (Belgium) 153
VId 3 Site exploration for foundations at Portsmouth. J,W. Hunter (England) 159
VId 4 Some examples of foundation movements due to causes other then structural loads.
L,F. Cooling end w.H, Ward (England) ~ 162
VId 5 Structures in areas subjected to mining subsidence. K,W, Mautner (England). 167.
SECTION VII PILE FOUNDATIONS, PIIE LOADING TESTS

._,j
Sub-section VIIa: SETrLEMENT AND BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
VIIa 1 The use of long spliced piles driven through soft silt to firm foundations,
J,B,O, Hosking (Australia) 178
VIIa 2 Predetermination of the resistance of a pile on basis of field shear and loading
test values, A, Morte.nsen (Denmark) · 180
VIIa3 Some pile driving problems. T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) 185
· ~VIIa 4 Effect of vibration on piles in loose sand, \V,F, Swiger (England) 191
VIIa5 Two remarks on piles: 1. The allowable settling of piles. 2. New type of concrete 194 ..
pile, R, Piatkowski (Poland) · ·
VIla 6 Some experiences with testa on model piles, G,P, Tscbebotarioff and L.A. Palmer
(U,S,A,) . .L95
VIIa 7 Comparison of the extent of disturbance produced by driving piles into plastic clay
to the disturbance caused by an unbalanced excavation. G,P, Tscbebotarioff and
J.R. Schuyler (U.s.A.') 199
Sub-section VUe: SPECIAL PROBL1!1.!S
VIle 1 Pile settlements.. related to neighboring excavations. J, Feld (U.S.A,) 203
SECTION VIII : PROBLEMS OF ROAD AND RUNWAY CONSTRUOtiONS

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·~ Sub-section VIIIb:METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
VIIIb 1 Tests on subgrade core samples, as applied to the design of road foUndations.
P.C, Lewis (South Africa). . ~213
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_¥\:-
Page
VIIIb. 2 A procedure for evaluating the influence of the moisture of the subgrade· ~ii: the
thickness required for flexible pavements of airfields, H, Loxton, H,Y, Beavis
·and U,D, McNicholl (U.S.A,) 218
VIIIb 3:Pavement evaluation by loading tests at Naval and Marine Corps Air Station.
L.A. Palmer and J ,B, Thompson (U.S.A,) 2 22
,-Sub-section VIIIc: METHODS OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN.
VIIIc 1 Stresses under pavements, Computation of traffic stresses in a simple road struct-.
ure, L. Fox (England) . · 236
VIIIc 2 Principle on concrete runway design. C,E, Docker and J ,H, llcFeeters (England) l046
Sub-section VIIId; DESIGN AND OONSTRUCTION OF SOME ROADS AND AIRFIELDS
VIIId 1 Soil mechanics investigations for the design of the runways at the Kloten
field. F, Germann and IV, Eng (Switzerland)
air-
257
VIIId 2 An example of concrete runway design.with critical comments. C,E, Docker and !
J ,N, McFeeters (England)
Sub-section VIIIe: INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILuRES, DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION

VIIIe 1 Security against frost-heave can often be found in half the frostfree depth.
O, Godskesan (Denmark) , .
VIlle 2 The investigation of road foundation failures, \V,A, Lewis (England)
VIIIe 3 Two- and three- dimensional ground-water flow towards the ice-lenses formed in
the freezing ground, R,F. RUckli (Switzerland) 2B2
VIIIe 4 Frost damage to roads in Denmark A, Riis (Denmark) 2B7
SECTION IX IMPROVEMENT OF THE MECHANICAL PROI'ERTIES OF SOIL

Sub-section IXb MECHANICAL METHODS
IXb 1 An improved soil compaction rammer, A,H, Gawith (Australia) 292
IXb 2 Soil stabilisation in Argentine Highways, L,M, Zalazar (Argentine) 292
IXb 3 Silt consolidation by vibroflotation. S. Steuerman (U.S, A,) 297
Sub-section IXd : PHYSICAL METHODS

IXd 1 Accelerating consolidation of fine-grained soils by means of cardboard wicks.
W. Kjellman (Sweden) 302
SECTION X GROUNDIWATBR PROBLEMS

Sub-section Xa: GENERAL GROUNDWAT&JR INVE8'HGATIONS
Xa 1 On the flow of groundwater, M, Sitz (Palestine) ;106
Xa 2 On the permeability of homoBeneous anisotropic soils, Shih Te Yang (U,S,A,) 317
Xa 3 Notes on ground water lowering by means of filter wells, R, Glossop and
V.H. Collingridge (England) ;120
Sub-section Xb : SEEPAGE PROBLEMS OF DAMS AND LEVEES

Xbl Critical head for the expansion of sand on the downstream side of weirs.
z. Bazant (Czechoslov~~ia) 322
S]X)TIOI! XI : SUGGESTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, EXCHANGE OF

INFORMATIONS
XI 1 Proposal for the statutes of the Permanent Organisation of the International
Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, T.K. Huizinga
(Netherlands)
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SECTION IV 1 STABILITY AND DEFOR!/.ATIONS OF EARTH CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section IVb DAMS AND LEVEES Page
IVb 4 Pore pressure .assumptions for stability studies of earth dams, A.Rufenacht
(Australia) 230
IVb 5 Estimating construction pore pressures in rolled earth dams. J.W.Hi.tf (U.S.A,) 234
IVb 6 Stability analysis in the desigh of earth and rockfill dams R,C, Clarke
(Australia) 240
IVb ? Ten years pore pressure measurEments. Il.C. ;Valker and W.¥1. Daehn (U.s.A.) 245
IVb 8 Earth dam design and construction practices of the Bureau of Reclawation,
F,C, Walker and ·.v.E. Collins (U,S,A,) 250
IVb 9 Earth-fill overflow dams in flood control. P. Baumann (U,S,A,) 253
IVc8 California experience in stabilizing earth slopes through the installation of
horizontal drains by the hydrauger method, Th.E. Stanton (U.S.A,) 256
IVc 9 Underpinning and under-drainage to check earth sliding and settlemants at a
large cement plant. c.s. Proctor (U,S,A,) . 260
IVc 10 Slope stability studies for the Delt a-Mindota Intake Canal. IV. H. Wolf and
w.G. Holtz (u.s.A.) 268
IVc l l Failure of a big retaining wall at "Wienfluss" creek-shore in Vienna. R.F .Till-
mann (Austria) 274
IVc 12 Treatment of frost sioughing slopes, K,S, Lane (U,S,A,) . 281
SECTION V EARTH PRESSURE: STABILITY AND DLSPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING CON-

STRUCTIONS
Sub-section Va : EARTH PRESSUHE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL 1'/ALIS
Va 2 Soil mechanics in relation to the design of large dry docks, D,H. Little
(England) · 284
Va ;5 Definition of stability against overturning of retaining walls. A, Paduert
(Belgium) 287
Va 4 Reduction of lateral cohesive soil pressure on quaywalls by use of sand dikes,
H, Epstein (u.s.A.) 291
va.5 A study of retaining wall failures. R,B. Peck, H,O, Ireland and C.Y, Teni; (U.S.A,) 296
Sub-section Vb 1 EARTH PRESSUHE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL WALLS
Vh5 Measurements of ~assures agSinst a deep shaft in plastic clay, R.B. Peck and
s. Berman (u.s.A,) ;500
Vh6 Upon the deflection and strength of anchored bulkheads. E,S, Browzin (France) . .?02
Vh7 Effect of bound~ conditions on lateral earth pressure, G,P, Tschebotarioff
and J.D. Welch (u.s.A,) . . ;508
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Sub-section Vc : EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS
Vc 2 Earth pressure in mining, F,X,Th. van Iterson (Netherlands) 314
vc , Earth pressure on horizontal circular conduits, Public Works, Amsterdam
(Netherlands) ;5l7
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ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

ROTTERDAM
JUNE al TO 30 - 1948
\
VOLUME Ill
. ,·...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
)
V 0 L U ME III
SECTION I THEORIES, HYPOTHESES, CONBIDERATIONB OF A GENERAL CHARACTER Page

Sub-section Ib : GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS
Ib2 Soil mechanics and geology, A. von Moos and L, Baerrum (Switzerland) l
Ib~ Relation of soil mechanics and geology in foundation exploration Lower Missis-
sippi Valley. W,J, Turnbull and H,N, Fisk (u.s.A,) 3
Ib4 Some geological aspects of the problems of soil genesis and soil classification,
w,J, Turnbull and H,N, Fisk (u.s.A;) 6
Sub-section Ic : PHYSICAL AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Ic 4 Some fUndamental factors influencing the properties of soil materials.
Ralph E, Grim (U.S,A,) 8
Ic 5 Thermal conductivity of soil. M,S, Kersten (U,S,A,) ~ 12
Ic 6 For a systematic study of the properties of soils sa related to their permanent
characters and to their non-permanent characters. R, Spronck (Belgium) 15
Sub-section Id : STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS: CONSOLIDATION
Id 5 A method for estimating the load ~ettlement characteristics and bearing value of
clays and clay-soils from unconfined compression and tri-axial compression tests,
-D.M. Burmister (u.s.A,) 18
Id 6 Time effect in connection with consolidation tests. R, Haefeli and YI,Schaad
(Switzerland) · 23
Id ? The first law of thermodynamics and the consolidation process, E,C,W,A, Geuze and
C,M,a, de Bruyn (Netherlands) 29
Id 8 A formula combining the Terzaghi load-compression relationship end the Buisman
secular time effect. A,W, Koppeaan (Netherlands) 32
Sub-section Ie 1 SHE4RING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS I.
Ie 12 Shearing strength and water content,. a complement to the sheering theory. R,Haefeli
(Switzerland) 38
Ie 13 On the bearing power of soil in a two-dimeneional problem, T. Mizuno (Japan) 44
Ie 14 Soil-gliding·under the influence of an infinite strip of load. L,Suklae
( Jugo-8lavia) . 49
Ie 15 Protracted sliding surface, L, Bendel (Switzerland) $3
Ie 16 State of stresses in a heavy soil mass, c. Torre (Austria) 5?
Sub-section If I EARTH PRESSURE
If 3 Minimum value of earth pressure J.JSky (Hungary) 6l
If 4 Novel theory of eerth pressure,: J,J8ky (Hungary) 65
Sub-section Ig : STRESS DISTRIBUTrON
Ig ? Pavement slabs on non-rigid foundations. A,H,A. Hogg (England) ?O
Ig 8 Over the plastic range in the semi-infinite mass, H,Borowicka (Poland) 75
Ig 9 Influence values for estimating stresses in e~astic foundations. R.E. Fadum (U$,AJ ?7
Sub-section Ih 1 VIBRATIONS AND MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS
Ihl Relaxation methods, D,N. de G. Allen (U,S,A,) 85
Ih2 The natural oscillation of ground and industrial foundations. J,H,A, Crockett
and R.E.R, Hallllllolid (England) . 88
SECTION II LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

Sub-section IIb IDENTIFICATION TESTS
Ilb 2 The laboratory determination of the volume weight and air space of stoney soils,
E.W. Russell (Englani) • . 94
IIb 3 Notes on some Canadian "Silts". R,F, Legget arid F. Lionel Peckover (Canada) 96
£-
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lib 4 Analysis of the latest American testa on soil capillarity, D.P. Kr;ynine (u.s+) 100---
Ilb 5 Soft rock ( "Kurzawka") A,Pog&ny (Poland) 105
Sub-secti~n IId : TRIAOCIAL TESTS
IId 6 The stability of granular and-cohesive materials. N,W, McLeod (u.s.A,) llO
IId7 Application of triaxial compression tests to stability 'analyses of rolled-
fill earth dams. D,F, Glynn (Australia) ll7
. lid 8 Critical density of some Dutch sands. E,C, W,A. Gauze (Netherlands)· 125
IId 9 The dynamic triaxial trials. L.Bendel (Switzerland) l~l
Sub-section He : DIRECT SHEAR TESTS . •'

J
lie ~ Compression, an important factor in the shearing test. E,C,W,A. Geuze
(Netherlands) 1~9
IIe4 Examination of connection between the change of porosity ana shearing stress
of tied ground due to mon-axial loads, A. Pog&ny (Poland) 14~
~ IIe 5 Soil friction coefficient as a function of water content. R. Ariano (Italy) 144
IIe 6 Shearing tests on cohesive soils. w. Steinbrenner. (Australia) -· · 150
Sub-section II:f : ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
II! 2 Results of labpratory investigations on the electricB.l treatment of soils,
E.c.w.A. Geuze, C,M,A. de Bruyn and K. Joustra (Netherlands) 15~
Sub-section Ifg 1 MISCELLANEOUS ',

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IIg4 Specific heat tests on soils. M.s. Kersten (U,S,A,) 158
IIg5 Apparatus for measuring thermal conductivity of soil. M.s. Kersten (U,S,A.) 162
IIg6 Descriptions of tests carried out on a chalk-clay soil in connection with the
foundations for the Aeronautical National Establishment at Bedford,
F.s. Strongman (England) 166 '~ .
IIg 7 A laboratory study of the settlements of loaded rectangular plates into soft
soil. H.w.w. Pollitt, W.A. Lewis and P.H.T. Lewis (u.s.A,) 172
IIg8 Some laboratory tests o.n chalk. G, Wilson (England) 18~
IIg 9 The investigation of decomposed granite in Hong-Kong for use as a stabilised
base course material. J .K.M, Henry and H, Grace (England) 187
IIg 10 Photographic method for determining the soil action beneath footings. M.G.
Bekker (Canada) 19~
IIg ll Teats on bearing capacity of shallow foundations on horizontal top surfaces of
sand fills snd the behaviour of soils under such foundations. H. Peynircioglu
(Turkey) 194
IIg 12 Use of micro photography and density-testing methods at researches on distri-
bution of tension and deformation condition of sandy and tied soil.
A, Pogany (Poland) 206
llg l~ Viscous flow tube model. R,A, Barron (U,s,A,) 209
SECTION III FIELD INVEo~IGATIONd
Sub-section Ilio 1 MEASUREMENTS OF SPECIAL SOIL PROPERTIES

IIIb 8 A method for determining the resistance of the subsoil by driving. S, Stump
(Switzerland) 212
Sub-section IIId: VDlRATIONAL RESEARCH
IIId 2 Soil Vibrations. H,J, Oosterbeek Jr. (Netherlands) 214
IIld ~ Dynamic investigations, L, Bendel (Switzerland) 218
Sub-section II If 1 AREAL STUDIES
IIlf 1 Regional study of the soils from Sao Paulo. E, Pichler (Brazil) 222
IIIf 2 Areal studies of soils in New Jersey. A,C, Ely (U.S,A,) 227
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

ROTTERDAM
JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948 ·
VOLUME IV
TA BL E 0 J C0 NTENTB
V 0 L U ME IV
SECTION VI I FOUNDATION PRESSURE AND SETTLa!ENTS OF BUILDINGS 0!! FOOTINGS !!!D RAFTS
Sub-section VIa 1 J.!E!SUREIU!NTS OF SETTI.l!MENTS AND COIIPARISON WITH THECRI Page
VIa 1~ Settlement observations on a large water tank, Salt Lake City, Utah,·
O.K. Peck and R.B, Peck (u.s.A,) 1
VIa 14 Settlement of foundations due to saturation of loeee subeoil. O.K. Peck
and R,B, Peck(U,S,!,) 4
VIa 15 The foundation problems of the piere of the Little Belt Bridge, A. Jeppesen
(Dellll!ark) 5
VIa 16 Settlement measurements in the region of the .landelide of Zug, (Switzerland)
A. von Moos (Switzerland) 9
VIa 17 Building settlement observations in S~o Paulo. M. Vargas (Brazil) 1~
VIa 18 The foundation of the Rotunda Bridge in Vienna. K, Fischer (Austria) 22
VIa 19 Praseure - settlings - measurements with trial plates and piles of various
eizes. L, Bendel (Switzerland) 28
VIa 20 Foundation· of tank O,C,B,-9 at Alemoa Santos (Brazil). A.J. Costa Nunes
(Brazil) ~1
VIa 21 Discussion of assumptions pertaining to stress analyses for eettlement
computation purposes, R,E, Fadum (U.S,!,) 40
Sub-section VIc 1 INFLUENCE OF GROUNDWATER
VIc 2 Water-dame (obeervation in nature). L. Bendel (Switzerland) 45
Vlc ~ Water-dame (model-trials). L, Bendel (Switzerland) 47
Sub-section VId 1 SPECIAL PROBLEIIS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
VId 6 Stability of foundations on permanently frozen ground. H, Carlson (U.S.A,) 51
VId 7 Engineering in permafrost in Canada's Mackenzie Valley, R,A. Hemstock
(Canada) 62
VId 8 Foundation conditions in the Edmonton area. R.W. Hardy (Canada) 65
VId 9 Foundations in downtown S~o Paulo (Brazil),. L. Rios and F, Pacheco Silva
(Brazil) . 69
VId 10 Foundations for maete of stevedore training ship. L.F. Rader (U.S,A,) 72
VId 11 Deformation of brickworke due to the sinking of foundation. F, Zalewski and
A. P6g6ny (Poland) 75
VId 12 A problem of foundation on loamy soil in subtropical countries. H, Neumann
end M. Poloneky (Paleetine) 78
VId 13 Problem of constructing foundations in mining districte •. Construction of a
new electric power•plant in Jaworzno. (Silezia) F. Zalewski (Poland) 82
SECTION VII 1 PILE FOUNDATIONS, PILE LOADING TESTS

Sub-section VIla I SETTI.l!MENT AND BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
Vlla8 Influence ·of soft ground on the design of long pilee, G.w. Glick (U.S.A.)
VIla 9 Influence of construction matters on the bearing capacity of. bore pile••
G, Radio (Italy) 88
VIla 10 Performance of pile foundations of navigation locks and dams on the upper
Yiseiseippi river. L,B. Feagin (U.S.A.) 98
VIla 11 Foundations for the Aggeraund Bridge, Denmark. L. Bjerrum, C. Ostenfeld and
W. J dneon (Denmark) 107
VIla 12 Results of a special loading-test on a reinforced concrete pile, a eo-called
pile-sounding! interpretation of the results of deep-soundings, permiseible
pile loade and extended eettlements observations. G, Plantema (Netherlands) 112
VIla 13 The bearing capacity of piles as derived from deep soundings, loading teats
and formulae, 0, Frenx (lletherlande) 118
Page
VIla 14 Electrical reeistance,strain gauges for determining the transfer ot load
from driven piling to soil, L, LeRo;r Crandall (U,S,!,) 122
VIIa 15 The occurrence ot hydrodynamic stresses in the pore water of sand-layers
during the driving of piles in it1 the consequence of this phenomenon
on the application of pile driving formulas, G. Plantema (Netherlands) 127
VIla 16 Comparison between the penetration-curve of the sounding-needle before
and after the plaoirig into position of a pile.L.• Bendel (Switzerland) 129
. VIla 17 Movements of a driven-in pile, when new piles are being driven in, L, Bendel
(Switzerland) 1'10
Sub-section VIlb 1 HORIZONTAL PRESS!,!RES ON PILE FOUNDATIONS
Vllb l Horizontal pressures on pile foundations. C, Franx and G,C, Boonstra
(Netherlands) ·
VIIb 2 Horizontal earth pressure against a row of piles,E,C,W,A, Gauze
(Netherlands) B5
Sub-section VIIo 1 SPECIAL PROBLEMS
VIla 2 Effect of drainage by well points on pile foundations, !, Plomp and W,C, van
Mierlo (Netherlands) 141
VIle } Unique construction method for wharf rehabilitation. L,F, Rader (U,S,A,) 149
VIle 4 Level control in buildings by means of adjustable piling,M, Gonzalez (Mexico) 152
SECTION VIIl 1 PROBLEI!S CF ROAD AND R!J!!WAY CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section VIlla 1 TEST SECTIONS
VIlla 1 Dynamic testing of pavements and base courses, C, v.d. Poel (Netherlands) 15?
Sub-section VIIlb 1 METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEnENT DESIGN
VIIlb 4 The sneer stren~h method of the determination of pavement thickness, R. Glossop
and H.Q. Golder (England) 164
VIIIb 5 An investigation on airport runways in Canada, N,W, McLeod (Canada) 16?
Sub-section VIIIc 1 METHODS OF RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN
VIlle ? Calculation of stresses in road and runway constructions. M, de Kruyff,
c. v,d, Feel and R, Timman (Netherlands) 181
Sub-section VIlld 1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SOME ROADS AND AIRFIELDS
VIIId ? The incorporation of decomposed granite in the design and construction of
pavements in Hongkong. J,K,M, Henry and H, Grace (England) 190
VIIId 4 Soil investigations and runway construction at Schiphol airport,
J,W, Clerx and L,J,H, Weinberg (Netherlands) 197
VIIId 5 Determination of the bearing capacity of the new combined rigid-flexible
runway construction at Schiphol with the aid of loading testa,
L,J,H, Weinberg, H,K,S,P, Bsgemann, c. Lit and H,C, Caratans (Netherlands) 204
Sub-section VIlle 1 INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILURES, DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION
VIlle 5 The causes and control of subgrade moistllZ'e changes. D, Croney·, W.A, Lewis
and J ,D, Coleman (England) 211
VIlle 6 A study of subgrsde conditions on a railroad in the Western United States,
Th, H, Thornburn (U,S,A,) 218
Sub-section Vlllf 1 MISCELLANEOUS
Vlllf 1 Construction of highway and railwayembankments.A. Myslivec (Czechoslovakia) 222
VIIIf 2 The present scope and possible future development of soil mechanics in
British railway civil engineering construction and maintenance,
A.B. Toms (England) 226
VIIlf ? The influence of light surfacings on the traffic carrying capacity of soil,
H,w.w. Pollitt (England) 237
SECTION IX 1 IIIPROVEMI<NT OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Sub-section IXb 1 llECHANICAL METHODS Page
IXb 4 Providence vibrated density tests. K,S, Lane (U,S,A,) 243
IXb 5 Raaoarch on soil compaction at the Road Research Laboratory (Great-Britain),
D,J, Maclean and F,H,P, Williams (England) 247
IXb 6 Computation of the optimum moisture content in the.moieture-density
relationship of soils. J, MacNeil Turnbull .(Australia) 256
IXb 7 Soil stabilization with soft aggregates, S,R, Mahra (India) 262
IXb 8 Adaption of locally availablematerialafor usa in construction of earth
dams, R,R, Philippa (U,S,A,) 267
IXb 9 Addition of Bentonite to the impervious core of San Valentino earth dam,
G. Wetter (Italy) 273
Sub-section IXc 1 PHYSICO-CHEIUCAL METHODS
IXc 1 The microbial decomposition of resinous stabilizing agents in soil,
P,C,T, Jonas (England) 280
IXc 2 Investigations of different types of cement for grouting purposes,
Ch.E. Blatter (Switzerland) 284
IXc 3 An example of soil-cement construction development, C,F, Armstrong
(England) . 289
IXc 4 Soil stabilization tests used in Great-Britain, S,B, Webb (England) 296
IXc 5 Cap grouting to stabilize foundation on cavernous limestone.C,S, Proctor
(u.s.A.) 302
IXc 6 Resinous water repellents for soils. J,B, Eustis and W,G, Shockley (u.s.A,) 308
SECTION X 1 GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS

