Evaluation Demo Guide: Hydrocomp Navcad® 2013

HydroComp NavCad® 2013
© 2013 HydroComp, Inc.
Evaluation Demo Guide

About NavCad
NavCad is for the prediction and analysis of vessel speed and power
performance. It also provides for the selection of suitable propulsion system
components – engines, gears and propellers. NavCad can be used for the design
and analysis of virtually any type of monohull or catamaran – from large
displacement vessels to fast planing craft.
In this Evaluation Demo Guide, you can find:
How to get started with the HydroComp NavCad® 2013 Evaluation Demo
Step by step resistance and propulsion example
Explanations of data entry screens and fields
Description of features in teh full commercial version of NavCad
HydroComp NavCad® 2013 Evaluation Demo
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indirectly by this document.
Contents 5
Table of Contents
Part I What Can I Do With The NavCad Demo? 8
1 Demo Limitations
................................................................................................................................... 8
Part II Getting Started 10

1 Getting Around
...................................................................................................................................
NavCad 10
2 Toolbar Guide
................................................................................................................................... 11
3 Configuring
...................................................................................................................................
NavCad Options For First Use 12
Part III A General Example 16

1 Step 1 - Beginning
...................................................................................................................................
a New Project 16
2 Step 2 - Make
...................................................................................................................................
a Task List 16
3 Step 3 - Setting
...................................................................................................................................
Units for the New Project 17
4 Step 4 - Enter
...................................................................................................................................
Condition Data 17
5 Step 5 - Enter
...................................................................................................................................
Hull Data 18
6 Step 6 - Enter
...................................................................................................................................
Appendage Data 19
7 Step 7 - Build
...................................................................................................................................
a Resistance Prediction 21
8 Step 8 - Select
...................................................................................................................................
the Bare-Hull Prediction Method 21
9 Step 9 - Enter
...................................................................................................................................
Remaining Prediction Parameters 22
10 Step 10 - ...................................................................................................................................
Run the Resistance Prediction 22
11 Step 11 - ...................................................................................................................................
View and Save Graphs 23
12 Step 12 - ...................................................................................................................................
Create Custom Graphs 24
13 Step 13 - ...................................................................................................................................
View and Print Reports 25
14 Step 14 - ...................................................................................................................................
Define the Propulsor 25
15 Step 15 - ...................................................................................................................................
Configure a Propulsion Analysis 26
16 Step 16 - ...................................................................................................................................
Run the Propulsion Analysis 27
17 Step 17 - ...................................................................................................................................
Create Engine Data 27
18 Step 18 - ...................................................................................................................................
Propeller Sizing 28
19 Step 19 - ...................................................................................................................................
Review the Propulsion Analysis 29
20 Step 20 - ...................................................................................................................................
Closing NavCad 31
Part IV Supplemental Tools 34

1 Export Propeller
...................................................................................................................................
CAD Shape 34
2 Resistance
...................................................................................................................................
Parameter Influence 34
Part V Data Files 38

1 HydroComp
...................................................................................................................................
Common Format Files 38
Part VI Prediction Sources 40

6 HydroComp NavCad® 2013 Evaluation Demo
1 Vessel ................................................................................................................................... 40
Holtrop .......................................................................................................................................................... 40
Part VII Symbols and Values 44

1 Symbols ...................................................................................................................................
and Values 44
Part VIII Commercial Features 48

1 Blade Scan
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis 48
2 Catamaran
...................................................................................................................................
Interference 48
3 Custom Bow
...................................................................................................................................
and Stern Shape Coefficients 48
4 Confidence
...................................................................................................................................
Plots and Benchmark Vessels 49
5 Drag Reduction
................................................................................................................................... 50
6 Dynamic ...................................................................................................................................
Stability 50
7 Dynamic ...................................................................................................................................
Trim 51
8 Effect of Initial
...................................................................................................................................
Trim 51
9 Hydroacoustic
...................................................................................................................................
Analysis 51
10 Oblique Flow
...................................................................................................................................
Correction 52
11 Planing Station
...................................................................................................................................
Estimate 53
12 Propeller ...................................................................................................................................
Cup 53
13 Propeller ...................................................................................................................................
KTKQ Corrections 53
14 Propeller ...................................................................................................................................
Sizing By Thrust 54
15 Propulsor...................................................................................................................................
Options 55
16 Propulsor...................................................................................................................................
Type for Planing 56
17 Shallow Water
...................................................................................................................................
Sinkage and Trim 56
18 Sizing Gear
...................................................................................................................................
Ratio and BAR 56
19 Spray Drag
................................................................................................................................... 57
20 Submarine/SWATH
................................................................................................................................... 57
21 Synchronous
...................................................................................................................................
Pitching 57
22 Tunnel Thruster
...................................................................................................................................
Sizing 58
23 Vessel Prediction
...................................................................................................................................
Methods 58
Part IX The NavCad User's Guide 62
Index 0