Sub-section Xa 1 GENERAL GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS
Xa 4 Some recorded observations of groundwater levels related to adjacent tidal
movements, H,J,R, Harding (England) 317
Sub-section Xb 1 S!lEPAGE PROHLEl!S OF DAMS AND LEVEES
Xb2 The effect of a slightly pervious top blanket on the performance of relief
wells. R,A, Barron (U.S.A,) 324
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

ROTTERDAM
JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948
VOLUME V
T AB1 E 0 F C0 NTE NT S
VOLUME V
SECTION I 1 .THEORIES. HYpQTHESES. CONSIDERATIONS OF A GEN8RAL CHARACTER

Sub-section lb1 GEOlOGY AND SJ IL J.IECHAN ICS Page
Tho influence of Geology on .soil testing ~thode in Western Europe, H,q, Golder
(Englond) l
Sub-section Ic: PHYSICAL AND PHYSICC-CHll!.>ICAL PROP~RTI~S OF SOILS
Dynamic properties of soils. H.F, Winterkorn (U,S,A,) 4
Influence of the consolidation in tho clay by thixtropy and ita reaction on the
shearing resistance. w. Barnatzik (Austria) 7
On capillary phenomena and the capillary pressure in coherent soil, H,Kastner
(Austria) . 8
Sub-section ld 1 STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS! CONSQL!DATION
Deformations and stresses in the mediums with internal friction (SUmmary),
J. Mandel (France) 11
Sub-aaction Ia1 SHEARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS
7 Contribution to tho shearing theory. Ch.Schaerer, W.Schaad and R,Haafeli (Switzer-
8
land)
The extreme inclination of slopes with groundwater passing through them,
12
.I
W,Bernatzik (Austria) 19 II
9 Sliding surfaces and stability calculations for soil masses of culvilinear pro- I
file (Summary), M, Frontard (France) 20

0 General theory of the bearing capacity of piles (SUmmary), A,Caquot and J ,Kerisel
(France) 22
SECTION II 1 LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

Sub-section IIa 1 GENERAL
4 Structure of disturbed soils. E,S, Barber (U,S,A,) 24
Sub-section Ilb 1 IDENTIFICATION TESTS
6 The determination of the capillary rise in ssnd by means of prism pressure tests,
W, Bernatzik (Austria) 28
Sub-section lid 1 TRIAXIAL TESTS
10 Stre•e-deformation end strength characteristics of soile under dynamic loads,
A, Casagrande end W,L, Shannon (U.S.A,) 29
11 An investigation of stress-strain characteristics of cohesionlesa soils by
triaxial compression tests. Liang-sheng Chen (U,S,A.) 35
12 The causes of the jerky process of deformation in the case of saturated and damp
soils. W, Bernatzik (Austria) 43
13 Shearing strength determinations by undrained cylindrical compression tests with
pore pressure measurements. D.!Y. Taylor (u.s-.A.) 45
14 A study on plastic clay of the Paris region (Summary), L, Florentin, G,l 1 Heriteau
and E, Brenda (France) " 49
15 Settlements deducted from oedometer tests, computation hypothesis and triaxial
tests (Summary), M, Buisson (France)
Sub-section IIf 1 ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
3 some effects of electric current on the consolidation characteristics of a soil,
R,F, Dawson and R.W. McDonald (U.s.A.) 51
Sub-section lig 1 MISCELLANEOUS
14 A study of photoelastic models of foundations. H.F. Phillippe and F,M, Mellinger
(U.S.A,) · 58
SECTION III 1 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
Sub-section Ilia: BORING AND SAMPLING Page
Ilia 5 Sampling disturbance and its effect on analytical solutions to soil problems,
J,D, Parsons (U.S.A,) 63
Sub-section IIIc: I!EASVREMENTS OF PRESSijRl:fS AND DEFORMATIONS
IIIc 6 Instrumentation for field measurements of deflections and pressurss for sir-
port pavements. J,M, Griffith and E,H, ~oodmen (U,S,A,) 68
rno 7 Two types of soil testing units (Summary), R, Doguil1eume (France) 73
SECT! ON IV I STABILITY AND DEFORMATIONS OF EARTH CONSTRUCT! ONS

Sub-section IVbl DAMS AND LEVE!lS
IVb 10 Deformability of earth materiels and its effect on the stability of earth dams
following a rapid, drawdown. H,E, Glover, H,J, Gibbs and w.w. Daehn (U,S,A,) ??
IVb 11 Earth dam design,construction and performance as practiced by the water system
of the department of Water and Paaer, City of Los Angeles. H,R. Proctor (U,S,A.) 81
IVb ·12 The elimination of h3drostatic uplift pressures in new e~rth-fill dams.
R.R. Proctor (u.s.A.) 85
IVc 13 Coastal flOw slides in the Dutch province of Zeeland. A,W. Koppejan, B,M, van
Wamelen and L,J ,H, Weinberg (Netherlands) 89
Sub-section IVd I MISCELLANEOUS
IVd 3 Utility of loess as a construction material. W,J, Turnbull (U,S,A,) 97
IVd 4 Slide and subsidence of the hills of St. Raphael-Telemy.(Summary). G. DroUhin,
M, Gautier and F, Dervieux 104
SECTION V 1 EARTH PRESSURE! STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING

CONSTRUCTIONS,
Sub-section Va: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL WALLS
Va 6 Exparimental study of the pressure exerted by a pulverulent mass against a
retention wall (Summary), J, Grador (France) 107
Sub-section Vb: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL· WALLS
Vb8 A report of field and laboratory tests on the stability of posts against
lateral loads, W.L. Shilts, L,D, Graves and G,F. Driscoll (U,S,A,) 107
Vb9 About the calculation of anchored bulkheads with fixed earth supports.
R.N. Davidenkoff (Germany) · 122
SECTION VI 1 FOUNDATION PRESSURE AND SETTLEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ON FOOTINGS •

AND RAFTS
Sub-section VIar MEASllREMI'NTS CJF SETTLEUENTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY
VIa 22 Settlement records of structures in the Texas Gulf coast area. R,P, Dawson and
W,E, Simpson (u.s.A.) 125
Sub-section VIb: MEASUREMENTS CJF THE STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE CONTACT FACE
VIb 2 Full sca1e measurement test of pressure on the sub-soil of a bridge pier
(Summary), A. Mayer, G, L(1Vy and G,l'Heriteau (France) 129
Sub-section VIc: INFLUENCE CJF GROUNDWATER
VIo4 The sinking of shafts as a canso of settlement. W, Bernatzik (Austria) 130
Sub-section VId I SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
VId 14 The resistance to reversing and the stability of the foundations of pylons.
Soci6t6 Intercommunale Belge d'Eleotrieit6 (Belgium) 131
Page
Problems in heavy waterfront construction in areas of deep mud deposits.
L.C. Coxa and R.C, Stokes (U.S,A,) 133
SECTION VII : PILE FOUNDATIONS, PILE LOADING TESTS

Sub-section VII a: SETTLEMENT AND BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES
I
.8 Pile test programs, H,B, Thornley (U.S.A,) 136
.9 The determination of pile bearing capacity from sub-soil investigatione and
laboratory tests. F,J, Converse (U.S.A,) 140 I
~0 A study of pile friction values. R,D, Chellis (U,S,A,) 142
~l Investigation to determine the driving characteristics of piles in soft clay,
w.s. Housel and J.R. Burkey (U.S.A,) 146
~2 Tests on small sized model piles (Summary), J,Florentin 1 G, l'Heriteau and
M, Farhi (France) . 154
?3 About an observed case of negative friction on pileo (Summary), J.Florentin
and G. l'Heriteau (France) 155
Sub-section VIIb : HORIZONTAL PRESSURES ON PILE FOUNDATIONS
The earth pressure and deflection along the embedded lengths of piles subject-
ed to lateral thrust, L.A. Palmer snd J,B, Thompson (U,S,A,) 156
SECTION VIII 1 PROBLEMS OF ROAD AND RUNWAY CONSTRUCTIONS

Sub-section VIIIa: TEST SECTIONS
2 Stresses end displacements in a homogeneous soil. W,J, Turnbull, W,K. Boyd
and S.M. Fergus {U.S.A.) 162
3 Runway load tests (Summary). L,Netter and E, Becker (France) 165
Sub-section VIIIb 1 METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN
6 WYoming method for flexible pavement design. I.E. Russell and D,J, Olinger
(U,S,A,), 165
7 Kansas triaxial method for flexible pavement design. State Highway Commission
of Kansas (u.s.A,). 168
8 Evaluation of flexible pavements for airfields, G, McFadden and Th,B,Pringle
(u.s.A.) 172
9 The use of ~late bearing tests in the evaluation of subgrades for highways,
L,D. Hicks ~u.s.A.)
10 Flexible pavement design criteria for very heavy multiple wheel loads as-
samblies. W,J. Turnbull, W,K, Boyd and C,R, Foste:.; (U.S.A.)
177
181
/.
I
11 Runway strength, Correlation between the distribution of stresses in the soil
derkvod from: 1) the C,E.R, method of the determination of runway thickness;
I
I
2) the theory of Boussineaq (Summary), R, de l'Hortet (France) 185
Sub-section VIIIe: INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILURES, DRAINAGE AND FROST ACTION
I
7 Sub-drainage problems in highway construction as related to Geology and Soil
Mechanics, J ,D. Mclleal (u.s.A.) . 186
8 Corrugation of desert roads (Summary), A,Msyer and M.Guilbert (France) 189
Sub-section VIIIf: MISCELLANEOUS
4 Classification of soils for airport construction. H.Aaron (U,S,A,) 190
5 Relation of density and sheer strength to the classification of highway sub-
grade and flexible base materials, C,McDowell (U.S.A.)· 194
6 Environmental factors 8ffecting thb strength of subgrades, F,R, Olmstead and
E,A, Willis (U,S,A,) 197
7 The preparation of subgrades of compacted soils for paving of structures.
R.R. Proctor (u.s.A.) 201
8 Trafficability of soils stuaies, G,B. Schoolcraft, W,K, Boyd and C,R, Foster
(u.s.A.) 206
SEC'?ION IX : H:PctOVE:c.EN'r OF TEE 1illCHAliiCAL P~OPE~TBS OF JOIL
Sub-sectio~ IXa: G;;NERAI COliSIDE«A'riONS Page
IXal Soil stabilization. H.F. Winterkorn (U.S.A.)
209
Bub-section IXb: MEC!IA.'UCAI METEODS
IXb 10 Subgrade compaction tests with heavy rollers. B.J. Johnson and A.A. Maxwell.
(U.S.A.) , 216
IXb 11 The relat~onship between the foot poUnds per cubic foot of compactive effort
and the shear strength of the compacted soils. R.R. Proctor (U.S.A.) 219
IXb 12 Relationship between the foot pounds per cubic foot of cornpactive effort to
soil density and subsequent consolidation under various loadings. R.R.Proctor
(u.s.A.) 223
IXb 13 A comparison of the physical properties of an alluvial silt compacted by field
~d laboratory methods. L.A. Dubose (u.s.A.) 227
IXb 14 The relationship between the foot pounds per cubic foot of compactive effort
expended in the laboratory compaction of soils and the required compactive ef-
forts to secure similar results with sheepsfoot rollers. tt.R. Proctor (U.B.A.) 231
IXb 15 Field compaction tests. VI.J. Turnbull and G. McFadden (U.o.A.) 235
IXb 16 Air entrainment in compacted earth embankment. C.F. Heisel~an (U.S.A.) 239
IXb 17 Laboratory soil compaction methods, penetration resistance measurements and the
indicated saturated penetration resistance. R.R. Proctor (u.s.A.) 242
Sub-section IXc: PHYSICO-CEEMICAL METHODS
IXc 7 Pressure subsurface grouting on the New York Central System West of Buffalo.
IV.T, Johnston (u.s.A.) 248
IXc 8 Stabilization ~th cutback asphalt of 42 kilometers of the natural surface soil
of the ~erlja Highway in Venezuela. E.V. Barrett (Venezuela) 251
IXc 9 An interesting Belgian realization of "Clay-concrete". M. Thuilleaux (France) 256
IXc 10 Improvement of highway subgrades and flexible bases by the use of hydrateQ
lime. c.McDowell and VI.H, Moore (U.S,A.) . 260
IXc 11 The control of cement injections by means of bore cores. 1'1. Bernatzik (Austrie) 267
IXc 12 <ules governing the use of soil-concrete (Summary). M. Sindzingre (France) 268
I:xc 13 Drainage and stabilization of the soil surrounding a tunnel of the Paris Under-
ground Railway, by means of systematic injections of chemical products under
pressure, in presence of selenitic ground-water (Summary). M.F. Noblet (France) 269
IXc 14 Disadvantages presented by injections of cl~y suspensions (oummary). M. Poisson
(France) · . 270
l:xc 15 The Lac Noir Dam, consolidation and waterproofinrr (Bummary). Entreprise de Fon-
dations et Travaux Hydrauliques (France) 270
IXc 16 Clay-cement mixtures in soil injection (Summary). Soci~t~ de Sondages, Injec-
tions, Forages (France) 272
Sub-section IXd 1 PHYSICAl II>ETHODS
IXd 2 Vertical sand drains as a means of foundation consolidation and accelerating
settlement of embankments on marsh land. T. E. Stanton (u.s.A.) 273
IXd 3 Treatment of plastic clay with electric current (Summary). M. Poisson (France) 279
SECTION X GROUJIDWATER PROBLEMS

Sub-section Xa GENERAL GROUNDWA'fER INVESTIGATIONS
Xa 5 Geometric rules governing subsoil water flow. A. Basch (Austria) 280
Xa 6 Subterranean erosion in clay. W, Bernatzik (Austria) 286
Xa 7 Filter wells and Dupuit's formula (Summary). H. Cambefort (France) 286
Xa 8 Flow of fluids through powdery mediae (Summary). H. Cambefort (France) 287
Xa 9 On the laws of seepage flow (Summary). J, Ferrandon .(France) 288
Xa 10 Discussion of Therza~hi's Ideas an: "Surface tension of water and the rise
of water in capillaries". M.Sitz (Palestine) 289
Sub-section Xb 1 SEEPAGE PROBLEl!S OF DAMS AND LEVEES Page
Xb} Use of flow-not in earth dam and levee design.H,R,Cedergren (U,S,A,) 293
Xb4 Efficacy of partial cutoffs for controlling underseepage beneath dams and
levees constructed on pervious foundations.C,l,Mansur and W,R,Perret (U,S,A,) 299
SECTION XI 1 SUGGESTIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION,
EXCHANGE OF INFORMATIONS,
XI 2 Suggestions for intern>tional collaboration. National Committee of India, 312
XI 3 Suggestion for international collaboratio~. National Committee of Australia, 312
SECTION XII 1 SUBJECTS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER

Sub-section XIIa: CLASSIFICATION OF SOII.S
XIIa 1 Unified classification of soil~. R, Piatkowski (Poland) .31.3
XIIa 2 Development of a uniform system of soil identification and classification.
National Committse of Australia, 314
li:IIa 3 A new classification of soils based on the particle size d~stribution curve.
J,McNeil Turnbull (Australia) .315
XIIa 4 A suggested modern engineering classification of soils, R,a, Proctor (U,S,A,) .319
Sub-sec~ion XIIo I NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT AND IDEAS
IN THE SPHERE OF SOIL MECHANICS. WITH A REPORT OF LITERATURE
XIIc 1 Soil Mechanics in Great Britain, British National Committee. 32.3
XIIc 2 Soil Mechanics in Canada, R,F, Legget (Canada) 32:7
XIIc 3 National exposition of the latest inventions and ideas in the sphere of Soil
Mechanics, National Committee of India, .329
XIIc 4 National exposition of the latest inventions and ideas, N:tional Committee of
Australia.
.33.3
-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o
PRINTED BY GEBR, KEESMAAT

Special printers for export
RAARLEM - THE NETHERLANDS
INTERN AT ION AL CONFERENCE
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

ROTTERDAM
JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948
VOLUME VI
313
CONTENTS 0 F V 0 L U ME VI
Page
·eport on the activities of the Second International Conference on Soil
, and Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam.June 21 to 30 1948.
Huizinga. Secretary. 1
report. Ir. w.c. van Mierlo, Treasurer 8
AT Tllg OPENING SESSION, TUESDAY JUNE 22, IN THE CITY THEATRE, HO'rTERDAM
.ddress by Ir. J.P. van Bruggen. 9
Opening by Dr. Ir. W.J.H. Harmsen. 10
.ddress by Prof. K. ·Terzaghi, 11
:TING OF THE CONFERENCE 15
AT THE OFFICIAL CLOSING OF THE CONFERENCE
.ddress by Prof. K. Terzaghi. 17
.ddress by Ir. J ,p, van Bruggen. 18
t the Farewell Dinner by Prof, K•.Terzaghi. 19
ON SOME DUTCH ENGINEERING PROBLEMS
ng of the gaps in the Walcheren dikes. Prof. Ir. P.Ph. Jansen 20
ruction of the Rotterdam Harbour. Ir. D.H, de Herder 24
lization of railroad embanlanents near Gouda •.rr. ·J .L.A. Cuperus 29
ruction of the Maastunnel at Rotterdam. Ir, J ,p, van Bruggen 37
truction on soft subsoils. Ir, H,A.M,C, Dibbits 42
gy of the Netherlands in connection with Soil Mechanics. Ir. T.K, Huizinga 45
ECTION I 1 THEORIES, HYPOTHESES, CONSIDERATIONS OF A GENEHAL CHARACTER

eport. H.F.X, Ri.ickli (Switzerland) 51
ub-section Ib: GEOLOGY AND SOIL ii'.ECHANICS
ritten discussion on sub-section Ib, J. Abollade y Aribau (Spain) 56
ub-section Id: STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS: CONSOLIDATION
iscussion. A,W, Koppejan (Netherlands) 57 . /.
ub-section Ie: SHEARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS

iscussion on paper Ie 11. A,J, Costa Nunes (Brasil) 58
iscussion, J, Mandel (Prance) 58
iscussion on sliding surfaces. J, Frontard (France) 60
iscussion on paper ie 10 (by letter), P,A, Coenen (Netherlands) 62
iscussion. J, Brinch Hansen (Denmark) 68
lementary Study of the e~uilibrium of an iwmersed bank in case of sudden
mptying of the basin, A, Conard (France) 69
ub-section Ig: STRESS DISTRIBUTION
iscussion on paper Ig 3, A,J, Costa Nunes (Brasil) 69
nfluence scale and influence chart for the computation of stresses due,
espectively, to surface point load and pile load. 0, Grillo (Brasil) 70
iscussion, J.D.M,M, ten Brink (Netherlands) 72
emarks of the Reporter Mr. R,P.x'. Ri.ickli (Switzerland) 74
iscussion. Prof, K. Terzaghi (U.S.A.) 74
ECTION II: LABORATORY INV~STIGATIONS
aport. W. Kj ell man (Sweden) 7G

314-
page
Sub-section IIa: GENERAL
IIa5 Discussion (by letter) of paper IIa 10. R.G. Hennes (U.S.A.) 78
IIa6 Discussion on characteristics of soils. A. Lazard (France) 78
na·7 Standarizatio'n of conventional tests. W. Schaad and L. Bjerrum (Switzerland) 79
Sub-section IIbl IDENTIFICATION TESTS
IIb 7 Discussion. J,J, Kolbuszewski (England) 80
IIb 8 Written discussion on paper .Jib 4-. P. Baumann (U.S.A,) 80
Sub-section IIc: CONSOLIDATION TESTS
IIc 3 Written discussion on paper IIc 4-, R.G. Hennes (U.S.A,) 81
Sub-section IIdl TRIAXIAL TESTS
IId 16 Discussion, H,Q, Golder (England) 81
IId 17 Discussion. A.W. Skempton (England) 82
IId 18 Discussion. E.c.w.A, Geuze (Netherlands) 83
IId 19 Discussion. D,W. Taylor (U,S,A,) 83
IId 20 Discussion (by .letter) on paper IId 13. W.J •. Turnbull (U.S.A,) 8~
Sub-section IIe: DIRECT SHEAR TESTS

IIe 7 Discussion (by letter) on paper IIe 8, \'I,J, Turnbull (U.S.A,) 84
Sub-section IIf 1 ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
·rrf 4 Electrical treatment of soils, W, Schaad (Switzerland) 85
IIf 5 Written discussion on paper IIf 3. W,J. Turnbull (U.S.A,) 86
Sub-section IIg: MISCELLANEOUS
IIg 15 Discusdion, M. Buisson (Franca) 87
IIg 16 Written discussion on paper IIg 13. R.G. Hennes (U.S.A,) 87
SECTION III: FIELD I1~ESTIGATIONS
General Report. W. Kjellman (Sweden) 88

Sub-section IIIb1 1~UREMENTS OF SPECIAL SOIL PROP~IE§
IIIb 9 Discussion. T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) 89

Sub-section IIIc: MEASUREMENTS OF PRESSURJ\S AND DEFORMATIONS
IIIc 8 Discussion, D,\V, Taylor (U.S.A,) 89
IIIc 9 Discussion, G. Plantema (Netherlands) 90
SECTION Iy 1 STABILITY AllD DEFORMATIONS OF EARTH CONiiTRUCTIO!IS

General Report, A.E. Bretting (Denmark) 92
IVc 14 Discussion. J.D. Lewin (u.s.A. 95
IVc 15 'Discussion. F .L. Cassel (England) 95
IVc 16 Notes on the possibility of application of the methods of slope stability c~l·
culations on a ground non strictly homogeneous. J. Abollado y Aribau (Spain) 96
IVc 17 Discussion. \V,H, Ward (England) 99
Sub-section IVd: MISCELLANEOUS
IVd 5 Discussion. D,P, Krynine (U.S.A,) 99
315
SECTION V: EARTH PRESSURE; STABILITY AND DISPLACEMENTS OF RETAINING Page
CONSTRUCTION§.
!General Report. A,E, Bretting (Denmark) 100
Sub-section Va: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RIGID VERTICAL WALLS

va? Discussion, J,A, Rinkert (Sweden) 102
Sub-section Vb: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST FLEXIBLE VERTICAL WALLS
Vb lO Discussion, G,P. Tschebotarioff (U,S,A,) 103
Vb l l A brief study of the thrust of an anchoring screen close to the wall it sup-
ports. A, Couard (France) 106
Vb 12 Fresh comments on the coefficients of thrust and pressure of pulverulent soils
as well as the length of anchoring stays, A, Couard (France) 106
Vb 13 Written discussion on papers Vb 2 and Vb 7, J, Brinch Hansen (Denmark) 107
Sub-section Vc: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS
Vc 4 Written discussion on paper Vc }. G.P, Tschebotarioff (u.s.A.) 108
Closing discussion. Prof. K, Terzaghi (U,S,A.) 111
SECTION VI: FOUNDATION PRESSURE AND SETTLEMENTS OF BUILDINGS ON FOOTINGS

AND RAFTS
General Report, A. Caquot (France) 112
Sub-section VIa 1 MEASUREMENTS OF SETTLEMENTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY
VIa 23 Discussion. N, Carillo (Mexico) 114
Sub-section VId 1 SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
VId 16 Discussion. J.D. Lewin (U.S.A,) 115
VId 1? Discussion, W,H, Ward (England) 117
Closing discussion. Prof. K, Terzaghi (U,S,A,) 118
SECTION VII: PILE FOUNDATIONS, PILE LOADING TESTS

General Report. J,L, K6risel (France) 119
Sub-section VIla: SETTLEMENTS AND BEARI!\G CAPACITY OF PILES
VIIa 24 Discussion on paper VIIa 5· A.J, Costa Nunes (Brasil) 122
VIIa 25 Discussion on paper VIIa 3, G. Plantema (Netherlands)' 123
VIIa 26 Discussion, G,C, Boonstra (Netherlands) 125
VIIa 27 Writt<m answer to Mr. Plantema (paper VIla 25), T,K, Huizinga (Netherlands) 127.
VIIa 28 Discussion on pape~ VIIa 3, de Beer (Belgium) 127
Conclusion, J,L, K6risel (France) 129
SECTION VIII: PROBLEMS OF ROAD AND RUNWAY CONS'rRUCTIONS

General Report, G, Wilson (England) 130
Sub-section VIIIb: METHODS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DB:SIGN
VIIIb 12 Discussion, O,J, Porter. (U,S,A,) 135
VIIIb 13 Discussion, N,W, MacLeod (Canada) 136
VII!b 14 Discussion, L,J,H, Weinberg (Netherlands) 157
VIIIb 15 Written discussion on paper VIIIb 4, E.H. Davis and J .A. Cauwood (England) 137
Sub-section VIIIc: METHODS OF RIGID PAVEt,IENT Di!BIGN
VIIIc 4 Discussion, ·N, Carillo (Mexico) 138
VIIIc 5 Discussion, J,N. McFeeters (England) 139
\
. ~ i . ;116
page
... _,. .. VIIIc 6· Discussion •. !riP. O'Sullivan (England)· 140
Sub-section VIIIei. INVESTIGATIONS ON FAILURES, DRAINAGE·AND.FROST' ACTION·,.
vrne g Discussion,_ A; Mayer (France)
sub-~e~t~on VIIIi 1 l.uscimANrous · '
· VIIIf 9 . Additiolllll Reina;>k~· '(by·le;tter) 'on paper VIIIf 2. A.JI. Toms (Eagl.;d) . . . i4i.
Closing discussion; Prof ; ..K. Terz~gl>i (U,S,A,[.. 14f
'.-· ·-' ---·
~ . ~, ..
• • • • • • . ,..; • • ' • . • • '> ·~ : '
SECTION IX: ·.:._'IMPROVEMENT OF.·T!IE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Tllll SOIL_:: ,
' Gener9.1-
. .
Re:Pol"t~.
.
·a._· Wfl.~oh-
.
(~glabd)
. . ,. ,.__.. ' . .
. >. · -.· _-,: -c· ·
·'."·,.
,. . ·i42,
· .; · sub-tiectiol!<:i::ibl ., MECHANICAL JMHore , · ·' ..•-' . :-..-'.·'·
. IXb is · Discussion/ f:i;-J) JJqchanan (u.s.A.) ; ... _. 144.·

u.t~ 19 'Disctissl.on. ~:ai'ii~!l (India) . ·.. ·.··. · .·. .· . . .· . . 145 ·.·
rxq .2o . Dieous'.i±oii o*:tli:e~ tsp: oi sand .. drains, .o.i•.Perter ·(u.s .A.)
. IXb 21 · ·. wri'tten di~ci.n!si(ln ~n paper r:xb 17. w•J• TU:rtibuJ,l (u;s~A.) · ·
.....'
.·. m'.: .
~ub..~e~t~oxi.,. :[i~; : . ~rtisioo~dHEMI6AL -~Ho~
.. ': ._,_.
~ · ; •.,.
:. . . . o;'' .
IXc 17 · · · ii:i.sciussl.oii; ,\. !.i«l'er\(ifrance)

.. : '-·-· .. . l)H;
Closi;.,g Re~ks; · G~ Wils6n 'rii:.i!iraha} · · · ' ·· M
'.-.
.. . ; ·~
sEC!I!roN X1 · daoti!inviATER ;RoBLEMS

.-----
General Report; A.E; Brett;U!i (Denmark) ..148
Sub-section Xa1 · 'GE:NJiRAL GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATIONS
Xa l l Discussion, .R. Malcor (hance) i49 .
Xa 12 · ·Discussion, E,c.: Childs '(England).· · .. .. -150 '.
xa.13 Additional..remat'ks (by ·letter) on: paper Xa 10, M• Sitz (Palestine) . ,·· 153 .. :.
Xa 14 · Discussion,· J, ..Mandel (France) · · . > :.1;>4.
Xa 15 Discussion •. G, D~ouhi;., (Algeria) . ·. ·;·i56.'
. · .· Sub-se~tio~· in, 1 : SEEPAGE PROBLEMS OF DAMS AND LEvEES ·.---·. f. .
·, ·.
Written diScussion on paper Xb. 4.: D,p, KrYzune (U,S,A,) .. : .'·:
Xb5 157
Xb6 Written c,U~c\lssi.o'~ on pap~· Xb 2. R.G. Hennes (u.s.A.) . ·-1~7 .·
. ·: · ..
DISC\ISSIONS BY S.UJi¢0Mli~T!I!E~ OF THE U,S, NATIONAL COMMIT!J!EE . .· ,:
.- ..:
. Discussion o:f pil.per'<i\lbmittec(th:c~il~ .mbcommittee,4, E.B, Eckel, H.M. Hiil,' ·
. c,A, Hogentogler 1 · G.~~·Tschebotarioft (Chairman), W,J, Turnbull
Discussion ~f ~pel' •au{,l!iftted.t'h:riougn .mbcommi.tten, S,J, Buchanan, ._·, _·
R,E, Fad.um, D.M< B,urni~l>;ter, .E.J; Kilcawle;r (Chaii'man) · · · · 160
..
Duscussiqn oJ; paper a>.~bln!tted tfu.~tigh s)!bc6mnrl.ttee 6, D.P. Krynine;
:'
R.R. PhUippe,
.
.. T;A •. Mid.dlebrooks,
. . . . . ·; .. ·: •. . . . lJ,M, -Burn;l.si;er
.· ,. . .
·~-- . . . (Chairmen)
. .. ·.
..
,_._, .
. ... ·~
SECTION XI i' ::: . . ': SUOOEs'l!i:ONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION I EXCHANGE OF

. .. · ·• : ·. nri;oRMATION . . . .··-
..
XI 4 Comments on paper· XI ·1. K; .Terzaghi (U,S,A,) . 1~7
XI 5 Writt;;. answer :to
t>r'o,:t •. T~~zaghi, Ir/T,K, Hulzinga (Netherlands) l67
wRITTEN coiiMEN!I!s o!i.T!iE l'llOrosAL ~ sTATUTEs (PAPER xi - 1) · ol!
XI6 ' Institutiilli of civh Englneers (England). · · · ·· .i68
XI 7 National Ciomni±ttea o:f the tt.s.A; ...·.· . 'i6a
XI 8 Soil-Mechanics Ltd; London (England). . 168
XI 9 statens Gecit~krlakB.· Institut (sweden) i69
.. XI lO National Committee of Turkey, -169
317
page
XI 11 National Committee of Canada. 169
XI 12 National Committee of Switzerland 170
XI 13 National Committee of Portugal_ 170
XI 14 l!ational Committee of Poland 170
Shorthand report of the meeting on international collaboration, June 24, 1948 171
Statutes International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 177
Statuts Societe Internationals de Mechanique des Sols et de Travaux de
Fondations 178
SECTIO!! XII: §UBJECTS OF A GENERAL CHARACTER

General report. E. de Beer (Belgium) 180
Sub-section XIIb: Il!FORMATIO!! 0!! EXISTING Il!STITUTIO!!il Al!D PERSO!!S VIORKING
IN THE SPHERE OF SOIL MECJ!Al!ICS AND THEIR SPHERE OF ACTION
XIIb 1 Statement of existing institutions handling soil mechanics work in South
Africa 184
XIIb 2 The Belgian governmental Institute on Soil Mechanics at Gent, E. de Beer
(Belgium) 185
XIIb 3 Geotechnics in Sweden - The Swedish l!ational Committee of Geotechnics 186
XIIb 4 T.G. Masnryk Institute- Czecho.Slovakia 187
XIIb 5 The Danish Institute of Soil Mechanics, A.F. Mogensen 188
XIIb 6 The Soil Mechanics Division of the Building Research Station, Great Britain.
L.F, Cooling 189
XIIb 7 Soil Mechanics Limited, organisation and equipment. R. Glossop 190
XIIb 8 The Soil l!echanics Section of the Road Research Laboratory (Great Britain),
D.J. MacleWl 195
XIIb 9 The Soils Laboratory at Imperial College, University of London 199
XIIb 10 The Scott and Wilson Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Guthlac Wilson 200
XIIb 11 The Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Cambridge University, England 202
XIIb 12 University of Glasgow, James Watt Engineering Laboratories 203
XIIb 13 The Soils Laboratory of R.H, Harry Stanger 204
XIIb 14 Statement of organisation of soil mechanics and geophysics laboratory of Ground
Explorations Ltd. 204
XIIb 15 Soil m~chanics section of Le Grand, Sutcliff and Gell, Ltd. 205
XIIb 16 Road and Runways (Engineers) Ltd, 205
XIIb 1? Civil and Municipal Engineering Department University of London, University
·college. Report on soil mechanics courses and laboratory equipment. P.L. Capper 206
XIIb 18 University of London, King's College 206
XIIb 19 George Wimpey and Co. Ltd, Central Laboratory, Lancaster Road, Southall, Middle-
sex, England 207
XIIb 20 Soil Mechanics Laboratory of the Division of the Chief Scientific Adviser,
Ministry of Works, J,M, McFeeters 208
XIIb 21 Soil Mechanics Laboratories in Switzerland 209
XIIb 22 Soil Mechanics Laboratory. Technical University, Budapest, Hongary 210
XIIb 23 The Soils and Foundations Division of .the "Institute de Pesquisas Technol6-
gicas" in S!io Paulo .(Brazil) - Submitted by the Soils and Foundations
Division of the I,P,T, (Brazil) . 210
XIIb 24 Report from Soil Mechanics Laboratory of "Estacas Franki Ltda", Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil - A.J. Costa Nunes, 212
XIIb 25 Report on the Division of Soils and Foundations of the "Institute Tecnol6gico
do Estado do R:l.o Grande do Sul"(Iters) Brazil, C,J, Munarski. 216
XIIb 26 Soil Mechanics Laboratories in Australia 219
XIIb 27 The "Laboratorio de Caminos" of the Escuela ffispecial de Ingenieros de Caminos,
Canales y Puertos", Madrid (Spain). Jose Luis Escario 219
XIIb 28 The "Laboratorio Central de Ensayo de Materiales de Construction" 220
XIIb 29 The "Institute Espanol de Edafologia, Ecologia y Fisiologia Vegetal" of the
"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas 220
}18
page
XIIb }0 Existing institutions and individuals working on soil mechanics in India
National Committee for India 221
XIIb }1 Soil Mechanics Laboratory. Delft, Holland. 222
XIIb }2 The activities of the American Society for Testing Materials in soil testing
and research. E.J. Kilcawley, VI.S. Housel 227
XIIb }} Soil Engineering at Princeton University. Gregory P. Tschebotarioff and Hans
F. Winterkorn 2}0
XIIb }4 Testing equipment and research activities of the Soil Mechanics Laboratory,
Northwestern University. J.o. Osterberg 233
XIIb }5 Comprehensive report on the Earth Materials Laboratories in the United States
Subcommittees 3 of the u.s. National Committee 242
National committees 292
List of members 293
Abbreviated oontents of volumes I - VI arranged according to the sections }06
List of authors of volumes I - VI 310
Contents of volume VI 313
-o-o-o-o-o-o-
PRINTED BY GEBR. KEE8:i~\AT I

Special
HAARLEM prin~~e1~;~~~~;;~~~
1
ON
SOIL MECHANICS AND

ROTTERDAM
JUNE 21 TO 30 - 1948
VOLUME VII
TABL E 0 F CONTENTS
V 0 L U ME VII x)
SECTION I: Ti!EORIES, HYPOTHESES, CONSIDERATIONS OF A GENBRAL CliARACTb:R

Sub-section Id: STRESS - STRAIN RELATIONS; CONSOLIDATION Page
Id 11 Soil reaction to slow deformation caused by consolidation and to strain caused
by pile loads, H, Marcus (U,S,A,) · 1
Id 12 On consolidation of an underplaced clay layer 1 support of statically indeter-
minated constructions. I. da Silveira (Brazil) 12
Sub-section Ie; SHEARING STRENGTH AND EQUILIBRIUM OF SOILS
Ie 27 Fundamental equations in the theory of limit equilibrium. P.A. Coenen
(The Netherlands) 15
Ie 28 Vertical and horizontal shearing stresses in earth masses, D.P. Krynine (U.S.A,) 21
Sub-section Ig1 STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Ig 13 An elastic treatice on circular footing slab resting on the surface of a semi-
indefinite soil and loaded with a rigid massive concentric with the slab.
C, Benito (Spain) "'"
'··'
Ig 14 Influence of the rigidity of a rectangular slab on the settlement and on the dis-
tribution of elastic soil reactions, N, Carillo (Mexico) 28
Ig 15 Soil pressures computation: A modification of the Newmark's method.
J .s. Jimenez Salas (Spain) 30
SECTION II: LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
Sub-section IIa: GENERAL
IIa8 Routine practice for soil tests in the road and road construction laboratory in
Madrid. J,L, Escarion & J,A, Jimenez Salas (Spain) 35
IIa 9 The measurements of pore water pressures in cohesionless soils. T.w. Lambe (u.s.A.) 38
IIa 10 Methods and techniques for the preparation of soil test specimen, J,L, McRae (U,S,A,) 42
IIa 11 A possible relationship between true cohesion and the mineralogy of clays,
A, W, Skempton (England) 45
Sub-section IIb: IDENTIFICATION TESTS
lib 9 General investigations of the fundamental factors controlling loose packings of
sands. J,J, Kolbuszewski (England) 47
IIb 10 A graphical solution of Stoke's law. M,S, Youssef (Egypt) 50
Sub-section lie: CONSOLIDATION TESTS
IIc 4 An investigation of the factors affecting the laboratory consolidation of clay.
Th,V/, van Zelst (U,S,_A,) 52
Sub-section IIe1 DIRECT SHEAR TESTS
IIe8 Construction an opperational details for a simple machine to test soils in double
shear. R.R, Proctor (U.S.A,) 61
Sub-section IIf: ELECTRO-OSMOSIS
IIf 6 Contribution to the problems of the seepage pressure in electro-osmosis,
w. Bernatzik (Austria) 65
SECTION III: FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
.Sub-section Ilia: BORING AND SAMPLING
IIIa 6 Foundation Exploration. A review of methods and requirements, M,J, Hvorslev (U.S.A,) 67
Ilia 7 Pocket-size piston samplers and compression test apparatus. M,J, Hvorslev (U,S,A,) 76
x) The reports Id 9, Ie 19 1 Is 20 1 IId 14 1 IId 15, IIIc 7, IVd 4, VIb 2 1 VIla 22,
VIIa 23, VIIIa 3, VIIIb 11, VIIIe 8, IXc 12, IXc 13, IXc 14 1 IXc 15 1 IXc 16,
IXd 3, Xa 7, Xa 8 and Xa 9 are published in the June 1948-issue of the French
magazine "Travaux".
Bumm~ies of the above mentioned papers in English languS.ge ar·e published in
Volume V of this Proceedings.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Comptes Rendus du Troisieme Congres International de
Mecanique des Sols et des Travaux de Fondations
Volume I Sessions 1-4
Switzerland 16th- 27th August 1953 Suisse 16-27 aout 1953
I
j
I
'
Organizing Committee Comite d'Organisation ICOSOMEF

Gloriastrasse 39, Zurich 6
Contents Table des Matieres Volume I
Session 1
Theories and Hypotheses of General Character, Classification, Engineering Geology
Theories et hypotheses de caractere g6n6ral, propri6t6s des sols, classificadon, g6ologie technique
No. Author Auteur Title Titre · Page
1 G. D. AITCHISON Soil Morphology and Foundation Engineering ... , ....... , ......... , ..... , ......... ,. 3
Australia Morphologic du sol et construction de fondations
2 L.A. DuBosE A Full Scale investigation of the Thermo-osmotic Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

U.S.A. Etude complete de l'hypothCse thermo-osmotique
3 D. CRONEY Soil Moisture Suction Properties and their Bearing on the Moisture Distribution in Soils 13 X
England Propric;:tes de succion des sols et leur influence sur Ia repartition de l'humidit6 dans Jes sols
4 W. DIBNEMANN Subsoil Maps on the Basis of Engineering Geology....................... . . .. .. .. .. . . 19