7
Part
I
What Can I Do With The
NavCad Demo?

1 What Can I Do With The NavCad Demo?

This demo of NavCad is functional, but limited to a small set of prediction methods and features.
However, most screens are accessible for your review, so you should investigate those capabilities
which you require.
1.1 Demo Limitations

The following table lists the subset of the full NavCad capabilities which are available in the demo:
Available in the demo NOT available in the demo

Monohulls Catamarans
Bare-hull and Appendage resistance Wind, Seas or Channel resistance; drag of
prediction towed nets or barges; supplemental
calculations
Holtrop prediction methods for bare-hull All other prediction methods (over 50
and appendage resistance, and hull- others from tankers to small fast craft,
propulsor interaction coefficients (e.g., including semi-displacement and full
wake fraction) planing)
ITTC-57 friction line All other friction lines
Prediction technique Aligned prediction, Scale from test, or
Defined techniques (incorporating your
own individual model tests)
Free-run propulsion analysis Towing, Fixed RPM, Acceleration, or
Defined analyses
Plots of results for resistance and power Confidence plots and Benchmark vessels
Fixed-pitch (FPP) propellers Controllable-pitch (CPP) or contra-rotating
(CRP) propellers
B Series propellers All other propeller series (Gawn and
Kaplan variants) and other propulsors
(surface-piercing propellers, waterjets,
cycloidal propellers, user-defined
propulsors)
Four-bladed propellers of 0.55 blade area All other blades numbers (2 to 7), other
ratio with no series corrections BARs, series corrections (including shaft
angle effects)
Sub-cavitating performance Correction for trans- and full-cavitation
Propeller sizing of Diameter and Pitch Sizing of Gear ratio or BAR
Propeller sizing based on Power Propeller sizing based on Thrust or Total
drag
Single or twin screw More than two propellers

9
Part
II
Getting Started

2 Getting Started
This chapter provides an overview on the operation of NavCad, including a tutorial example. It is
intended to allow you to investigate the entire interface, calculation procedures, and output.
2.1 Getting Around NavCad

NavCad is based on two principal view modes – Resistance and Propulsion. Each of these two
mode pages contains data entry tables, a summary results table, project management aids, graphs
and reports.
At the top of the window is the Main menu (File, Edit, etc.) containing the many menu commands
which bring up data entry forms and launch calculations. Immediately underneath is the Toolbar
with buttons for frequently-used commands. To the left of the screen are the Resistance mode
analysis parameters and Propulsion mode analysis parameters, as well as a Task list. In the
center of the screen are the various Vessel parameters tables. To the right is the Graphs and
reports window. At the bottom is the Performance summary spreadsheet.
Note: A Toolbar Guide is found in the next section of this chapter. This guide describes the function
of each button.
Resistance and Propulsion modes

The Analysis parameters entry table (left side) is specific to the mode – Resistance or Propulsion.
These analysis parameters are always shown to allow for quick entry and revision, and rapid re-
calculation.
The Vessel parameters entry table (center) changes depending upon the selected data set –
Condition, Hull, Appendage, Environment, Margin, or Propulsor.

Getting Started 11
Graphs and reports window

A graph of the current job results is always displayed. A different graph is shown depending upon
the analysis mode (e.g., for Resistance calculations, the graph might show RBARE bare-hull
resistance, for Propulsion it might be PBTOTAL total brake power). The currently displayed graph
will be updated after a calculation.
Task list
A user-definable Task List is available to help with project management. A variety of standard task
lists are available as initial templates.
Performance summary
A Performance summary spreadsheet shown at the bottom of the NavCad screen holds the active
performance analysis results. The values shown in the summary are different for Resistance and
Propulsion modes, and all of the results are updated on every calculation. This insures that all data
and results are properly related to their equilibrium resistance-propulsion relationships.
Getting help within NavCad