Germany Cartes du sous-sol dressCes sur une base geotechnique
5 E. J. FELT Influence of Vegetation on Soil Moistme Contents and Resulting Soil Volume Changes 24
U.S.A. lnnuence de Ia vCgCtation sur Ia teneur en eau du sol ct sur ses variations de volume
6 P.HADID Etude de l'orientation du plan de rupture et de !'angle de frottement interne de certaines

France argiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
A Study of the Orientation of the Plane of Rupture and of the Angle of internal Friction in Certain Clays
7 P. HABIB etA. Puvo Evaluation des contraintes transversales pendant la consolidation 32

France Evaluation of Transverse Stresses During Consolidation
8 B.JAKOBSON "Origin Cohesion" of Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Sweden Cohesion d'origine de !'argile
9 R. GRAN OLSSON Approximate Solution of the Progress of Consolidation in a Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Norway Solution approximative du processus de consoHdation dans un sediment
10 E. PICHLER The Expansion of Soils Due to the Presence of Clay Minerals, as Determined by the Ad-
Brazil sorption Test ............... , ....... , ........................................... . 43
De I'e.xpansion des sols due U Ia prCsence de minerais d'argile dCterminCe par l'expCrience d'adsorption
11 M.P. P. DOS SANTOS A New Soil Constant and its Applications . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 47

Portuguese East Africa Une nouvelle constante du sol et son application
12 R. SELMER-OLSEN About the Plastic Properties of the Norwegian Quaternary Clays.. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. 51

Norway Sur les propriCtCs plastiques des argiles quaternaires de la Norvege
13 ICARAHY DA SILVEIRA Consolidation of a Cylindrical Clay Sample with External Radial Flow of Water. . . . . . . . . 55
Brazil Consolidation d'un t!:chantillon d'argile cylindrique a mouvement d'eau radial divergent
14 A. W. SKEMPTON The Colloidal "Activity" of Clays . . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . . 57
England L'activitC co\loidale des argiles
15 C. K. SMITH and Soil Properties of Fort Union Clay Shale . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. 62

J. F. REDLINGER PropriCtes des argiles schisteuses de Fort Union
U.S.A.
16 M. VARGAS Some Engineering Properties of Residual Clay Soils Occurring in Southern Brazil 67
Brazil Quelques P!Oprietes techniques des terrains argileux residuels du BrCsil mCridional
17 M. VARGAS Correlation Between Angle of Internal Friction and Angle of Shearing Resistance in Con-
Brazil solidated Quick Triaxial Compression Tests on Residual Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Relation entre !'angle de frottement et !'angle de resistance au cisaillement dans les essnis de compression
triaxiau.x rapides des argiles prCconsolidCes
No. Author Auteur Title Titre Page
18 W.S.WANGand Stresses in a Saturated Soil Mass During Electro-Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

E.VEY Contraintes exercees dans une masse de sol satur6 au cours de I' electro-osmose
U.S.A.
19 M.S. YOUSSEF Relation Between the Mean Grain Size, the Size Factor and the Optimum Moisture Con-
Egypt tent of Compacted Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Relation entre Ia granulomCtrle moyenne. te fucteur dimension net et Ia teneur en eau maximale des sols
compactes
Session 2
Laboratory Investigation, Including Compaction Tests, Improvement of Soil Properties
Recherches de laboratoires, y compris essais de compaction, amelioration des proprietes des sols
I R. BARBEDETIB et Etudes et utilisations recentes des cou1is d'injection argile-ciment ...................... . 85

F.SABARLY Recent Studies and Applications of Clay-Cement Grouts
France
2 H. K. S. BEGEMANN The Influence of a Direct Current Potential on the Adhesion Between Clay and Metal
Indonesia Objects. Laboratory and Full Scale Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
L'influence d'un courant continu sur l'adhCsion de I' argile et des objets metalliques. Essai de laboratoire
et in situ
3 A. W.BISHOP and Pore Pressure Changes during Shear in Two Undisturbed Clays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
D.J.HENKEL Variations de la pression de l'eau interstitielle mesurees pendant le cisaillement dans deux argiles non
England remaniees
4 A. W.BISHOP The Effect of Stress History on the Relation Between 'P and Porosity in Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
England. and L'irHluence de l'historique des contralntes sur la relation entre rp et la porositC dans les sols sableux
A.K.GAMAL
Egypt
5 A. CASAGRANDE Prestress Induced in Consolidated-quick Triaxial Tests................................ 106
U.S.A. Pr6contrainte induite au cours d'essais de compression triaxiale rapide
6 C. L. DHAWAN, Torsion Hydrometer for Mechanical Analysis of Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill

J.RAM, Hydrometre a torsion pour determiner Ia granulomCtrie des sols
J. R. KHANNA and
B.K.HANDA
India
7 C.L.DHAWAN, Stable Density.................................................................... 114
J. C. BAHRI, Densite stable
J. R. KHANNA,
R.N. SHARMA and
A.D.DHAND
India
8 W.EASTWOOD The Factors which Affect the Natural Frequency of Vibration of Foundations, and the
Great Britain Effect of Vibration on the Bearing Power of Foundations on Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liS
Facteurs qui affectent Ja frCquence naturelle des vibrations des fondations, et efret des vibrations sur la
f~?rce portante des fondations sur sol sablonneux
9 R.GANDAHL Hydrometer Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Sweden Analyse par hydromiHre
10 R.E.GIBSON Experimental Determination of the True Cohesion and True Angle of Internal Friction in
England Clays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Experiences pour determiner la cohesiOn rCeile et !'angle reel de frottement des argiles
11 P.HABIB Influence de Ia variation deJa contrainte principale moyenne sur Ia resistance au cisaillement
France des sols......................................................................... 131
Influence of the Variation of the Average Principal Stress Upon the Shearing Strength of Soils
12 R. HAEFELI and Three-dimensional Seepage-tests with Viscous Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

J. ZELLER Bssais de permeabilitC a trois dimensions avec des Iiquides visqueux
Switzerland
13 W.G.HOLTZ Construction of Compacted Soil Linings for Canals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
U.S.A. Construction de revetements en sol compacte pour canaux
No. Author.., Auteur Title Titre Page
14 K.F. G.KEIL The "Hydra ton "-Method, a New Process of Stabilizing Soils by Inorganic Agents 147
Germany La methode «Hydra ton», nouveau procede de stabilisation des sols a !'aide d'agents inorganiques
15 T. MooAMI and The Behaviour of Soil during Vibration. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . 152
K.KUBO Comportement de certains sols pendant Ia vibration
Japan
16 S. MURAYAMA and On the Electrochemical Consolidation of Soil Using Aluminium Electrodes 156
T. MISE La consolidation Ciectro·chimique du sol au moyen d'Clectrodes d'aluminium
Japan
17 K.L. NASH The Shearing Resistance of a Fine Closely Graded Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
England La resistance au cisail!ement d'un sable fin a grain unlforme
18 O.A.NoELL Triaxial Shear Equipment for Gravelly Soils......................................... 165
U.S.A. Appareil d'essai de cisaillement triaxial pour sols graveleux
19 R.M.PALIT Determination of Swelling Pressure of Black Cotton Soil-A Method ....... , , , , . . . . . . . 170 '<
India Methode pour determiner Ja pression de gonfiement dans le sol denomme «black cottom>
20 R. PELTIER Mesure des caracteristiques capillaires des sols au Laboratoire central des Ponts et Chaussees 173
France Measurements of the Capillary Characteristics of Soils at the Central Laboratory of" Pants et ChaussCes"·
21 K.S.RAo and The Effect of Heating the Soil on Permeability under Prolonged Submergence of Soil in Water 178
S.K.WADHAWAN PermCabilit6 de sols prCalablement partes a diff6rentes temperatures puis immerges
India
22 F. RENGMARK and Apparatus for Investigation of Swelling, Compression and Elastic Properties of Soils 180
R. ERIKSSON Appareil pour recherches sur le gonflement, la compression ct les proprietes Clastiques des sols
Sweden
23 F. RENGMARK and An Investigation into Vapour Transport in Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
R.ERIKSSON Etude sur le transport de la vapeur dans le sol
Sweden
24 K.H.RosCOE An Apparatus for the Application of Simple Shear to Soil Samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
England Appareil pour !'application de cisaillement pur a des Cchantillons de sol
25 J. A. JIMENEZ SALAS Compressibility of Clays .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. . . 192
and J.M.SERRATOSA Compressibilite des argiles
Spain
26 K.P.SHUKLA Electro-Chemical Treatment of Clays .... :.. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . 199
India Traitement 61ectro·chimique des argiles
27 W. G. SHOCKLEY and Correlation of Some Physical Properties of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

P.K. GARBER Correlation de quelques proprietCs physiques du sable
U.S.A.
28 G.P.TsCHEBOTARIOFF, The Tensile Strength of Disturbed and Recompacted Soils 207
E. R. WARD and La resistance a la traction des sols remanies et compactes
A. A. DE PHlLIPPE
U.S.A.
Session 3
Field Investigation, Technique of Field Observations Including Compaction Control, Soil Stabilisation
Recherches et essais du sol sur place, y compris contrOle de 1a compaction, stabilisation des sols, technique des observations sur
le terrain
I H.K.S.PH.BEOB- Improved Method of Determining Resistance to Adhesion by Sounding Through a Loose

MANN Sleeve Placed Behind the Cone ................... .'. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. 213
Indonesia Procede amCliore pour determiner Ia resistance a !'adhesion au moyen d'un appareil de sondage a manchon
mobile place derriere Ie cOne
2 F.J.DAVIS Quality Control of Earth Embankments . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 218

U.S.A. ContrOle qualitatif de remblais en terre
3 G. DROlJillN, Existence et formation de canalicules dans certains sols argileux 225

F. DERVIBUX et Existence and Formation of Small Channels in Some Clayey Soils
M.GAUTIER
France
t
r No.
4
Author Auteur
R. HAEFELI and
H.B.FEHLMANN
Title Titre
A Combined Penetration Process for the Exploration of the Foundation Soil . . . . . . . . . . . .

Procecte combine de penetration pour l'cxploration des sols de fondations
Page
232
Switzerland
5 M. J. HVORSLEV Cone Penetrometer Operated by Rotary Drilling Rig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
U.S.A. Sandage au pCnCtrometre a cOne exCcutC au moyen d'une foreuse rotative type «Rotary»
6 B.A.KANTEY Field and Laboratory Determinations of Strength Characteristics of a Normally Consolidated
Union of South Africa Clay in the Durban Bayhead Area, South Africa. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . 241
Determination, en Iaboratoire et «in situ», des caracteristiques mecaniques d'une argile normalement
consolid~e de la region de Durban, Union Sud-Africaine
7 P. L. KHANNA, Bearing Pressure and Penetration Tests on Typical Soil Strata in the Region ofthe.Hirakud
P. C. VARGHESE and Dam Project ................................................................... . 246
R.C.HooN Essais de force portante et de penetration sur des sols typiqucs avoisinunt l'emplncement du barrage
India projete de Hirakud, Inde
8 T.W.LAMBE The Effect of Polymers on Soil Properties ......................................... .. 253

U.S.A. Effet des polymeres sur les proprletes des sols
9 W.A.LEWJS The Compaction of Soil for Earthworks and the Performance of Plant ................. . 258
England Le compactage des sols pour les travaux de terrassement, le comportement et l'cfficacite du materiel
10 D. J. MACLEAN Investigation of Some Problems in Soil Stabilization .............. , .................. . 263

England Recherches touchant certains probUlmes de stabilisation des sols
11 S.MATSUO, A Field Determination of Permeability 268

Y. HoNMACHI and Determination sur place de Ia permCabilite
K. AKA!
Japan
12 S.R.MEHRA Soil Stabilization in Tropical Areas, for Mass Construction of Cheap Permanent Housing -. 272
India Stabilisation du sol dans les regions tropicales pour Ia construction en masse d'habitations durables et a
bas prix de revient
13 G.PLANTEMA Electrical Pore Water Pressure Cells: Some Designs and Experiences .......... , .. , .... . 279
Netherlands Cellules etectriques pour l'enregistrement de Ia pression de l'eau interstitielle - dessins ct experiences
14 G.PLANTEMA A Soil Pressure Cell and Calibration Equipment .................................... . 283

Netherlands Cellule de pression et 6quipement d'6talonnage
15 G, PLANTEMA Soil Pressure Measurements During Loading Tests on a Rtmway .................... , . 289
Netherlands Mesure de Ia pression du sol au cours d'essais de charge sur une pistc d'envol
16 F. PACHECO SILVA Controlling the Stability of a Foundation Through Neutral Pressure Measurements 299
Brazil ContrOie de Ia stabilit6 d'une fondation par Ia mesure des surpressions hydrostatiques
17 A. w.
SKEMPTON The Post-Glacial Clays of the Thames Estuary at Tilbury and Shellhaven .............. . 302
England Les argiles post·glaciaires de l'estuaire de Ia Tamise a Tillbury ~t a Shellhaven
18 A. SOSSTRUNK Les precedes sismiques appliques a 1'6tude du SOUS·SOl en Suisse ..... ' ................ . 309
Suisse Application of Seismic Methods to Subsoil Investigation in Switzerland
19 W.J.TURNBULL and Field Compaction Tests on Lean Clay Soil ......................................... . 313
w. G. SHOCKLEY Essais de compactage d'un sol argileux maigre
U.S.A.
Session 4
Foundation of Buildings and Dams, Bearing Capacity, Settlement Observations, Regiona_l Subsidences
Fondations des constructions et des barrages, charge admissible, observation des tassements, affaissements rCgionaux
J. BELLIER, CompressibilitC du rocher sous les appuis des barrages............................ . . . . 319

J.P. FREY et Compressibility of the Foundation Rock under Supports of Dami
R.MARCHAND
France
2 P.BOUYON, Stabilit6 d'une tour de 80 mCtres reposant sur 4 appuis 327
M. BAcHELlER et Stability of a Tower 80 Metres High Resting on Four Piers
A. PUYO
France
o. Author Auteur Title Titre Page
S. J.BUTTON The Bearing Capacity of Footings on a Two-layer Cohesive Subsoil , .... , .. , . , , , .. , .... 332
England La capacit6 portante des empattements dans un sous-sol coh€sif a deux couches
A.CAQUOTet Sur le terme de surface dans le calcul des fondations en milieu pulverulent ............. . 336
J. KERISEL Ultimate Bearing Capacity of a Foundation Lying on the Surface of a Cohesionless SoH
France
c. B. CRAWFORD Settlement Studies on the National Museum Building, Ottawa, Canada , , ........... , .. . 338
Canada Etudes sur le tassemcnt du Musee du Canada A Ottawa
I
R.F.DAWSON
u.s.A.
Movement of Small Houses Erected on an Expansive Clay Soil ....................... .
Mouvement de maisons basses bilties sur un sol argileux expansif
346 X I
J. DELARUE, Caracteristiques rnecaniques des argiles preconsolidees Marocaines .................... . 351 I
M. V. MARIOTTI et Mechanical Characteristics of Preconsolidated ivforoccan Clays
R. L. BERTHIER
Maroc
T.EDBLMANN The Consolidation of a Layer, which Modulus of Elasticity is Proportional to the Depth . . 358
Netherlands Le tassement d'une couche dont Ia compressibilite diminue lineairement avec la profondeur
0. K. FROHLICH On the Settling ofBuildings Combined with Deviation from their Originally Vertical Position 362
Austria Tassement d'ouvrages et deviations de leur position verticale primitive-
W.S.HANNA Settlements of Buildings on Preconsolidated Clay Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Egypt Tassements de batiments sur couche d'argile pn!consolid6e
K. v. HELENELUND Settlement Observations in Finland . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 370

Finland Observations de tasscments en Finlande
G.W.HOLCOMB Building Settlement Measurements--Dregon State College 377

U.S.A. Mesure des tassements d'un biltiment: Oregon State College
G,HOLMSBN Regional Settlements Caused by a Subway Tunnel in Oslo ............. , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 I

Norway Tassements regionaux provoques par le percement d'un tunnel a Oslo
K.HOSHINO Site Exploration for Founding a Building by Sinking Method of a Large-Scale Caisson 384
Japan Investigation du sous-sol pour le fom;age d'un grand caisson a air comprim6
J. E. JENNINGS The Heaving of Buildings on Dessicated Clay ...................................... . 390
Union of South Africa Soulevement de b!timents fondes sur argile dessechee
J. M.KYLE The Use of Sand Drains Under Buildings at Port Newark............................. 397
U.S.A. L'utilisation de drains verticaux de sable sous les batiments de Port Newark
K. S. LANE and Rebound Gages Check Movement Analysis at Garrison Dam 402
s. J. OCClllPINTI Calculs et mesures de sou!evements du Barrage de Garrison
u.s.A.
H. LoRENZ The Determination of the Dynamical Characteristics of Soils, a Good Help in the
Germany Calculation of Dynamically Excited Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Determination des caracteristiques dynamiques des sols considerce comme un auxiliaire pour le calcul de
fondations sollicitees par des efforts dynamiques
H. LUNDGREN and Determination by the Theory of Plasticity of the Bearing Capacity of Continuous Footings
K. MORTENSEN on Sand .................... , ................ , . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . 409
Denmark Determination de Ja force portante d'empattements sur sable par Ja theorie de plasticite
J. MANDEL Tassernent d'une couche d'argile saturee d'eau sous l'effet d'une force concentree a la sur-
France face du sol ...................... , ............................................... ·413
Settlement of a Saturated Layer of Clay Under the Effect of a Point Load Acting on the Surface of the Soil
L. MARIVOET Observation des tassements de ponts a fondation directe . ..... ..... .. ..... ..... ....... 418
Belgique Settlement Observation on Bridges Built on Shallow Foundations
L. MARIVOET Observation des tassements de reservoirs a p6trole dans le port d'Anvers................ 431
Belgique Observations of Settlements of Oil Tanks in the Harbour of Antwerp
H.MATUO, Field Test and Observation on the Soft Soil in the Coast of the Ariake Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
T. MIZUNO, Essais sur place et observations .faits sur le sol mou de Ia c6te de Ia mer d'Ariake, Japan
I. UcmDA and
S. MORITA
Japan
G. G. MEYERHOF The Bearing Capacity of Foundations Under Eccentric and Inclined Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
England Capacite portante des sols de fondation sous charges excentrees et obliques
25 T.!viiZUNO On the Bearing Power of Soil under a Uniformly Distributed Circular Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Japan De Ia force portante du sol sous une charge circulairc uniforme
26 M. PLEITHNER et Nouveau procCdC de remise aniveau de batiments affaisses au moyen d'injcctions de ciment 450 \
W. BERNATZIK A New Method of Compensating Settlement of Buildings by Injections of Cement Grout
Allemagne
27 E. SCHULTZE Settlements and Permissible :Bearing Pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Germany Tasscments et contraintes admissibles
28 W. TETIINEK and A Contribution to Calculating the Inclination of Eccentrically Loaded Foundations . . . . . . 461
F. MATL Contribution au calcul de l'inclinaison des fondations a charge excentree
Austria
29 M.J.ToMLINSON and The Foundation of the Bank of China Building, Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
J.B.HOLT Les fondations de la Banque de Chine a Hong Kong
England
30 G.P.TscHEBOTARIOFF A Case of Structural Damages Sustained by One-Storey High Houses Founded on Swelling
u.s.A. Clays . . ... ... . ..... .... . ..... . ... .. . ... ... . .. .................... ..... . ... . ... . 473
Un cas de fissuration de maisons basses construites sur des argiles gonnantes
31 W.H.WARD Soil Movement and Weather . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . 477

England Mouvement du sol et influences climatiques
2ontents Table des Matieres Volume II
Session 5
Piles and Pile Foundations, Settlements of PHe Foundations
Pieux et fondations Sur pieux, tassement de ce genre de fondations
J. ANTOINE, Force portante de pieux de grand diambtre fondes sur un bane calcaire de faible epaisseur 3
R. L'HERMINIER et Bearing Capacity of Large Diameter Piles Resting on a Low Limestone Bank
M. BACHELlER
France
2 L. BENDEL Stresses in Piles and \Valls During Pile Driving ..................................... . 7

Switzerland Contraintes sollicitant les pieux pendant leur font;age, ainsi que les rnurs avoisinants
3 PH. P. BROWN Grouting Piles in Soft Soil ....................................................... . 10

u.s.A. Pieux realises par injection dans des sols mous
4 M. BurssoN et Relations entre les resistances statiques et dynamiques des picux 16

M. CHAPON Relation Between the Static and Dynamic Resistance of Piles
France
5 H. CAMBEFORT La force portante des groupes de pieux ............ , ..... , ......................... . 22

France The Bearing Capacity of Pile Groups
6 H. CAMBEFORT Le comportement des pieux fores et les essais de penetration 29

France The Behaviour of Bored Piles and Penetration Tests
7 S.MONTAGUT Construction de pieux «inMsit.u» par air comprim6 37

CUADRAT Piles Driven In-Situ Under Compressed Air
Espagne
8 H.Q. GoLDER Some Loading Tests to Failure on Piles ............................................ . 41

England Quelques essals de charge de pieux pousses jusqu'a la charge limite
9 H. GRASSHOFF Investigations of Values of the Dynamic Penetration Resistance to Model Piles in Sand
Germany and Clay, Obtained from Tests ................................................... . 47
Essais sur les valeurs de !51 resistance a la penetration dynamique rencontree dans le sable et l'argile par
des pieux modeles
10 W. G. HoLTZ and Field Tests to Determine the Behavior of Piles in Loess ............................. . 51
H. J. GIBBS Essais sur place pour determiner le comportement de pieux enfonc6s dans du loess
U.S.A.
11 H. LUMPERT Description of a Pile Loading Test and of Settlement-Observations Over a Period of

Switzerland Time on a Completed Building ................................................... . 57
Description d'un essai de charge et observations de tassement pendant une periode donnee sur un bil.ti~
ment acheve
12 A. MAYER et Le p_ouvoir portant des pieux en milieu coherent 60

R. L'HERMrNIBR The Bearing Capacity of Pites in Cohesive Soils
France
13 G. G. MEYERHOF An Investigation for the Foundations of a Bridge on Dense Sand 66

England Recherches concernant tes fondations d'un pont sur sable dense
14 N. NANNINGA The Problem of Pile Driving 71

Netherlands Le battage des pieux
15 A.J.DA CosTA NuNES Computed Bearing Capacity of Piles in Residual Soil Compared with Laboratory and Load
and Tests ......................................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. · .. · · · · · · · · · · · · · 75
M. VARGAS Estimation de Ia force portante de pieux enfoncCs dans un sol residuel comparee avec des essais en Ia bora~
Brazil toire et des essais de charge
16 u. G. PETER Measurement of Vibrations Originating in Constructing Cast~in~Place Concrete PHes

Switzerland According to the Express System ............................................. , , .. . 80
Mesure des ebranlements au cours de la construction de pieux moults sur place selon le systeme Express
17 C, VANDERVEEN The Bearing Capacity of a Pile ................................................... . 84

Netherlands La force portante d'un pieu
18 CH. VEDER Precede de construction de diaphragmes impermeables a grande profondeur au moYen

Italie de boues thixotropiques ......................................................... . 91
Method for the Construction of Impermeable Diaphragms at Gre~i Depth by Means ofThixotropic Muds
Session 6
Roads, Runways, Airports (Flexible and Rigid Pavements) and Their Foundations
Routes, autostrades, aerodromes (revetements rigides et flexibles) et leurs fondations
R, A. BRZESOWSKY An Investigation on the Bearing Capacity of Some Flexible Runways at Schiphol Airport 97
and Recherches sur la portance de quelques pistes ftexibles de l'AC.roport de Schiphol, Hollande
C. VAN DER VEBN
Netherlands
2 R. M. HARDY Prevention of Frost Heaving by Injection of Spent Sulphite Liquor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Canada Precede d'injections de solution de sulfite pour prCvenir Je gonftemcnt dO au gel
3 R. DE L'HORTET et Capacite portante des pistes souples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

0. DREYFUSS Bearing Capacity of Flexible Runways
France
4 H. T. LOXTON, Soil Moisture and Density Measurements at Australian Aerodromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

M.D. McNICHOLL Mesures de teneur en eau et de densite effectuCes sur des pistes d'atterrissage en AustraHe
and
H. c. WILLIAMS
Australia
5 D. C. MACLEAN and The Design of Road Foundations 118

M. D. ARMSTRONG Le projet des fondations routiCres
England
6 N. W. McLEoD Airport Runway Design and Evaluation in Canada ................ , ............... , . 122
Canada Dessin et calcul de pistes d'atterrissage au Canada
7 R. PELTIER Contribution a I't!laboration d'une theorie capillaire Ou gel des sols routiers . . . . . . . . . . . 128
France Contribution to a Theory on Capillary Action in the Freezing of Road Soils
8 C. VAN DER VEEN Loading Tests on Concrete Slabs at Schiphol Airport .............................. ·-. 133
Netherlands Essais de chargement sur dalles en bCton a l'aeroport de Schiphol, Pays~ Bas
Session 7
Earth Pressure, Retaining Walls, Tunnels and Phs in Soils
Poussee des terres, murs de soutenement, tunnels et puits dans les sols
P. BERNARD Mesure des modules eiastiques et application au calcul des galeries en charge .. , ... , . . . . 145
France Measurements of Moduli of Elasticity and their Application to the Design of Pressure Tunnels
2 J. CAILLE et La methode d'injection des terrains a ravancement dans les cas difficiles de percement
R. BARBEDETIE d'ouvrages souterrains ................ , ... , ........... , ... , ..... , . , ............ , . 157
France Preliminary Grouting Method for Difficult Cases of Tunnel Driving
Author Auteur Title Titre Page
L. F. COOLING and Measurements of Loads and Strains in Earth Supporting Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
W.H. WARD Mesure des charges et des deformations dans les constructions soumises a une poussec de terres argileuses
England
J. FELD Arrested Steel Sheetpilc Bulkhead Failure-Cause and Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

u.s.A. Suppression de l'instabilit6 d'une cloison etanche de palplanches. Cause et reconstruction
J. BRINCH HANSEN A General Earth Pressure Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Denmark One thCorie generate de la poussee de terre
R. HAEFELI, The Behaviour of the Concrete Bridge Built at Klosters by the Rhretian Railway Company,
CH. ScHAERER and Switzerland Under the Influence of Soil Creep Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
G. AMBERG Comportement sous !'action du fluage des terres du pont en Mton construit a Klosters par la Cie des
Switzerland Chemins de Fer RMtiques, Suisse
N.D. LEA Performance or a Steel Sheet Piling Bulkhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Canada Le comportement d'un quai en palplanches metalliqucs
A. MAYER Essais en place de terrains rocheux et mise en compression des revetements de galeries 185
France ln·Situ Tests on Rocky Soils and Prestressing on Tunnel·Linnings
J. VERDEYEN et Soutenement des excavations: propositions pour le calcul des rideaux etastiques.......... 188
V. ROISIN Shutting of Excavations: Methods of Calculating Flexible Bulkheads
Belgique
;sion 8
Ji!ity and Deformation of Slopes and Earth Dams. Research on Pore Pressure Measurements, Groundwater Problems
Jilite des talus et des digues en terre, pression de l'eau interstitielle. probl6mes se rattachant aux nappes phreatiques
R, A. BARRON The Efficacy of Toe Drains in Controlling Seepage Uplift in Layered Pervious Foundations 195
U.S.A. L'efficucitC des drains de pied pour Ie contrOle de Ia filtration au travers des fondations permCables et
stratifiCes
z. BAZANT, JR., Stability of a Non-Cohesive Soil Under Elliptic Upward Seepage 198
Czechoslovakia StabilitC d'un sol pulverulent dans le cas d'infiltration e!Uptique ascendante
H. CAMBEFORT L'alimentation des nappes d'eau par les rivieres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

France The Effect of Rivers on Groundwater Levels
R. CHADEISSON Utilisation de la cuve a analogie 6Iectrique pour interpreter un pompage pr6sentant de

France nombreuses conditions aux limites ............................................... ; . 208
Use of the Electrolytic·Tank Method to Represent any Pumping Test Including Many Boundary Con·
ditions /.
V. H. CoLLING RIDGE Further Notes on Ground Water Lowering by Means of Filter Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
and De plus amples details sur le rabattement de Ia nappe aquifere au moyen de puits filtrants _
L. F. OFFER
England
T. EDELMAN The Influence of the Compressibility of Soil on Some Problems of Ground Water Flow 219
Netherlands L'influence de Ia compressibilite du sol sur certain problCmes de l'Ccoulement des eaux souterraines
E. E. EsMIOL The Diversity of Impervious Soils Used in Bureau of Reclamation Earth Dams . . . . . . . . . . 224
U.S.A. Diversit6 des sols imperm6ables employes par le «Bureau of Reclamation>> pour la construction des bar-
rages en tei're
0. K. FROHLICH The Factor of Safety with Respect to Sliding of a Mass of Soil Along the Arc of a Loga-
Austria rithmic Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Le coefficient de securite par rapport au glissement d'un massif de terre coherente le long d'un arc d'une
spirale logarithmique ·
MASAMI FUKUOKA Landslides in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Japan Eboulements au Japan
J.P. GOULD The Compressibility of Rolled Fill Materials Determined from Field Observations 239
U.S.A. Compressibilite des matCriaux routes de remblais determinee par des observations sur le terrain
E. and G. GRUNER Muran and Decomposed Rock as Construction Materials for Earth Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Switzerland Emploi du «Muram» et des roches 06composCes dans Ia construction de barrages en terre
No. Author Auteur ·Title Titre Page
12 P. HABIB et Etude de la circulation de l'eau dans un sol permeable par analogie eJectrique a trois di-
F. SADARLY mensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
France Study of Water Circulation in a Permeable Soil by Means of Three Dimensional Electrical Analogy
13 V.D. HARTY Slide in Fort Henry Embankment River Shannon, Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
England Le glissement du Barrage Fort Henry sur le Shannon, Irlande
14 S. lRMAY Saturated Steady Flow in Non-Homogeneous Media and its Applications to Earth Embank-
Israel ments, Wells, Drains . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . 259
Ecoulement permanent en milieux: saturCs het6rog€mes avec application aux barrages en terre, puits et drains
15 J. L. JASPAR and Steel Sheet Piling Studies ...................................................... , .. 264

A, S. RINGHEIM Recherches sur les palplanches en acier
Canada
16 ERWIN NONVEILLER The Stability of Slopes of Dams Composed of Heterogeneous Materials 268
Yugoslavia Stabilit6 des talus dans les barrages h6tCrogCnes
17 R. PETERSON and Study of Several Low Earth Dams Failures . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. 273

N. L. IvERSON Recherches sur les causes de rupture de plusieurs barrages en terre de faible hauteur
Canada
18 K. L. RAo Applications of Soil Mechanics .in River Structures (India) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

India Application de la mecanique des sols aux travaux de riviCre
19 Y. TCHENG Etude de la stabilit6 d'un d6p0t de minerai sur une couchc d'argilc molle d'Cpaisseur limitCe 283
France A Study of the Stability of a Mineral Deposit on a Thin Layer of Soft Clay
20 A. H. TOMS Recent Research into the Coastal Landslides at Folkestonc Warren, Kent, England . , . . . 288
England Recherches sur les glissements de terre de Folkes tone Warren, sur Ia cOte de !a P..hmche, Gnmde-Bretagne
21 F. c. WALKER The Design of Earth Dams for Pervious Foundations ......... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
U.S.A. Pr'ojets de barrages en terre sur terrains d'assise permeables
22 L. ZEEVAERT Pore Pressure Measmcmcnts to Investigate the Main Source of Surface Subsidence in
Mexico Mexico City .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 299
Etude de Ia pression interstitielle dans Je but de conm1ltre Ia cause principalc du tusscmcnt supcrficiel
particulier a Ia viUe de Mexico
General Reports Rapports Generaux
Session General Reporter Title Titre Page

Rapporteur general
A, CASAGRANDE Theories and Hypotheses of General Character, Soil Properties, Classification, Engineering
u.s.A. Geology ................................... : . ............... :.. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. 307
Theories et hypotheses de caractCre general, proprietCs des sols, classification, gCologie technique
2 E. C. W. A. GEUZE Laboratory Investigations, Including Compaction Tests, Improvement of Soil Properties 313
Netherlands Recherches de laboratoires, y compris cssnis de compactton, amelioration des proprietes des sols
3 W. J. TURNBULL Field Investigations, Technique of Field Observations Including Compaction Control, Soil
U.S.A. Stabilisation . . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. 319
Recherches et essais du sol sur pluce, y compris contrOle de Ia compaction, stubilisation dCs sols, technique
des observations sur le terrain
4 M. BurssoN Fondations des constructions et des barrages, charge admissible, observations des tassements,
France affaissements regionaux ...................................... ' ........... ' . . . . . . . 334
Foundations of Buildings and Dams, Bearing Capacity, Settlement Observations, Regional Subsidences
5 R. B. PecK Piles and Pile Foundations, Settlements of Pile Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

U.S.A. Pieux et fondations sur pieux, tassements de ce genre de fondations
6 SP. J. BUCHANAN Roads, Runways, Airports (Flexible and Rigid Pavement) and their Foundations 349
U.S.A. Routes, nutostrades, aerodromes (rev8tements rigides et flexibles) et leurs fondations
7 A. w. SKEMPTON Earth Pressure, Retaining Walls) Tunnels and Strutted Excavations . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
England Poussee des terres, murs de sou tenement, tunnels et puits dans les sols
8 L. BJERRUM Stability and Deformation of Slopes, Earth Dams and Groundwater Problems . . . . . . . . . . 362
Norway Stabilit6 des talus et des digues en terre, pression de l'eau interstitielle, prob!Cmes se rattnchant aux nappes
phreatiques
:ontents Table des math~res Volume III
atronage, Guests of Honour, Committees

atronage, Liste des hOtes d'honneur, Comites Page
Patronage- Patronage ........ , ..................................................... , ..

Guests of Honour ... , ... , . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 2
Hates d'honneur . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . 3
Committees- Comites . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
National Committees and their Representatives on the Executive Committee ................. , 5
Comites nationaux et leurs repr6sentants au Comit6 exCcutif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
List of Members - Liste des Congressistes . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. 7
•rogramme of the Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

•rogramme du Congres 19
nformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
nformations . ........... , ........................ , ............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Jst of Donors- Liste des donateurs ........ , ................... , ................................... , . . . . . . . . 64
lxhibitors - Exposants ................... , .. , , , . , , ............ , , ....... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
\.ddresses Delivered at the Conference

)iscours prononces pendant le Congres
M. E. G. CHOISY 69
Prof. E. MEYER·l'ETBR , .. , .. , .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . 70
Dr PH. ETIER, President de Ia Confederation Suisse . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. 72
Prof. H. FAVRE ................................ , ......................... -.. .. .. .. . .. . .. 75
Prof. K. TERZAGHL .... , ... , .. , ............ , .. , ..................................... , .. 76
Prof. A. W. SKEMPTON .. , ..... , .......................... , , , , .............. , . .. . . .. .. .. 77
Prof. A. CASAGRANDE , ..................... , , , .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . . 77
Prof. K. TERZAGHL .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. 78
Prof. K. TERZAGHI ... , ....... : . ..... , ..... , :.. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . 80
Dr. G. RoDio .......... , .. , ............... , .. . • .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. • . . 80
Prof. A. STUCKY....................................................................... 81
Prof. K. TERZAGH! ...................... , ... , ........ , .. , , , ........... ,.., ............ , , 82
Prof. K. TERZAGHL .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . 83
Minutes of the Meetings of the Executive Committee , , , , , , , .. , , ...... , , , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

2ompte rendu des S<\ances du Comite executif.. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. 87
Statutes of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Statuts de Ia Societe internationale de mecanique des sols et des travaux de fondations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Discussion Page
Session 1 Chairman - President: E. de BEER .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . Ill

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: A. CASAGRANDE.............................. 111,112
L. BJERRUM........................................................................... 112
L, ZEEVAERT .. , ............ , .. , ....... , ............................ , , .......... , , , .. , . 113
L. WoLPERT .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . 114
A. B. A. BRINK........................................................................ 114
U. NASCIMENTO .. , .... , .. , ..... , ............................................... , . .. .. . 115
P. P. DOS SANTOS , ..... , .................................................. , . .. .. . . .. . .. 115
A. \V, SKEMPTON ................... , . .... . . . . . .... . . . .. . .. . ... . .. . .. .... ..... . . . .... .. 115
A. MAYER ........ , ................................................ , ........ ,......... 117
M. R()CHA.......................... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
H. H. von EssECK-PLATEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Session 2 General Reporter- Rapporteur general: E. C. W. A. GEuzE . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. . 119, 122, 125, 126
w. G. SHOCKLEY .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 122
M. J. HVORSLEV .. , ............................. , ....................... , . .. .. . .. .. .. .. 122
J, KERISBL ...... , ............... , , .... , .................... , , .............. , . , ....... , 124
JIMENEZ SALAS .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . 125
S, STEUERMAN , ........................... , , , ................... , ...... , , ........... , . . 126
C. L.DHAWAN ... , ........ , ........... ,., ................... , ....... ,,., ..... ,,....... 127
H. PETERMANN ....................... , ...... , , .............................. , , ...... , , 127
TAN TJONG-KIE .. . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . 129
L. ZEEVAERT and H. VOGEL ........................................... , , ........... , .. , , 129
Session 3 General Reporter- Rapporteur general: W. J. TURNBULL.............................. 113, 143

C. VANDERVEEN .. , , ..................... , ..... , ............................ , ........ , 135
M. BUISSON, .... , ....... , .............. , ........... , ............. , .................. ,. 136
0, GODSKESEN ............. , ................................... , ....... , ....... , .. .. .. 137
G. F. SOWERS , ..... , ....... , , ..... , , ....... , .................. , ............. , .. , . . . . . . 138
N. D. LEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
D. J. MACLEAN ......... , ....... ,, ..... ,, ........... , ...... , ...... ,, ....... , ..... ,.,,.. 139
M. PELEG............................................................................. 140
A. A. MAXWELL and R. A. FoRD . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . 141
D. CRONEY , .. , .... , , .............. , .... , , , ........... , .... , ............. , ..... , , . , , . . 142
J. M. PAPPAERT .. , .................. , ............... : .......................... , ..... , 142
L, BENDEL............................................................................ 143
R. CEBERTOWICZ .. , .... , ...... , ............. , ........... , ...... , ..... ,·, ...... ,, .... ,,. 144
C. L. DHAWAN , ............... , ...... , , .............................. , ...... , . . . . . . . . . 144
W. FISCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
K. F. G. KBIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
R. NIEDER .. , , , ...... , , .... , , ........... , , , , ....................... , . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. 147
S. STUMP , .. , ........... , ................. , . , ................. , .... , ....... , . , .. ; .. .. . 148
W. J. TURNBULL and R. G. AHLVIN . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . 148
Session 4 General Reporter- Rapporteur general: M. BUJssoN...................... 151, 152, 154, 155, 157
N. CHEBIE............................................................................ 152
L. BJERRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
H. LUNDGREN ....................................................... , , . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . 153
E. SCHULTZE .. ,.,, .... ,,, ...... ,, ...... ,, .. , .. ,., ......... , ......... , ... , .... ,,~ .. ,... 154
S, J. BUTTON ............................ , ...... ,, .............. ,., ...... , ..... , .... ,.. 155
·•
Page
P. RABID et F. A. SoEIRo .............................................................. . 155

J. E. JENNINGS •..........................................•............................ 156
G. P, TSCHEBOTARIOFF •. , ••........•. , , . , , .. , , ...••••• , • , • , •• , , • , , , .....•..•........ , , .. 157
E. lNDRI" . " ....... " .... " . " . " . " . " . " " " " .. " . " " " " " " " " " " " . " .. " .. . 157
K. TERZAGHI. . " . " . " " . " " " " " " " " " " . " " . " ....... " " ... " " " " " " . " ... . 158 I
M. BACHELlER ......... , , ... , ........ , ..... , , .... , , , . , . , .. , , .... , ........... , , , , ...... . 159
L. BENDEL ............. , , , .............. , . , , .. , .. , , .... , , , ....... , .. , ...... , ........ , , 160
. I
I
C. L. DHAWAN .. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 161
D. HABBR·SCHA1M .. , . , ............ , , . , ....... , , . , , . , , ........... , .. , , , ............... , 161
G. JossELIN DEJoNG ...............• , . , •......•.. , , ..............•..... , ....... , ...... . 161 I
J. KERISEL et A. CAQUOT ............................................................. .. 161
H. LoRENZ "•' " " .. " ... " ...... " " .. " " .. " . " . " . " .. " " . " . " . " " " " " " " . . . 162
J. MANDEL .. , .. , , , , .. , , , , .. , , , , .. , , , .... ., , ........ , .. , , .. , .. , .......... , . , ... , . 162, 163
G. G. MEYERHOF . "."."."." .... """ "."" .. ". " .. ". ". ""."" ...... " ... ". 163
M. MIKASA ....... , , ..... , . , .......... , , , ... , .. , ...... , , , . , .......... , , .. .. .. .. . . . .. . . 163
R. S. PULIDO y MoRALES ...................................... :.. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. 166
E. ROBERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
M. RocHA, J. LAGINHA SERAFIM and A. F. SILVEIRA , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . 167
L. SUKLJE . "."." .. :." "" .. "" .... "." " .. "."." .. ". "". " .. " ". ".... 167, 168
TAN TJONG·KIE , , . , , .. , ............ , .......... , , .. , ............ , .... , .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . 169
w. H. WARD .. " . " " .... " ...... " " .... " . " . " .. " . " . " . " .. " " . " " " " " " " . . . 169
ssion 5 General Reporter- Rapporteur general: R. B. PECK .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. 171, 176