NavCad contains a context-sensitive help system that is attached to the various windows and fields.
It contains program guides and technical information useful for the successful operation of the
program. Pressing F1, the Help toolbar button, or any Help button on a form will display the help
screen.
Within the Help menu are particular topics that may be of general interest. These items describe the
interface commands and menu selections.
2.2 Toolbar Guide

The toolbar enables quick access to frequently-used tasks. The first section holds File handling
buttons. The second group selects the Calculation mode – Resistance or Propulsion. The Edit and
Calculate groups follow. Graph file handling buttons are followed by Graphing and Reporting
buttons. The last group holds the Help button.
File handling
New project – creates a new NavCad job file.
Open project – opens a previously saved NavCad job file.
Save project – saves the current NavCad job file.
Calculation mode
Mode: Resistance – enables the resistance analysis mode.
Mode: Propulsion – enables the propulsion analysis mode.
Data editing
Units – opens the unit and formatting entry window.
Show as coefficients – toggles between units and coefficients for the current entry
table.
Edit condition data – opens the condition edit entry table.

Edit hull data – opens the hull edit entry table.

Edit appendage data – opens the appendage edit entry table.
Edit environment data – opens the environment edit entry table.
Edit margin/towed barge/towed net data – opens the misc edit entry table.
Edit propulsion data – opens the propulsion edit entry table.
Calculations and results

Calculate resistance analysis / Calculate propulsion analysis – performs a resistance
or propulsion analysis (depending on the selected Calculation mode). Note: When
the button background is red it signifies that the results shown are not current with
the data. A calculation is needed to display the correct results.
Edit results mode – enabled/disables the editing of Performance summary
(described in the Edit Results Toolbar section that follows).
Show sensitivity analysis – Performs and displays the results of a sensitivity
analysis.
Graphing and reporting

Graph – Choose between the an active Graph: single or Graph: multiple which
displays a custom-defined graph, or one of a selection of pre-defined graphs.
Graph options – choose variables for the x and y axis on the graph. Choose other
data to display on the graph including a legend and data from other NavCad project
files.
Save graph – save the currently displayed graph as an image file.
Report – Choose what type of results are displayed. Choose between Report:
Results report, Report: Data and results report or the Report: Active graph in report
format.
Save report – save the currently displayed report as a pdf file.
Print toolbar
Page setup – set print page size, margins and orientation.
Print report – prints the currently displayed report.
Help
Help – opens the NavCad help file.
2.3 Configuring NavCad Options For First Use

Before the first use of NavCad, it is recommended to set up a few standard options. These options
pertain to customization, computer specifications, and localization. Click Tools | Options... from the
menu to set up your program options.

Getting Started 13
Interface
This group sets standard interface options.
Theme
Choose the color theme that you prefer – Silver, Sky, or Forest.
Reports
Configure how your reports will be prepared in this group.
Prepared by
Enter your name or company name.
Symbols page
You can choose to Show or Omit the standard results symbols page in each report.
Default layout
Set up your selection of report page size – Letter/Portrait, A4/Portrait or User defined. You can
use the User defined option to set up other orientations.
Email
Reports can be packaged directly to an email, so you can set up email messaging details here.
(Error and warning messages can also be forwarded to an email.)
Messaging
This is the description of the messaging protocol supporting your email program. There are
three principal email setting options, all based on MAPI email messaging – MAPI/Control, MAPI/
Direct, and MAPI/CDO – that support most popular Windows email programs (e.g., Outlook,
Outlook Express, Thunderbird, Windows Live Mail). You can choose your preferred email
setting in the Page setup. (Note: They may also be set by the application program). Click the
Find... button to let NavCad identify and test which protocol is recommended.
Notes: MAPI/CDO is for Microsoft Outlook only, and it requires the CDO.DLL system file
(v1.21 or newer). This DLL file is not always installed with Windows or Outlook, so if you
need this file, you can download it from Microsoft. A MAPI "Profile" is required for this
feature. Most email programs will establish a Profile without special setup by the user.
Resolve name
This is an optional setting that is required by some email programs. If the email messaging in
NavCad is not functioning properly, you can try changing this setting.

15
Part
III
A General Example

3 A General Example
This chapter is an multi-step introduction to the operation of NavCad. The example uses data for a
78 m fast monohull vessel.
3.1 Step 1 - Beginning a New Project
Run NavCad and you will see This tutorial example is used to illustrate many of NavCad’s
the main screen. various program functions, and will be a good introduction to
the operation of NavCad. A resistance prediction, as well as a
Click on File | New propeller selection and analysis of a fast displacement vessel is
project (or the used to demonstrate a typical job session.
associated toolbar icon)
to start a new project.
Create and save the project file

by clicking on File | Save
project, or by pressing Ctrl+S
or clicking the Save project
toolbar button.
File name = enter Fast78m.nc5
3.2 Step 2 - Make a Task List
Set up a task list for this project Use the Task lists to help establish "best practices" for your use
by right-clicking the first cell in of NavCad.
the Task list. Select New, then
Yes to see the pre-set lists.
Select the Standard speed
prediction as the task list
template for this project.
Once the list has been created

for you, check the Create new
project line in the Task list to
indicate that this task is
finished. As you proceed
through this tutorial, check off
the tasks as they are
completed.

A General Example 17
3.3 Step 3 - Setting Units for the New Project
Open the units entry You will want to configure NavCad for the appropriate
window by clicking Edit | dimensional units and report formatting. Each job may require
Units… from the menu that you select different units, but we will use SI (metric) units
or the corresponding for this example.
toolbar icon.
Click on SI to set all of the units

to SI (metric). Then click OK to
continue.
3.4 Step 4 - Enter Condition Data
Define speeds and water The process of building a resistance prediction will be to first
parameters by clicking enter complete condition and vessel data, then use this data to
Edit | Condition from predict resistance per your particular design requirements.
the menu (or with the
corresponding toolbar
button).
Enter or select the following

data in the Condition window:
Project ID: = Sample tutorial

Description: = Fast 78 m
round-bilge vessel
Scope: = select ITTC-78 (CT)

Configuration: = select
Monohull
Chine type: = Round/multiple
Length on WL: = 78.05
Displacement: = 1859.4
Propulsor type: = select
Propeller
Count: = select 2
Water type: = select Salt
Speeds = enter 6, 8, 10, 12, 14,

16, 18, 20 and 22
Design speed: = select 20

3.5 Step 5 - Enter Hull Data
Click Edit | Hull data A full description of your hull is necessary for a reliable
from the menu, or the analysis. This screen is used to enter information about your
toolbar button. hull. The data is parametric – meaning that the shape is
described by individual numerical values (such as length or
Enter or select the following displacement) rather than by three-dimensional geometry.
data in the Hull data window:
Configuration: = select
Monohull
Chine typ:e = select Round-
bilge
Max beam on WL: = 11.5
Max molded draft: = 4.25
Displacement: = 1859.4
Wetted surface: = omit for now
LCB fwd TR: = 38.58 (forward

transom)
LCF fwd TR: = 0 (unknown)
Click Show as
coefficients toolbar
button to allow non-
dimensional entry.
Max section area: = 0.771 [CX] You can also enter data in non-dimensional form. For example,
Waterplane area: = 0.765 suppose we have data for Max section area and Waterplane
[CWP] area in coefficient form (CX, CWP). The Show as coefficient
toolbar button toggles between dimensional and non-
Click the button again to return
to dimensional editing.
dimensional entry.
Bulb section area: = 0 (no bulb)

Bulb ctr below WL: = 0
Bulb nose fwd TR: = 0
Transom area: = 14.8
Transom beam WL: = 0
(unknown)
Transom immersion: = 0
(unknown)
Half entrance angle: = 11.4
Bow shape factor: = click and
select 0 (average flow)
Stern shape factor: = click and
select -1 (buttock flow)
All data is now entered, except NavCad provides a broad range of estimated values for many
the Wetted surface. We will let data items. It provides you with the corresponding range of hull
NavCad suggest an estimate parameters for each estimate to help insure that you select the
for this item.
most suitable choice.
Click the estimate button
next to the Wetted
surface field. Choose
the Holtrop estimate.
Click OK to enter this
value into the field.

Any field with this button

located next to it can be
estimated using a documented
method.
3.6 Step 6 - Enter Appendage Data
Click Edit | Appendage The prediction of resistance is not complete with the analysis of
data or the the added drags. Appendage drag can be a significant portion of
corresponding toolbar the total drag.
button.
Enter or select the following

data about the Shafting for this
craft:
Count: = select 2
Max prop diameter: = 0 (we can
ignore propulsion details for
now)
Shaft angle to WL: = 10 (an
estimate)
Exposed shaft length: = 0
(unknown)
Shaft diameter: = 0 (unknown)
Wetted surface: = 13
Strut bossing length: = 0
(unknown)
Bossing diameter: = 0
(unknown)
Wetted surface: = 8.4
Hull bossing length: = 0
(unknown)
Bossing diameter: = 0
(unknown)
The following details about a

single Strut are entered for this
craft:
Count: = select 1
Root chord: = 0
Tip chord: = 0
Span: = 0
T/C ratio: = 0
Projected area: = 0
Exposed palm depth: = 0
Exposed palm width: = 0
The following details about the