A. w. SKEMPTON ... " ... " " ... " " ... " " " .. " " . " " ... " . " . " ..... " . " " . " . " . . 172
F. L. CASSEL " " . " . " ... " " ..... " ... " " " " . " " . " .. " ..... " " " ........ " .. " . . 173
M.A. SHAARAWI .... "."." .... " ... ""."."."""" "." "." " .. ". """ ""." 173
B. FELLENIUS .... , , , ... , , , .... , , .... , .......... , , .. , ............ , , , , , , . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. 175
R. B. LUNDSTRO>l " .... " " " .. " ... " ... " .. " . " ........ " . " :" . " . " " . " .. " .. " . 175
M. BmssoN .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . 176
A. J. DA CoSTA NUNES ........ , ..... , , , .. , , .. , .. , .. , .... , , .. , ......................... , 177
M. PBLEG .. , .......... , ...... , .. , , .......... , .. , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . 178
E. c. w. A. GEUZE . " .. " " " . " . " .... " . " . " . " " " ....... " " " " " " .... " " " . . . 178
C. VANDER VBEN, ... ,,.,,,, .... , .. , .. ,,, .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ,, ..... , .... ,, .............. ,, 179 I
D. HABER·SCHAIM .... , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ....... , , , , , , , , . , , ........... , , , , , , .............. , . 180 I
ssion 6 Chairman- President: T. K. HuiZINGA................................................... 181

General Reporter- Rapporteur general: S. J. BucHANAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181, 193
M. PELEG .. , ....................... , .......... , , .. , , .. , ................... , , ........ , , 182
R. MITCHELL , .. , .... , , , .... , , ........ , , .... , .. , .. , , , .. , , .. , .. , .................. , , ., , 182
R. PELTIER." .. ""."."." ... ".""""""."" .. """ .. """"."."""" .. ". 183
D. J. MACLEAN " .. " . " .. " " .... " " .. " . " . " . " . " " .. " .... " " " .. " " " " " .. " . 184
G. PLANTEMA ........ , , ..... , ....... , . , ......................... , .. , , ............ , .. . . 185
G. MORALDI ........... , ........... , ............... , .. , . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . 185
CH. R. FoSTER .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. . . . . 185
J. CANTO MONIZ ..... , , .............. , , , .............. , . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . 187
A. CASAGRANDE ..... , ....... , . , ........... , , ....... , .. , , .......... , .. , . .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. 187
N. w. MCLEOD ... ".". ""."" ".". ".". "."." ..... ". " .. " ". """ .... ".". 187
G. MORALDI "" ... " .. " ... "." ... """." .. "". " .... " .... ". " .. " """ .... ". 190
W. J. TURNBULL,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ... ,,,,.,,,,,,,,,, .. ,,.,, 191
0. J. PORTER .... , .... , , , , .... , .. , .. , .. , , , , , .. , .... , , , , , , ....... , , , , .. , ............. , . . 192
Page
H. CAMBEFORT .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . .. .. 193
C. L. DHAWAN .. , ..... , .............. , .. , ..... , , , ..... , .............................. , !93
CH. R. FosTER .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . 194
Session 7 General Reporter- Rapporteur general: A. W. SKEMPTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,200

G. P. TSCHEBOTARIOFF.................................................................. 197
K. MORTENSEN ... , , , .. , ... , , , ............ , ........ , , . , ........ , .... , , ...... , . . . . .. .. .. 199
J, BRINCH HANSEN , ........ , ............. , ......... , .......... , ..... , . .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. 200
R. BRISKE , .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. 201
P. W. RowE . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. . 202
S. PACKSHAW .. , , .... , , .. , ..... , , .. ; ..... , ..... , ..... , , .............................. , 203
P. s. COCKLE. .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . 203
L. F. COOLING .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. 204
K. TERZAGHI. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . 205
R. HAEFELI ..... , ..... , ......... , , .... , .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . 206
M. RocHA, J. LAOINHA SERAFIM and A. F. SILVEIRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20~
CH. ScHAERER ............................................................ : .. . . . . .. .. . . 207
c. F. TRIGG . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . . 208
Session 8 General Reporter -Rapporteur generar: L. BJERRUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209, 217

A. MAYER, R. L'HERMINIER et P. HABIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
R. PETERSON ........... , ........... , .. , ....... , , , .... , ... , , ......................... , . 211
L. SUKUE ......... "."............................................................... 211
w. G. HOLTZ .. . . .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . . 212
T. MIDDLEBROOKS ... , .. , ......... , ' ... , ....... ,,, ... ,, ............... ,,,, .. , , ....... , , 212
B. LOFQUIST . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . . . . . . . • • . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
A. L. LITTLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
A. PENMAN , , , ......... , .. , .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . 215
F. c. WALKER......................................................................... 215
CH. I. MANSUR........................................................................ 216
K. TERZAGHI. ......... ,., .. ,, ........ , .......... , ........ , ............... ,.,,......... 217
J. ABOLLADO .................. , ..... , .. , .... , , ........... , ........ , .. , .......... , . .. .. 218
Z. BAZANT, Jr....... , , ........ , .... , .... , ............................................ , 220
T. EDELMAN . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. 221
A. LAZARD ........................................ .'. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . 221
C. I. MANSUR and J. R. CoMPTON .. .'.. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. 222
U. NASCIMENTO .......... , ........... , ........ , ............................. , .. .. .. . .. 223
B. M. RAJCEVIC . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. 223
A. WACKERNAGBL .. , ..... , ..... , , , ......... , , ...... , .......... , ....... , , , .. , , ...... , , , 224
ectures - Conferences Page
~. 'fERZAGID Fifty Years of Subsoil Exploration................................. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . 227

Cinquante ans d'exploration du sous-sol
~. HAEFELI Creep Problems in Soils, Snow and Ice .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . 238

Probtemes de fluage (rampement) dans les sols, la neige et la glace
~.VON Moos The Subsoil of Switzerland 252

Le sous-sot de Ia Suisse
, KILLER Fondations economiques des pylones de !ignes aeriennes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Economical Foundations of Towers for High Voltage Transmission Lines
1, GYSEL Experiences g6otechniques acquises au cours dela construction des amenagements hydro-electriques
du Lentsch, de !'Etzel, de Rupperswil-Auenstein et de Wildegg-Brugg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Geotechnical Experience Gained During the Construction of the Hydroelectric Plants at LOntsch, Etzel, Ruppers-
wil-Auenstein and Wildegg-Brugg
~. RUCKLI L'application de la mecanique des sol.s dans le domaine de la construction des routes en Suisse . . . 288
Application of Soil Mechanics to Road Construction in Switzerland
'i/, EGGENBERGER The Goeschenenalp Rock-Fill Dam Project, Switzerland........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Le projet du barrage en enrochement du Greschenenalp
:. MEYER-PETER Soil Mechanics and Foundation Problems of the Marmorera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

M6canique des sols et fondations de la digue en terre de Marmorera (Suisse)
~.PELTIER Considerations gOOtechniques sur la portance des sols routiers............................... 312 I

Geotech~ical Considerations on the Bearing Capacity of Roads
.I
Problemes relatifs ala fondation de grands barrages 326
'
•· STUCKY
Problems in the Foundation of Large Dams
:. MEYER·PBTER Final Report .............. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

nd A. voN Moos Rapport final .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . .. . .. . 342
odex of Authors, Volumes I, II, III . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. 353

odice des auteurs, volumes I, II, III . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. 353
I I
J Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on

1 Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
t Comptes Rendus du Quatrieme Congres International de
Volume I Divisions 1-3a
London 12- 24 August 1957 Londres 12- 24 Aout 1957
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BUTTERWORTHS SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
1957
II .· · · · ·
lc~t
Contents Table des Matieres Volume I
Division l
Soil Properties and their Measurement
Mesure et Proprietes des Sols
a Fundamental and Natural Properties-Proprietes Fondamentales ct Naturelles
1 I. ALPAN An Apparatus for Measuring the Swelling Pressure in Expansive Soils 3
Jsraet Une Appareil pour Mesurer Ia Pression de Gonflement dans Jes Sols Expansifs
2 L. BiERRUM and Measurement of the Permeability of Compacted Clays 6
J. RUDER Permeabilit6 des Argiles Compactees
Norway.
3 A. J. L. BOLOGNESI Properties and Behaviour o(Silty Soils Originated from Loess Formations 9
and O:MORETTO Propri6tes et Comportement des Sols Silteux d6rivis de Fonnations Lressiques
Argentina
4 H. CAMBEFORT et Le Delavage des Gels de Silicate de Soude 13
C. CARON The Leaching of Sodium Silicate Gels
France
5 N. J. DENrsov and Elastic and S~ructural Deformations of Clayey Soils 17
B. F. RELTOV Deformations Elastiques ct Structurelles des Sols Argiteux
U.S.S.R. ....,...l
6 W. J. EDEN and Geotechnical Properties of Leda Clay in the Ottawa Area . 22

c. B. CRAWFORD Lcs Propr16tes GOOtechniques de l'Argile Leda dans Ia RCgion d'Ottawa
Canada
7 J. FLORENTrN, Etude de Quelques Proprietes Physico-mecaniques d'Echantillons de Laterites
I
G. L'HERrTEAU et Eluviales . . . . . . . . . 28
M. FARHr Study of Physico-mechanical-Properties of Samples of Eluvial Laterites
France
8 R. GANDAHL and Two Methods for Measuring the Frozen Zone in Soil 32
W. BERGAU Deux M6thodes de Mesure de Ia Zone Gelee dans le Sol
Sweden
H. J. GraBS and Research on Determining the Density of Sands by Spoon Penetration Testing 35
W. G. HOLTZ Determination de Ia DensitC du Sable au moyen du Carottier a Fente
U.S.A.
10 P. HABrB et F. SOEIRO Migrations d'Eau dans les Sols provoquees par une Difference de Temperature 40
France Water Movement in Soils promoted by a Thermal Gradient
11 P. B. HEIDEMA The Bar-linear Shrinkage Test and the Practical Importance of Bar·linear Shrinkage
U.S.A. as an Identifier of Soils . . . . . . . . 44
L'Essai de Retrait LinCaire et son Importance Pratique pour Identifier les Sols
12 J. A. JANIK, Experimental Application of the Phenomenon of Neutrons Scattering for Deter·
W. PoGANY, mining the Soil Porosity . . , . . . . . . .· . 50
M. ZUKOWSKI and Application Exp6rimentale du PhenomCne de Ia Dispersion des Neutrons aIa Determination de Ia
A. SZKATULA Porosite des Sols
Poland
13 G. DE JOSSELIN DE
JONG and
E. C. W. A. GEUZE
A Capacitive Cell Apparatus
L'Appareil aCellule Capacitive .
52
I
Netherlands
vii
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14 G. KASSIFF Compaction and Shear Characteristics of Remoulded Negev Loess . 56
I Israel
15 G. M. Lo~nzli,
La Compaction et Ies Caracteristiques de Cisaillement d'un Lcess du Neguev remoule
Eiectric-osmotic Processes in Clayey Soils and Dewatering during Exeavations 62
A. V. NETUSHIL and L'Electro·osmose dans les Sols Argileux et !'Evacuation de l'Eau en cours d'Excavation
B. A. RZHANITZIN
U.S.S.R.
16 A. C. MEIGH and Some Physical and Engineering Properties of Chalk 68
K. R. EARLY Quelques Proprietes Physiques et MCcaniques de Ia Craie
England
17 D. MOHAN Consolidation and Strength Characteristics of Indian Black Cotton Soils 74
lndia Consolidation et Caracteristiques de resistance des 'Black Cotton Soils' de l'Indc
18 J. MouMand On the Weathering of Young Marine Clay . 77
I. TH. RosENQUIST Le Vicillissement des Argiles Maritimes de Formation RCcente
Norway
19 S. MURAYAMA and On the Effect of Remoulding Clay 80
S. RATA Sur l'Effet du Remaniernent de I'Argile
Japan
20 P. L. NEWLAND and ~ Study of the Sensitivity Resulting from Consolidation of a Remoulded Clay 83
~
B. H. ALLELY Etude de la Sensibilite d'une Argile Remaniee Resultant de la Consolidation
New Zealand
21 R. M. PALIT and Determination of Effective Shrinkage Pressure of Soil 87
S. S. JOSHI Determination de Ia Pression de Retrait Effective des Sols
India
22 A. PIASKOWSKI Investigations on Electro-osmotic Flow in Soils in Relation to Different Character-
Poland istics 89
Etude sur .Ie Rap.port e~tre r:E"coule~ent Et~ctroo;motiq~e et 1~ Diffirentes 'caract~ristiq~es des.
\~. Sols ·
23 N. W. RADFORTH and Correlation of Palaeobotanical and Engineering Studies of Muskeg (Peat) in Canada 93
I. C. MACFARLANE La Correlation d'Etudes Pa{eobotaniques et de Mecanique des Sols sur le Muskeg (La Tourbe) au
Canada Canada
24 F. RENGMARK and Apparatus for Determining the Rate of Diffusion of Water in Soil 98
S. FREDEN AppareU pour Detenniner Ia Vitesse de Ia Diffusion de l'Eau dans les Sols
Sweden
25 A. W. SKEMPTON Tests on London Clay from Deep Borings at Paddington, Victoria and the South
and D. J. HENKEL Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
England Essais sur l'Ar~ile Londonienne Provellant de Forages Profonds aPaddington, Victoria et Ia Rive
Sud de Ia Tamtse
26 J. SKOPEK Sand Density Determination Using Gamma Radiation 107
I Czechoslovakia Mesure de Ia Densite des Sables au Moyen de Rayo~s Gamma
27 R. SODERBLOM Some Investigations Concerning Salt in Clay 111
Sweden Quelques Etudes sur Ia Salinite de !'Argile
28 N. A. TSYTOVICH The Fundamentals of Frozen Ground Mechanics (New Investigations) ll6
U.S.S.R. Les Principes Fondamentaux des Sols Ge!es
29 S. S. VIALOV and Rheological Processes ·in Frozen Soils and Dense Clays 120
A. M. SKIB!TSKY Proces Rheologiqu~s dans Jes Sols Ge!es et les Argiles Denses
U.S.S.R.
30 A. A. WAGNER The Use of the Unified Soil Classification System by the Bureau of Reclamation 125
U.S.A. L'emploi du Systeme Uniforme de Classification des Sols par Je Bureau de Rl:clamation
b Mechanical Properties-Proprietes Mecaniques

I 1 G. D. AITCHISON The Strength of Quasi-saturated and Unsaturated Soils in Relation to the Pressure
I! Australia Deficiency in the Pore Water . . . . . .
La Rtsistance des Sols Quasi·saturts ct Non-saturl:s par Rapport
. . . .
a l'lnsuffisance de Ia Pression
135
Jnterstitielle
I
I 2 A. BALLA Stress Conditions in the Triaxial Compression Test . 140
Hungary La Condition des Tensions dans l'Essai de Compression Triaxialc
3 P. DANTU Contribution a !'Etude Mecanique et Geometrique des Milieux Pulverulents 144
France A Contribution to the Mechanical and Geometrical Study of Non-cohesive Masses
viii
\Uthor Auteur Title Titre Page
;, L. DHAWAN and Stable Density 149
. C. BAHRI Densit6 Stable
ndia
1f. FUKUOKA Testing of Gravelly Soils with Large-scale Apparatus . !53
a pan Les Essais sur les Sols de Gravier avec des Appareils de Grandes Dimensions
. W. HILF and Triaxial Shear Tests Holding Effective Lateral Stress Constant 156
L J. GIBBS Essai de Cisaillement Triaxial Tenant Constante Ia Tension Laterale Efficace
I.S.A.
~. HOSHINO A General Theory of Mechanics of Soils 160
apan ThCorie Generate de Ia Micanique des Sols
I, JAKOBSON Some Fundamental Properties of Sand 167
weden Quelques Proprietes Fondamentales du Sable
V. M. KIRKPATRICK The Condition of Failure for Sands . 172
cot land La Condition de Rupture des Sables
•f. R. PELTIER Recherches Experimentales sur Ia Courbe Jntrinseque de Rupture des Sols Pul- 179
'ranee verulents
Experimental Investigations on the Intrinsic Rupture Curve of Cohesion less Soils
•f. ROCHA The Possibility of Solving Soil Mechanics Problems by the us~ of Models 183
·ortugal La Possibilite de Resoudre les Problemes de Mecanique des Sols par les Etudes sur Modetes
'. W. ROWE c, = 0 Hypothesis for Normally Loaded Clays at Equilibrium 189
'ngland L'Hypothese Ct = 0 pour les Argiles Norrnalement ConsolidCes en :Equilibre
:. ScHULTZE Large Scale Shear Tests . . . 193
iermany Essais de Cisaillement a Grande Echelle
"SUKLJE The Analysis of the Consolidation Process by the !so taches Method 200
'ugoslavia L'analyse du Processus de Consolidation par Ia MCthode des Isotaches
:. v. WHITMAN The Behaviour of Soils under Transient Loadings 207
r.s.A. Le Comportement des Sols sous des Charges Momentanees
;ion 2
liques of Field Measurement and Sampling
odes pour Mesures sur Place et Prelevement d'Echantillons
[. CAMBEFORT La Mesure in situ de Ia Parasite des Sables 213
ranee Measurement in siltt of the Porosity of Sand
·. A. DURANTE, Field Investigations of Soil Densities and Moisture Contents 216
L. KOGAN, Mesure sur Chantier de Ia Compacite et de Ja Teneur eri Eau des Sols
·. I. FERRONSKY and
. J. NOSAL
1.S.S.R.
.. DvoiUK Field Tests of Rocks on Dam Sites . . . 221

zechoslovakin Essais sur Jes Roches A!'Emplacement des Appuis de Barrages
.. HAEFELI and Measurements of Soil Compressibility In situ by means of the Model Pile Test 225
I. B. FEHLMANN Mesure de Ia Compressibilite du Sol en Place A l'Aide d'un P6n6trornCtre
.vitzerland
I,J. PALMER Some Observations on the Standard Penetration Test and a Correlation of the Test
ngtand with a New Penetrometer . . . . . . . . 231
1d J. G. STUART Remarques sur l'Essai Standard de Penetration et son Rapport avec un Essai Employant un Pene.
'orthem Ireland trornetre Nouveau Modele
i, PLANTEMA Influence of Density on Sounding Results in Dry, Moist and Saturated Sands . 237
·etherlands Influence de 1a Densite sur les RCsultats de Sondage dans le Sable Sec, Humide et Sature
l. ROCHA, Determination of Moisture Content in Porous Materials by means of the Relative
I,NASCIMENTO and Humidity inside a Cavity . . . . . . . . .. 241
. DE CASTRO DCtennination de la Teneur en Eau des Materiaux Poreux par Ia Mesure de l'Humidite Relative
:>rtugal d'une Cavite
ix
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II .:
No. Author Auteur
8 S. SEROTA and
Title Titre
Undisturbed Sampling Techniques for Sands and Very Soft Clays . .
Page
245
'' R. A. JENNINGS Methodes pour Ie PrCU:vement d'Echantillons intacts dans Je Sable et Jes Argiles tres Tendres
' England
If; l( 9 E. SCHULTZE and Experiences with Penetrometers 249
I
H. KNAUSENBERGER Experiences avec Penetrometres
Germany
II
Division 3
II Foundations of Structures
Fondations de Construction
II a General Subjects and Foundations other than Piled Foundations-Sujets Generaux et Fondations autres que Fonda-
lions sur Pieux
f I 1 Y. M. ABELEV and
V. V. ASKALONOY
U.S.S.R.
The Stabilization of Foundations of Structures on Loess Soils
Stabilisation des Fondations de Constructions sur Terres Lcessiques
259
2 A. BARACOS and Seasonal Movements in Some Canadian Clays . · 264

II M. BOZOZUK
Canada
Mouvements Saisonniers de quelques Argiles Canadiennes
' The Influence of the Width of a Foundation Raft on the Longitudinal Distribution
3 E. DE BEER
Belgium ofthe Soil Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . 269
II' lnfluence de Ia Largeur d'un Radier de Repartition Fondation sur Ia Longitudinale des Reactions
du Sol
4 E. DE BEER and Method of Computation of an Upper Limit for the Influence of the Heterogeneity
il A. MARTENS
Belgium
of Sand Layers on the Settlements of Bridges . . . . .
Methode du Calcul pour 6tablir Ia Limite Sup6rieure de l'Influence de
Sablonneuses sur le Tassement
. .
l'H6t6rog6m~it6 des Couches
275.
'5 V. G. BEREZA:\TZEV The Bearing Capacity of Sands under Deep Foundations 283
il and
V. A. YAROSHE~KO
U.S.S.R.
Capacite Portante des Fondntions Profondes dans le Sable
··6 L. BJERRUM and Foundation Failure of an Oil Tank in Fredrikstad, Norway 287
/!',. A. 6VERLAND
Norway
Rupture des Fondntions d'un Reservoir RFredrikstad, en Norvege
I'• · 7 K. E. EGO ROY, The Observed Settlements of Buildings as compared with Preliminary Calculation 291
il
!:
P. G. KUZMI!<
and B. P. POPOV
Les Tassements Observes et PrCvus des Bfitiments
U.S.S.R.
I 8 R. E. GIBSON and The Consolidation Settlement of a Load Uniformly Distributed over a Rectangular
[!' J. McNAMEE Area . . . . . . . . . . . 297
il England Tassement de Consolidation sous Charge Uniformement Rl!partie sur une Surface Rectangulairc
I 9 H. GRASSHOFF Influence of Flexural Rigidity of Superstructure on the Distribution of Contact Pres-
j, Germany sure and Bending Moments of an Elastic Combined Footing . . . . 300
il·
L'Influence de Ia Rigidit6 du Biltiment sur Ja Repartition de la Pression et le Moment FlCchissant
!•I Agissant sur une Semelle de .F?ndation Elastique
'I' !0 R. L'HERMINIER. Etude et Observations Concernant le Radier de Fondation du Premier Reacteur

''II' M. BACHELlER et Atomique au Centre de Marcoule . . . . . . 307
)'· F. SOEIRO Investigation on the Foundation Raft for the First Atomic Reactor at Marcoule
France
11 YASUMARU IsHII, Estimation of m,. and c, Values for the Design of Sand Drains 312
TOMJO SHINOHARA, Estimation des Valeurs mv et pour Je Calcul des Drains de Sable
i:i . TETSURO TATEISHI and
Ct'
·~"' •. -suwMu KURA TA ... -· ..