Rudders are entered or

selected:
Count: = select 2
Rudder location: = select
Behind propeller
Type = select Balanced foil
Root chord: = 2.58
Tip chord: = 1.79
Span: = 3.87
T/C ratio: = 0.15
LE sweep: = 0
Projected area: = 0 (unknown)
Click the estimate button

located next to the
Wetted surface field.
Choose the Chord-
Span-Thick calc
estimate, then click OK
to bring this value into
the field.
The following Skeg/Keel data

are entered for this craft:
Count: = select 1
Type: = select Skeg
Mean length: = 0 (unknown)
Mead width: = 0 (unknown)
Height aft: = 0 (unknown)
Height mid: = 0 (unknown)
Height fwd: = 0 (unknown)
Skeg projected area: = 0
(unknown)
Skeg wetted surface: = 58.5
This particular vessel does not

have Stabilizers:
Count: = select 0.
Enter the following about Bilge

keels:
Count: = select 2
Mean length: = 0
Mean base width: = 0
Mean projection: = 0
The ship has no Tunnel

thrusters:
Count: = select 0.
Nor does it have Sonar domes:

Count: = select 0.
No Miscellaneous appendages
are defined:
Count: = select 0.

3.7 Step 7 - Build a Resistance Prediction
Configure the Resistance Once all of the data is entered for the condition, hull and
prediction parameters (in the appendage, you can build a resistance prediction. (With the full
left-most table): commercial version of NavCad, you would also consider drag
for wind, seas, even shallow water.)
Vessel drag: = select Calc (to
tell NavCad that you want to
predict the bare-hull drag)
This will enable other fields.
(Note: Other options are to set
this to Off to clear the data, or
Lock to keep user-entered
data.)
Technique: = select Prediction

(to use a prediction algorithm)
(Note: Other options allow you
to select a resistance
calculation technique based on
an Aligned prediction, to
Scale from test, or expressly
entered Defined data, such as
from a model test.)
Prediction: = Click the popup

button to display NavCad's
"Method Expert" selection table.
Continue to the next section.
3.8 Step 8 - Select the Bare-Hull Prediction Method
Continue with the selection of The Method Expert is a prediction method ranking system that
the bare-hull resistance can help you determine which of the many prediction methods
prediction method by reviewing can provide the highest reliability and success. The ranking
the recommendation provided
evaluates a variety of characteristics, from principal vessel
by the Method Expert window.
characteristics to speed range to hull details. These assessments
NavCad has indicated that the are supplemented by subjective comments based on information
Holtrop method meets all of from NavCad users and industry experts. It also applies
the parameters. It also points HydroComp's extensive knowledge about the various methods'
out that the method "may behavior. Warnings are raised if a particular method has shown
underpredict for hulls with poor results for vessels of the type you have entered.
significant immersed transom
area". Keep this in mind as you
proceed through the example!
Click Help if you would like to

see additional details about the
method, and close the help
window when you are through.
Select the Holtrop method and

then click OK to close the
window.

The important elements of the Method Expert window are:
Method - the name of the prediction method

Speed - a speed regime ranking
Hull - a primary hull data ranking (for principal size and shape
parameters)
Details - a ranking of available hull data details (such as bulb or
immersed transom)
Parameters - the parameters for a specific method and the
current project values, valuable for direct comparison
Notes - important considerations
3.9 Step 9 - Enter Remaining Prediction Parameters
To define these parameters to A full resistance prediction requires you are describe a number
be used in the prediction, enter of additional parameters for the bare-hull prediction method, and
or select the following data: to define what additional drag methods you wish to use (e.g.,
appendages). (In many cases, you would also consider drag for
Expansion: = select Standard
wind, seas, even shallow water.)
(this set full compliance to the
ITTC-1978 protocol)
Friction line: = ITTC-57
(standard)
Hull form factor: = select On
(standard); then click the popup
button and choose the Holtrop
[ITTC57] estimate
Speed corr: = On (for a speed-
dependent form factor
correction)
Spray drag corr: = Off
Corr allowance: = standard set
Roughness: = Off
The only Added drag to be set

for this example is
Appendages.
Appendage: = select Calc, then

click the popup button and
choose Holtrop (Viscous
Form) method.
3.10 Step 10 - Run the Resistance Prediction
Once all of the data is entered Once you have entered all data and defined how you want the
for the hull, appendages, and prediction calculation to proceed, you can run the analysis.
prediction parameters, you can
build a resistance prediction.
Click Analysis |
Calculate: Resistance

from the menu, or the

toolbar button.
You will see that the button

background had turned red to
indicate that the results do not
correspond with the data. In
other words, something about
the data or parameters have
changed, and a new calculation
is needed.
Expand and contract the