.. · ~:.. ·JaPan .
12 ·J. E. JENNINGS and
·
The Additional Settlement of Foundations due to a Collapse of Structure of Sandy
K. KNIGHT Subsoils on Wetting . . . . . . . . . . 316
South Africa Tassement Additionel des Fondations, dti a J'Effondrement sous l'Action de l'Eau de Ia Structure
de Sous-sols Sablonneux
X
1thor Auteur Thle Titre Page
DE JOSSELIN DE Application of Stress Functions to Consolidation Problems 320
NG Application des Fonctions d'Airy aux ProblCmes de Consolidation
Jtherlands
KARAFIATH Foundation of a Blast Furnace constructed on Loess Soil and the Computation of
mgary Settlement . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 324
Fondations pour Haut Fourneau Construit sur un Terrain Lcessique- Calcul du Tassement
KERISEL Contribution a Ia Determination Experimentale des Reactions d'un Milieu Pul·
anee verulent sur une Fondation Profonde . . . . 328
Experimental Determination of Cohesion less Soil Reactions on a Deep Foundation
KONING Stress Distribution in a Homogeneous, Anisotropic, Elastic Semi-infinite Solid 335 I
therlands Repartition des Contraintes dans un Massif Semi-ind6fini HomogCne, Elastique et Anisotrope
KOPACSY Three-dimensional Stress Distribution and Slip Surfaces in Earth Works at Rupture 339
mgary La Repartition Tridimensionelle des Con~raintes et les Surfaces de Glissement dans les Massifs en
Terre, ii Ia Rupture
KRsMANOVITCH Contribution au Calcul des Constructions Rigides Appuyees sur le Sol 343
1goslavia Contribution to Computation of Rigid Structures Resting on the Ground
LAZARD Moment Limite de Renversement de Fondations Isotees 349
:mce Limit of the Overturning Moment of Isolated Foundations
LousBERG Calculation of the Distribution of Soil Reactions Underneath Eccentrically Loaded
!gium Footings . . . . . . . . . . 355
Le Calcul de Ia Repartition des Reactions du Sol sous des Fondations Chargl!es Excentriquement
MANDEL Consolidation des Couches d'Argiles 360
mce. Consolidation of Clay Layers
N. MASLO\' Questions of Seismic Stability of Submerged Sandy Foundations and Structures . 368
S.S.R. Probleme de Ia Stabitite aux S6ismes des Constructions et Fondations sur les Sables Envahis par
l'Eau ·
MAYER et Gonflement du Sol so us les F ondations d'un Bl\timent Industriel 373
HABIB Swelling of the Soil under the Foundations of an Industrial Building
3.nce
F. B. DE MELLO Case History of an Unusual Foundation in Steep Slor.ing Ground in Sao Paulo . 376
d S. A. GEOTECNICA Un Cas de Projet et Construction de Ia Fondation d'un Grand Edifice sur des Terrains assez inclines
azil ii Silo Paulo
I'
MENCL and Strength of Sand During Vibration . 382
KAZDA La Resistance deS Sables Pendant Ia Vibration I
echosiovakia
G. MEYERHOF The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes 384
nada
A. NITCHIPORO·
La Force Portante des Fondations sur Talus
Results of Field Observations of Settlements of Large Hydraulic Structures . 387
I
:H RCsultats des Observations sur ~hantier du Tassement d~ Grandes Constructions Hydrauliques
S.S.R.
0. OSTERBERG Influence Values for Vertical Stresses in a Semi-infinite Mass due to an Embankment
S.A. Loading . . . . . . . . . 393
Lignes d'Influence des Contraintes Verticales dans une Massif Semi~infini, Charge par un
Remblai
A. PALMER and Settlement Analyses for Areas of Continuing Subsidence 395
P.BROWN Etudes sur les Emplacements oU Jes Tassements sont Continus
S.A.
PIETKOWSKI Danger of Frost Heaving of Skating-rink Foundations . . . 399
land Le Danger de Gonfl~ment des Fondations des Pistes de Patinage so us I'Action du Gel
E. PoLSHIN and Maximum Allowable Non-uniform Settlement of Structures 402
A. TOKAR Tassement In6gal Maximum Admissible pour les Constructions
S.S.R.
, RAEDSCHELDERS Some Sliding Phenomena Underneath Buildings Adjacent to the Albertine Library
d M. WALLAYS in Brussels and Measures taken to Stabilize the Construction . . . . 406
lgium Quelques Phenomenes de Glissement sous les BS.timents avoisinant Ia Bibliotheque Albertine a
Bruxelles et les Mesures Prises pour Stabi!iser Ia Construction
E.RAES Sur Ia Validite des Formules de Fondation 412
lgium The Validity of Bearing Capacity Formulae
xi
if
Ill
34 E. RECORDON Determination des Caracteristiques des Terres Necessaires au Calcul des Fondations
II' Switzerland sur Sols Elastiques . . . . . . . .
Determination of Soil Characteristics Necessary for Foundation
. . .
Calc~ lations
.
on Elastic Soils
414
35 K. H. ROSCOE A Comparison of Tied and Free Pier Foundations . . • . . 419

England Comparaison Entre Pieux de Fan dation Libres au Soumis aune Rotation au Niveau du Sol
II 36 J. A. J. SALAS and Foundations on Swelling Clays 424
J. M. SERRATOSA Fondations sur Argiles Gonfiantes
Spain
37 I. DA SILVEIRA Consolidation under Special Load Condition 429
Brazil Consolidation sous Condition de Charge Sp6ciale
38 N. SIMONS fiettlement Studies on two Structures in Norway 431
II Norway
39 S. STEUERMAN and
Etude sur Je Tassement de deux B§timents en Norvege
Foundation of the Hampton Roads Tunnel 437
G. J. MURPHY Les Fondations du Tunnel de Hampton Roads
U.S.A.
II 40 SHUNSUKE TAKAGI
Japan
Determination of the Process of Consolidation by Sand Drains under Variable
Loading . . . . . . . . . . 444
Methode pour D6tenniner le Mode de Consolidation par Drains de Sable sous !'Influence d'une
Charge Variable
II 41 YUAN TCHENG Fondations Superficielles en Milieu. Stratifie 449
France Shallow Foundations on a Stratified Soil
42 A. A. B. WILLIAMS fitudies of Shear Strength and Bearing Capacity of some Partially Saturated Sands 453
SouthMrica Etudes de la Resistance au Cisaillement et de Ia Capacite Portante de Certains Sables Partiellement
SaturCs
43 G. ]vi. J. WILLIAMS Design of the Foundations of the Shell Building, London 457
England Projet de Fondations pour le Shell BUilding a Londres
44 M. S. YOUSSEF, Substantial Consolidation and Swelling of Clay Cause Two Interesting Cases of
A. A. SABRY and Serious Damage to Hospital Buildings in Egypt . . . . . . . 462
M. M. TEWFIK Deux: cas de Dt!gats causes par Ia Consolidation et le Gonflement de !'Argile .
Egypt
Not to be reprinted without written authority

The Organizing Committee are not responsible either for
the statements made or for the .opinions expressed in
this volume
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Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Comptes Rendus du Quatrieme Congres International de
Volume II Divisions 3b-6 and Reports
~ondon 12- 24 August 1957 Londres 12- 24 Aout 1957 . !

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LONDON
1951
Contents Table des Matieres Volume II
Division 3
Foundations of Structures
Fondations de Constructions
b Piling and Piled Foundations-Los Pieux et Fondations sur Pieux

No. Author Auteur Title Titre- Page
1 D. D. BARKAN Foundation Engineering and Drilling by the Vibration Method 3
U.S.S.R. La Construction de Fondations et le Forage par la Methode de Vibration
2 A. BERGFELT The Axial and Lateral Load Bea>ing Capacity, and Failure by Buckling of Piles in
Sweden Soft Clay .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
.La Force Portante Axiale et Laterale et Ia Rupture par Flambage de Pieux Battus en Argile Tendre
3 L. BJERRUM, The Settlement of a Bridge Abutment on Friction Piles 14
W. JONSON and Le Tassement de Ia Culee d'un Pont sur Pieux
C. 0STENFELD
Norway and Denmark
4 A. BRANDTZAEG and Buckling Tests of Slender Steel Piles in Soft, Quick Clay . . 19
E. HARBOE Essai de Flambement de Pieux Minces en Acier dans de !'Argile Molle et Fluide
Norway
5 A. J. DACOSTA NUNES Pieux de Fondations avec Grande Hauteur Libre 24
Brazil Foundation Piles with Great Free Length
6 M.P. P. DosSANTOS Experiences with Piled Foundations of Maritime Structures in Portuguese East
and N. A. GOMES Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Mozambique Experience Relative aux Fondations sur Pieux d'Ouvrages Maritimes en Afrique Orientale
Portugaise
7 H. Q. GOLDER and The Buckling of Piles in Soft Clay . 35
B. 0. SKIPP Le Flambage des P1eux dans Ies Argiles Tendres
England
8 N. B. HoBBS Unusual Necking of Cast-in-situ Concrete Piles . . 40
South Africa R6tr&:issement Peu Commun de Pieux de Beton Moules dans le Sol
9 H. 0. IRELAND Pulling Tests on Piles in Sand . . . 43
U.S.A. Essais d'Arrachement sur Pieux Battus dans le Sable
10 A. KEZDI Bearing Capacity of Piles and Pile Groups 46
Hungary Le Pouvoir Portant des Pieux et des Groupes de Pieux
11 G. PLANTE~!A and Influence of Pile Driving on the Sounding Resistances in a Deep Sand Layer . 52
C. A. NOLET Influence du Battage de Pieux sur Ies Resistances de Penetration dans Ia Couche Profonde du Sable
Netherlands
12 Z. RADOSAVIJEVIC Calcul et Essais des Pieux en Groupe . 56
Yugoslavia Theoretical Considerations and Tests on Pile Groups
13 T. SORENSEN and Pile Driving Formulae-An Investigation based on Dimensional Considerations
B. HANSEN and a Statistical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 61~-
I z Denmark Fonnules de Battage-Un Examen fonde sur Ies Considerations des Dimensions et une Analyse
Statistique
I ':i--
.\3 14 M. J. TOMLINSON The Adhesion of Piles Driven in Clay Soils 66
1 England L'Adh6rence des Pieux Battus dans des Sols Argileux
L =<D 15 C. VANDERVEEN and The Bearing Capacity of a Pile, Pre-determined by a Cone Penetration Test 72
f Ol
~
L. BOERSMA La Force Portante d'un Pieu Pr6-d6terminee par l'Essai de Penetration (Appareil A COne)
~~ Netherlands
~ ~ v
i .,..,
Gt:.
ll..'
A. F. VAN WEELE A Method of Separating the Bearing Capacity of a Test Pile into Skin-friction and ,/
Netherlands Point~resistance . . . . . . . . . . . 76J
Methode pour Decomposer la Charge Portante d'un Pieu d'Essai en Resistance due au Frottement
Lat6ralle long du FUt et en Resistance de la Pointe du Pieu
L. ZEEVAERT Compensated Friction-pile Foundation to Reduce the Settlement of Buildings on the
Mexico Highly Compressible Volcanic Clay of Mexico City . . . . . 81
Fondations Compensees avec Pieux a Frottement pour Diminuer le Tassement des B§.timents
Construits sur l'Argile Tres Compressible de Mexico City
vision 4
utes, Pistes d'Envol et Voies Ferrees
ads, Runways and Rail-tracks
W. AICHHORN and Stabilization of Disintegrated Granite for Base Courses of Highways Exposed to
W. STEINBRENNER Severe Frost Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Austria Stabilisation de Granit Db:ompose pour des Couches de Base Soumises a des Conditions severes
de Gelee
W. P. M. BLACK and Pore Water Pressure and Moisture Content Studies under Experimental Pavements 94
D. CRONEY Etudes de la Pression d'Eau Interstitielle et de Ia Teneur en Eau sous des Revetements Expl:ri-
England mentaux
E. EGOLF, The Behaviour of Pavements in Relation to the Base and Subsoil of Roads . 104
F. GERMANN and Le Comportement des Revetements en Fonction des Fondations et des Sous-sols des Routes
W. SCHAAD
Switzerland
F. J. GRIMER and The Effect of Pulverization on the Quality of Clay-cement . 109
N. F. Ross Influence du Degrl: de Pulvl:risation de !'Argile sur Ia QualitC du Sol·ciment
England I
L. W. HATHERLY Seasonal Variations in Subgrade Soil Moisture Content and Temperature with Depth
and M. WooD in Baghdad, Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
England Les Variations saisonnieres, en Profondeur, de Teneur en Eau et de Temperature, du Sol de Fonda-
tion, aBagdad
N. N. IvANOV, Flexible Pavement Design 120
A. K. BIRULYA, Calculs des Revetements Flexibles
V. F. BABKOV and
N. A. PUZAKOV
U.S.S.R.
K. F. KEIL Classification and Importance of Frost-susceptible Rocks in Road Construction . 126
Germany Sensibilite au Gel des Roches Employees dans la ConStruction des Routes, et Classification des
Ro.ches ace Sujet
K. H. KING and Tests to Determine the Behaviour of Rail-track Formations on Various Soil Sub-
L. C. PITT grades with Particular Reference to Clays . . . . . . . . 128
England Essais pour Determiner le Comportement des Voies Ferrees sur divers Sols de Fondations et
Notamment sur des Argiles
G. KUNO and A Method of Estimating Settlement by Roller Compaction . 134
T. MOGAMI MCthode de Calcul du Tassement aAttendre d'un Compactage au Rouleau
Japan
T. W. LAMBE Soil Stabilization Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 139
U.S.A. Recherche sur Ia Stabilisation des Sols al'Institut de Tecbnologie du Massachusett
W. A. LEWIS A Study of Some of the Factors Likely to Affect the Performance of Impact Com-
England P.actors on Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Etude de Quelques Facteurs qui Semblent Devoir Influer sur l'EfficacitC d'un Compacteur par
Chocs
N. W. McLEOD Relationships between Deflection, Settlement and Elastic Deformation for Sub grades
Canada and Flexible Pavements Provided by Plate Bearing Tests at Canadian Airports . 151
Relations Expfrimentales entre la Deflection Totale, le Tassement et la Dfflection :Elastique, des
Sols de Fondation et des Revetements Souples, Lors d'Essais de Chargement a Ia Plaque sur des
Al:roports Canadiens
S. R. MEHRA Cheap All-weather Roads from Soil and Soft Aggregates 158
India · Routes fconomiques Construits avec des Sols et des Agrfgats Tendres
I.,
};:_'
•,;:
No. Author Auteur
14 G. MORALDI
Italy
Title Titre
Determination de Ia Force Portante des Pistes
Detennination of the Bearing Capacity of Runways
Page
161
15 U. NASCIMENTO and Relation between CBR and Modulus of Strength . !66

A. SIMOES Relation Exp6rimentale entre Ie CBR et le Module de Resistance
Portugal
16 R. L. SCHIFFMAN The Numerical Solution for Stresses and Displacements in a Three-layer Soil System 169
U.S.A. Solution Num6rique des Contraintes et des DCplacements dans un Sol ATrois Couches
17 H. TAKESHITA The Stability of Gravel Roads in Volcanic Ash-soil Regions 174
Japan Stabilite des Routes en Gravier dans les Regions de Cendres Volcaniques
18 W. J. TURNBULL and Mathematical Expression of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) Relations 178
R. G. Aru.VIN Expression Mathematique des Abaques CBR
U.S.A.
19 W. J. TURNBULL and Compaction of a Graded Crushed-stone Base Course . . . 181
C. R. FOSTER Compactage d'une Couche de Base en Pierre ConcassCe de Bonne Granulom6trie
U.S.A.
20 c. VAN DER VEEN Loading Tests on the Airfield at Beek 186
Netherlands Essais de Portance sur l'ACrodrome de Beek
Division 5
P0ussee des Terres sur les Ouvrages et Tunnels
Earth Pressure on Structures and Tunnels
A. CAQUOT La Pression dans les Silos 191
France Pressure in Sitos
2 E. DIBIAGIO and Earth Pressure Measurements in a Trench Excavated in Stiff Marine Clay 196
L. BJERRUM Mesure des Poussees du Sol dans une TranchCe Creusee dans une Argile Marine Rigide
Nonvay
3 S. HUECKEL Model Tests on Anchoring Capacity of Vertical and Inclined Plates . . 203
Poland Essais sur Modeles pour Determiner Ia Capacit6 d'Ancrage de Dalles Verticales ou Inclin6es
4 N. JANBU Earth Pressures and Bearing Capacity Calculations by Generalized Procedure of Slices 207
Nonvay Les Poussees et Ia Force Portante des Sols-CalcuJs et M6thode G6n6ralisee des Tranches
5 B. KUJUNDib6 Anisotropie des Massifs Rocheux 213
Yugoslavia Anisotropy in Rock Masses
6 J. M. KYLE and A Flexible Bulkhead for the New York Harbour 218
M.S. KAPP Un Quai en Palplanches Flexibles pour le Port de New-York
U.S.A.
7 K. S. LANE Effect of Lining Stiffness on Tunnel Loading . . . 223
U.S.A. Influence de la Rigidite des Revetements sur Je Chargement des Tunnels
8 G. SCHNEBBELI U!'e An.alogie Mecanique pour !'Etude de Ia Stabilite des Ouvrages en Terre a Deux
France Dtmenswns . . . . . . . . . . . 228
A Meohanical Analogy for the Study of the Stability ofTwo·dimensional Earth Structures
9 G. ScHNEEBELI et Contribution au Calcul de Ia Stabilite des Bil.tardeaux aDouble Paroi de Palplanches 233
R. CAVAILLE·COLL Contribution to the Stability Analysis of Double-wall Sheet Pile Cofferdams
France
10 V. V. SOKOLOVSKY Some Problems of Soil Pressure 239
U.S.S.R. Quelques Problemes de la Pression du Sol
II G. F. SOWERS, The Residual Lateral Pressures Produced by Compacting Soils 243
A. D. ROBB, Les Pressions R6iiduelles Laterales Causees par les Sols Compactes
C. H. MULLIS and
A. J. GLENN
U.S.A.
12 G. P. TscHEBOTARIOFF Measurements with Wiegmann Inclinometer on Five Sheet Pile Bulkheads 248
and E. R. WAJID Mesures avec rinclinometre Wiegmann sur Cinq Quais en Paiplanches
~ U.S.A.
,.'
Ji
i1
13 W. H. WARD and Existing Stresses in Several Old London Underground Tunnels . . . 256
! T. K. CHAPLIN
England
Les Efforts en Peripherie des Revetements de Quelques Tunnels Anciens du Metro de Londres
l
vii
..
'ision 6
th Dams, Slopes and Open Excavations
rages en Terre, Talus et Tranchees Ouvertes
B. AISENSTEIN,
A. YEVNIN and
I. SAIDOFF
Israel
G. BARONCINI and
A. CROCE
Reducing Water Losses from Storage Reservoirs in Israel: Blanketing of Tel-
y eruham Reservoir
Yeruham
Operation .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
Reduction des Pertes dans les R6servoirs en
.
.
.
.
Jsra~l:
.
. . . .
Couche Protectrice pour le Reservoir de Tel·
Present Soil Properties and Performance of the Arvo Dam During 25 years of
. . . . . .
263
267
'
Italy Propriet~!s du Sol et Comportement du Barrage de l'Arvo au cours de Vingt-Cinq Annees d'Opera-
tion
M. BAR-SHANY, The Use of Fat Clay in Dam Construction in Israel . . 273
G. KORLATH and L'Emploi des Argiles Grasses dans Ja Construction des Barrages en Israel
J. G. ZEITLEN
Israel
Z. BAZANT, Jr. Influence of Vibration and Seepage on Stability of Cohesionless Soil . 278
Czechoslovakia Influence des Vibrations et de l'Eau de Percolation sur la Stabilite des Massifs Pulverutents
P. T. BENNEIT and Design Data for Partially Penetrating Relief Wells 282
R. A. BARRON Donnees de Calcul des Puits Filtrants
U.S.A.
L. BERNELL The Properties of Moraines 286
Sweden Les Proprietes des Moraines
L. BERNELL and Electrical Analogy Equipment for solving Non-stationary Two-dimensional Flow
R. NILSSON Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Sweden· Equipement pour Essais par Analogie Electrique pour Ia ·Resolution des Problefl'\es Relatifs aux
Courants Non-stationnaires aDeux Dimensions-
A. W. BISHOP Some Factors Controlling the Pore Pressures set up during the Construction of Earth
England Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
De Cert~ins Facteurs Gouvernant Jes Pressions Interstitielles au cours de la Construction de
Barrages en Terre
H. H. BURKE and Physical Properties of Marine Clay and their Effect on the Grass River Lock
W. L. DAVIS Excavation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
U.S.A. Proprietes Physiques d'une Argile Marine. Consequences dans les Travaux d'Excavation de t'Ecluse
'Grass River' .
D. FINZI and Foundation Settlement and Pore Pressure Observations at San Valentino Earth Dam
c. N!CCOLAI during the First Five Years of Operation . . . . . . . . 305
Italy Observations des Pressions Interstitielles et du Tassement du Barrage de Terre de San Valentino
au cours des Cinq Premieres Annees
M. GOLDSTEIN and The Long-term Strength of Clays and Depth Creep of Slopes . 311
G. TER-STEPANIAN La R6sistance a longue :Echeance des Argiles et le Fluage en Profondeur des Pentes
U.S.S.R.
D. J. HENKEL Investigations of Two Long-term Failures in London Clay Slopes at Wood Green
England and Northolt . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Analyse de Deux Glissements a Longterme de Talus dans !'Argile de Londres a Wood Green et
Northolt
R. HILTSCHER and Stresses in Foundations of High Dams with Particular Reference to Bhakra Dam
B. PANT (India) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
India Les Contraintes dans les Fondations des Hauts Barrages et plus Particulierement de Celui de
Bhakara (lnde)
J. E. HURTUBISE, Les Eboulements de Terrain dans l'Est du Canada 325
N. R. GADD and Landslides in Eastern Canada
G. G. MEYERHOF
Canada
S. MATSUO A Study of the Effect of Cation Exchange on the Stability of Slopes 330
Japan Etude de l'Effet d'un Echange de Cations sur Ia Stabilite des Talus
G. MEARDI Consolidation with Sand Piles of Soft Clays in Levee Foundation . 334
Italy Consolidation d'Argi\e Tendre dans Ja Fondation d'une Digue au Moyen de Puits de Sable
17 A. MYSLIVEC The Degree of Compaction of Soil according to the Proctor and Dornii Tests 338
czecboslovakta Le Degre de compactage des Sols d'Apres les Methodes Proctor et Domii
;(.
~ 18 E. NONVEILLER Pore Pressure in the Lokvarka Dam . . 341

••1 Yugoslavia Pressions Interstitielles dans le Barrage de Lokvarka
t
J"• 19 R. PETERSON, Studies of Several Dam Failures on Clay Foundations
Etudes de Plusieurs Cas de Rupture de Barrages sur Fondations d'Argile
. 348
N. L. IVERSON and
'
-i P. J. RIVARD
Canada
l
'
( 20 H. PEYNIRC!OGLU Earth Movement Investigations in a Landslide Area on the Bosporus 353
~ Turkey Etude d'un Glissement de Terrain au Bosphore
"1
21 K. L. RAo Behaviour of Recent Earth Dams and Levees in India. 361
' India Le Comportement des Barrages et Digues de Construction Recente dans l'Inde
22 S. A. RosA, The Building of Earth Structures by Dumping of Clayey Soils into Water . 368
D. M. TARTAKOVSKY, La Construction d'Ouvrages en Terre par Ia Methode du D6versernent dans l'Eau de Terres
V. K. REMIZNIKOV Argileuses
and P. D. LOBASOV
U.S.S.R.
,, 23 · R. ScHILTKNECHT Control Measurements at the Castiletto Earth Dam 373
and H. BICKEL Mesures de Verification au Barrage en Terre de Castiletto
Switzerland
24 A. W. SKEMPTON and Stability of Natural Slopes in L.ondon Clay 378
F: A. DELORY Stabilite des Talus Naturelles en Argile Londonienne
England
~:
25 D. H. TROLLOPE The Systematic Arching Theory Applied to the Stability Analysis of Embankments 382
Australia Application de Ia Theorie de Ia Mise en VoUte Systematique Al'Analyse dela Stabilite des RembJais
26 N.H. TWELKER Analysis of Seepage in Pervious Abutments of Dams . . . . . . 389
U.S.A. Calcul des Infiltrations dans les Massifs d'Ancrage Lat6raux des Barrages Lorsque ces Terrains
sont Permeables
'1
~
27 M. VARGAS and
E. Pichler
Residual Soil and Rock Slides in Santos (Brazil) . .
Glissements de Pentes en Sols Detritiques Recouvrant le Roche A Santos, Brt!sil
394
~- Brazil
·'1 28 J. ZELLER and The Shear Strength of the Shell Materials for the Goschenenalp Dam, Switzerland 399
'i
) R. WULL!MANN Resistance au Cisp.illement des Mat6riaux pour le Barrage de GOschenenalp
ii Switzerland
il
29 J. ZELLER and
I., H. ZEINDLER
Test Fills with Coarse Shell Materials for Goschenenalp Dam
Remblais d'essai pour le Barrage de GOschenenalp
405
r' Switzerland
I" 30 H. ZWECKand
R. DAVIDENKOFF
Germany
Etude Experimentale des Filtres de Granulometrie Uniforme
Experiments on Uniformly Graded Filters
410
I.,
f
l Addendum
i la/31 U. NASCIMENTO
Portugal
Contribution on the Physical Interpretation of Soil Properties
L'InterprCtation Physique des Propri6tes des Sols
417
General Reports Rapports Generaux

General Reporter Title Titre Page
Rapporteur General
1 I. TH. ROSENQUIST Soil Properties and their Measurement 427
Norway Mesure et Ptopri6t6s des Sols
a Fundamental and Natural Properties
Propri6t6s Fondamentales et Naturelles
N. JANBU b Mechanical Properties
Norway PropriCtes M&aniques
ix
Page
General Reporter Title Titre
Rapporteur General
Techniques of Field Measurement and Sampling . 436
2 MILTON VARGAS Methodes pour Mesures sur Place et Prelevement d'Echantillons
Jlrazil
Foundations of Structures 441
3 J, BRINCH HANSEN
and BENT HANSEN Fondations de Constructions
Denmark a General Subjects and Foundations other than Piled Foundations
Sujets G6n6raux et Fondations autres que Fondations sur Pieux
b Piling and Piled Foundations 448
P. C. RUTLEDGE
U.S.A. Les Pieux et Fondations sur Pieux
Routes, Pistes d'Envol et Voies Ferrees 453
4 M. R. PELTIER
France Roads, Runways and Rail·tracks
Poussee des Terres sur les Ouvrages et Tunnels 457
5 J. KERISEL
France Earth Pressure on Structures and Tunnels
Earth Dams, Slopes and Open Excavations 463
6 F. C. WALKER Barrages en Terre, Talus et Trancbees Ouvertes
U.S.A.

The Organizing Committee are not responsible either for
the statements made or for the opinions expressed in
this volume
X
Il
l Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on
Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
Comptes Rendus du Quatrieme Congres International de
Volume III
London 12-24 August 1957 Londres 12-24 Aout 1957
LONDON
1958
Contents Table des Matieres Volume Ill
Page
Patrons, Committees and Members Patrons, Comites et Membres
Patrons. 3
Organizing Committees Comites d'Organisation 5
Executive Committee, National Committees and Representatives on Executive Committee
Comite executif, Comites nationaux et leurs representants au comite executif. 7
List of Members Liste des Congressistes 10
Information, Programme and Tours Informations, Programme et Tours
Information 23
Programme . 26
Tours • 39
Donors and Guarantors Donateurs et Garants 49
Exhibitors Exposants 51
Addresses delivered at the Conference Discours prononces pendant le Congres
Opening Session Sir Arthur Whitaker . ' 55
Professor Karl Terzaghi . 55
Closing Session Professor Karl Terzaghi . . 59, 60
Professor A. W. Skempton 60
Banquet The Rt. Hon. Hugh Molson, M.P. 61
M. E. Buisson . 62
Professor Karl Terzaghi. 62
Dr. L. F. Cooling . 63
Dr. A. von Moos . 63
Minutes of the Meetings of the Executive Committee Comptes rendus des Seances du Comite executif 67
Statutes of the International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Statuts de la Societe
Internationale de mecanique des sols et des travaux de fondations . . 79
Discussion
Session 1 Chairman I President A. Mayer . 85
General Reporter I Rapporteur General I. Th. Rosenquist ' 85, 98
H. B. Seed 86
T-K. Tan 87
T. W. Lambe 89
J. A. J. Salas. . 89
E. C. W. A. Geuze. 90
R. Parry . . 91
H. M. Raedschelders 91
N. A. Tsytovich 92
D. M. Milovic 93
B. Aisenstein . 94
F. L. Cassel . 94
T. K. Chaplin 95
A. G. Strmac 96
J. K. Alderman . 96
A. J. da Costa Nunes 97
D. Croney 97
G. Stefanoff 97
K. Terzaghi 98
v
Discussion-(con/d.) Page
Session 1-(contd.) A. Belluigi . 98
M. E. Buisson . . . 99
A. J. L. Bolognesi and 0. Moretto 99
W. Schaad 99
P. Sliwa 101
Session 2 Chairman I President G. P. Tschebotarioff 102
Assistant Reporter I Assistant Rapporteur N. Janbu 102, 115
A. W. Bishop 103
D. J. Henkel . 104
R. Parry . 104
M. J. Hvorslev 105
D. H. Trollope 107
H. U. Smoltczyk 107
P. Habib 108
T. J. Osterman 108
· B. Jakobsen . 109
T. K. Chaplin 109
G. G. Meyerhof 110
T-K. Tan . . 110
J. E. Jennings 112
K. S. Bawa . 113
T. W. Lambe 113
P. W. Rowe. . 113
T. K. E. Kallstenius 114
S. J. Buchanan 114
E. T. Hanrahan 114
A. Kezdi . 114
J. Kolbuszewski 115
R. V. Whitman 115
P. J. Alley . 115
M. E. Buisson . 115
W. M. Kirkpatrick. 116
L. Suklje . . 119
Session 3 Chairman I President A. von Moos 120
General Reporter I Rapporteur General M. Vargas 120, 135
R. Jones . . . 121
J. L. Serafim and J. B. Folque 121
W. H. Ward. 122
J. Kerisel . 124
D. J. Palmer . 125
C. van der Veen 125
J. Kolbuszewski . 126
H. Zweck . . 128
M. P. P. dos Santos 129
B. 0. Skipp . 129
J. Vuorinen . 129
I. M. Litvinov . 130
T. K. E. Kallstenius 131
T. K. Chaplin 132
U. B. Rajcevic 133
W. Aichhorn . 134
L. Menard 134
A. Dvorak . 134
J. Florentin . 134
K. Terzaghi . 135
G. Meardi . 137
H. U. Smoltczyk 137
Session 4 Chairman I President R. B. Peck 138
General Reporter I Rapporteur General J. Brinch Hansen 138, 154
V. Mencl . 139
D. Lazarevic. 139
I vi
I
Session 4-(contd.) B. 0. Pramborg 140

T-K. Tan . 140, 154
G. G. Meyerhof 141
0. D. Zetterho1m 142
T. K. Chaplin 142
K. H. Roscoe 142
Y. Tcheng 144
A. Lazard 144, 153
J. Kerisel . . 147
G. de Josselin de Jong 148
J. Feld . 149
E. de Beer . ISO
G. F. Sowers. 152
R. Pietkowski 153
R. H. G. Parry 153
P. W. Rowe 153
A. Vesic . 154
K. Terzaghi . 154
N. Janbu 155
Session 5 Chairman 1 President H. Peynircioglu 157
General Reporter I Rapporteur General Bent Hansen 157, 175
A. Kezdi . 158
A. W. Skempton 159
J. K. Alderman 160
H. Grasshoff. . 160
S. Chamecki . 162
D. Krsmanovic 164
G. F. Sowers. 166
0. Moretto . 166
H. B. Sutherland 167
L. Menard . 167
J. E. Jennings 168
L. E. Collins . 169
I. M. Litvinov 169
I. Ordemir 169
A. Beles . 169, 174
A. R. Jumikis 171
B. J. Prugh . 171
P. J. Alley . . 172
V. G. Berezantzev . 173
R. V. Whitman 173
0. Moretto 173
E. de Beer 173
P. Habib 174
A. Dvorak 174
P. E. Raes . 174
J. A. J. Salas. . . 175
E. de Beer and J. Wallays 175
Session 6 Chairman 1 President J. E. Jennings 176
General Reporter I Rapporteur General P. C. Rutledge 176, 198
G. G. Meyerhof 177
Bent Hansen . 177
R. L'Herminier 178
D. Lazarevi6 . 179
J. Feld. . 180
L. van der Veen . 181
H. Petermann 182
H. Zweck 184
A. Kezdi . 185
J. G. Stuart . 187 I>
T. Whitaker . 187
L. Zeevaert . 188
J. W. Alexander 189
vii I
I
I
:1
l'
Session 6-{contd.) K. V. Helenelund 190

A. Lazard 191
B. 0. Skipp . 191
T. E. Mao . 192
F. R. Bullen . 193
C. Szechy 194
A. Vesic . 196
M. Buisson . 198
R. Pietkowski 198
K. Terzaghi . 199
N. Janbu . 199
R. P. Milner . 201
R. A. Simpson 202
Session 7 Chairman I President B. Fellenius 203
General Reporter I Rapporteur General M. R. Peltier 203,224
W. A. Lewis. 204
P. P. Brown . 205
I. Haber-Schaim 205
M. Jeuffroy . 206
J. A. J. Salas. 208
A. Kezdi . . 209
H. Novais-Ferreira. 211
J ..G. Zeitlen . 211
P. L. Capper. 212
J. Reichert . 212
G. Moraldi . 213
L. Erlenbach . 213
D. J. Maclean 215
D. Croney . 215
K. Russam . 216
A. R. Jumikis 217
N. V. Ornatskij 218
G. D. Aitchison 219
F. A. Sharman 220
L. W. Hatherly 221
N. R. Srinivasan 221
M.P. P. dos Santos 221
W. Aichhorn. 222
P. J. Alley . . 223
A. P. J. Verheyden. 223
K. Arulunandan 223
C. van der Veen 224
Session 8 Chairman I President R. F. Legget ·. 225
General Reporter I Rapporteur General J. Kerisel . 225, 245
H. B. Sutherland 226
V. Mencl . 226
J. L. Serafim . 227
D. Lazarevic . . ' 229
F. J. M. de Reeper. 230.
T. R. M. Wakeling 230
W. H. Ward. 231
P. W. Rowe . 231
M.S. Kapp . 232
M. Buisson . 232
S. M. Hueckel 235
J. Brinch Hansen 235
A. R. Jumikis 235
Bent Hansen . 238
A. Lazard . . 238
G. P. Tschebotarioff 239
W. E. Schmid 241
A. W. Bishop 242
L. Bjerrum . 243
.' viii
Discussion-(con/d.)
Session 8-{contd.) D. H. Trollope . 244
N. Janbu . 245,247
K. Terzaghi . 246
B. Kujundzic. 248
C. Lotti 248
Session 9 Chairman I President L. Bjerrum . 249
General Reporter I Rapporteur General F. C. Walker 249, 263
T. K. Huizinga 251
R. V. Whitman . 252
B. Fellenius . 253
A. Kezdi . . . . . 253
D.P. Krynine and R. J. Woodward. 255
A. W. Skempton 255
A. C. Meigh. 255
D. J. Henkel . 256
G. Ter-Stepanian 256
A. Marsland . 257
I. Th. Rosenquist 257
A. L. Little . . 258
0. de Schnakenbourg 258
A. Casagrande 259
F. A. Sharman 260
B. Lofquist . 261
A. W. Bishop 262
A. Mayer . . 263
Mrs. M. Troitskaya 263
K. Terzaghi . 263
B. Aisenstein . 265
Z. Bazant . 265
A. A. Beles . . . . 266
D. Krsmanovic and B. Jovanovic 267
B. Ladanyi . 272
. E. Nonveil!er. 273
R. Peterson 274
B. Rajcevic· 275
K. L. Rao 276
P. Sliwa 277
T-K. Tan . 278
J. G. Zeitlen . 279
Corrigenda and Errata Corrigenda et Errata 281
Final Report Rapport Final 285
Index of Authors and Contributors to the Discussions Index des Auteurs et Participants aux Discussions 289

Tire Organizing Committee are not responsible either for
the statements made or for the opinions expressed in
this volume
ix I
I

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~·

.. SOIL MECHANICS AND

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

B-5 Exploration of Soil Conditions and Sampling Operation, L, F, Cooling and

Seotion Ct REGIOnAL SOIL STUDIES FOR ENGINEERING PURPOSES

Section D: SOIL PROPERTIES

D-6 The Chemical Nature of Soils, K, Endell and U, Hoff~ (Germany)

Section E: STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS

Seation Fo SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

Section Go STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES

Section Ho BEARING CAPACITY OF PILES

H-2 On the Computation of Piles, Daaed on the Theory of Axial Impact.

Section I: PILE LOADING TESTS

i Resistance of Piles. Submitted by Laboratory of Soil Mechanics, Delft (Netherls.uds)

Section J: EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAINING WALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETIJW,

Section K: GROUNJJI'IATER MOVEMENT AND SEEPAGE

Section L: SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGH\VAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS

SOIL MECHANICS AND

GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

(ALL RIGHTS RESERVED)

Seotion AI REPORTS FROM SOIL MECHANICS LABORATORIES 0!1 TESTING APPARATUS,

Section B 1 EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AliD SAJAPLING OPERATIONS

Section C 1 REGIONAL SOIL STUDIES FOR EUGINEERING PURPOSES

C-4 Bibliography o£ Shanghai Soils and Foundations, Submitted by Engineering Society

Seotion D1 SOIL PROPERTIES '

Section E1 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOILS

SeotiQn F 1 SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

Seotion G1 STABILITY OF EARTH AND FOUNDATION WORKS AND OF NATURAL SLOPES

G-8 On the Stability of Foundations of Embankments. Leo JOrgenson. (Estonia), 194-200

Seotion. I 1 PILE LOADING TESTS

Section J1 EARTH PRESSURE AGAINST RETAII!ING VIALLS, EXCAVATION SHEETING,

Section L1 SOIL PROBLEMS IN HIGH'iiAY ENGINEERING INCLUDING FROST ACTION IN SOILS

Section N1 MODERll METHODS OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATIONS

z-6 Principles Governin~ Interpretation of Results Obtained Through Exploration ·or

Secretary's Report. A, Casagrande (u.s.A,),

Section Bt EXPLORATION OF SOIL CONDITIONS AND SAMPLIHG OPERATIO!lS

B-14 Discussion, Spencer J, Buohane.n, (U,S,A,),

Section Dt SOIL PROPERTIES

D-29 Discussions (By Lotter), Maurice Buisson, (France),

D-31 Discussion of Paper o..6 (By Lotter), T,. A, Middlebrooks, (u,s,A,),

D-32 Discussion, Lazarus White. (U,S,A,),

D-35 Commento on Various Papers. (D-1, C~6),

D-36 Discussion (By Letter), Bror Felleniuso (Sweden),

Section Et STRESS DISTRIBUTIOn I!! SOILS

Discussion on the Distribution of Stress around a Pile, Raymond D, Mindlin.

~14 Discussion, A Graphical llethod of Determiuing the Distribution of Stress in the

~15 Discussion, D, P, Krynineo (U,S,A,), 73-74

~18 Comments on Various Papers. (E-9), 77

~20 Discussion of Paper Jlo, ~4 (By Letter), D, P, Krynine. (u,s,A,) 78

Seotion F1 SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURES

F~17 Diaoussion, Interpretation of Loading Tests for Footings. Donald M, Burmister.

F-18 Discussion. Additional Experience on Situ-Cast Concrete Piles, Rudolf Tillman,

F-19 Disaussion of Paper F-2, Rudolf Tillman, (Aust~ia), 89-90

F-20 Disaussion, Wilhelm Loos, (Germany), 90-92

F'-28 Discussion (By Latter). Settlement Observations on Structures of the

Section G1 STABILITY OF EARTH AIID FOUNDATIO!T WORKS AlTD OF NATURAL SLOPES

G-10 Opening Discussion. Frank A, Marston, (U,S,A,), 111-112

G-11 Opening Discussion. Stability of Embankment Foundations. G, Gilboy. (11,S,A,) 112

G-12 Discussion, T. T. Knappen, (u.s.A.), 112-113

G-13 Discussion, A Method for Determining the Shearing Resis.tance of Fill

G-14 Discussion, Joachim Ehrenberg, (Germany). 117-118

G-15 Discussion on Gilboy's Presentation of Jurgenson's 11ethod of Foundation