Performance Summary with
the Expand button. (This is the
plus-sign [+] in the upper right
corner of the spreadsheet.) The
highlighted row is the Design
speed., which is also shown Results are presented in the Performance Summary spreadsheet.
when the spreadsheet is You can view the entire resistance prediction results - including
contracted. all of the coefficients - from within this table. Changes to results
can be made from within the table when Edit results mode is
You can also shift between
enabled. (This is only available in the full commercial version.)
result groups with the Previous
and Next buttons.
Perform a sensitivity Sometimes you may have a hull that does not fully comply with
analysis by clicking any prediction method, where some parameters of the hull may
Analysis | Parameter be outside method's range. The Parameter influence analysis
influence... or the evaluates the "influence" of each hull data item.
button.
Review the information, then

click OK to continue.
3.11 Step 11 - View and Save Graphs
Click on any header in the A graph is always shown in NavCad for quick viewing of
Performance Summary results. The graph is constantly updated using the most recently
spreadsheet to quickly change calculated data.
the graph. For example, click
on CR under the ITTC-78
COEFS group. This will change
the graph to CR vs. SPEED.

Save the graph as a

JPEG or BMP image file
by clicking Tools | Save
graph as... or the
button.
3.12 Step 12 - Create Custom Graphs
Create a custom graph The [Confidence] plot help you evaluate the fidelity of your
by clicking Tools | prediction by displaying a "potential minimum" or "best
Graph | Multiple or the possible" drag for vessels of an appropriate type. In this
corresponding toolbar example, the plot is showing a "best possible drag" line for
button (in the dropdown
High-Speed Round-Bilge Displacement Hulls (HSRBDH Min).
list).
This will set the graph to a

multiple plot mode, and launch
a Graph options dialog for
creating and formatting a
variety of custom graphs.
If the Graph options

dialog is not displayed,
then you can open it by
clicking Tools | Multiple
graph options... or the
toolbar button.
For this example, investigate

the [Confidence] graph by
selecting it from the Presets:
field. Click OK to display the
confidence plot.
Remember the Method Expert note regarding the tendency of
this method to underpredict drag for hulls with substantial
immersed transom? This is another validation of that tendency.
Your design response would typically be to add a margin to the
prediction to account for this tendency.

3.13 Step 13 - View and Print Reports
Generate a NavCad generates all reports via an integrated "report viewer". Reports can
report with viewed, printed, and saved as a PDF or CSV file.
Tools |
Report | Data
and results
from the
menu, or
dropdown and
click the
associated
report button
from the
toolbar.
General report page

layout options can
be changed through
Tools | Options... in
the menu.
Additional
formatting,
such as for
margins, can
be made by
clicking the
report viewer
page button.
3.14 Step 14 - Define the Propulsor
Click Edit | Propulsor A variety of propulsors can be used in NavCad, including many
from the menu, or click different types of propellers and waterjets. The specifications of
the toolbar button. the propulsor and the power delivery are described here.
An initial propulsion analysis for
this example will use a
representative stock propeller
with no consideration of engine
or reduction gear - just to
evaluate efficiencies and
powers.
So, select or enter the

following:
Count: = 2 (for twin screw)

Propulsor type: = Propeller
series
Propeller type: = select FPP
Propeller series: = select B
Series

Propeller sizing: = select No

sizing
Blade count: = select 4
Expanded area ratio: = 0.55
Propeller diameter: = 3000
Propeller mean pitch = 3000
Hub Immersion = 1950
Engine file: = ignore for now

Gear efficiency: = 0.97
Gear ratio: = 1 (setting this to 1
simply makes the engine RPM
equal to the required shaft
RPM)
Shaft efficiency: = select 0.98
estimate
Oblique angle corr: = set Off

Propeller cup: = 0.0
KTKQ corrections: = Standard
3.15 Step 15 - Configure a Propulsion Analysis
Select View | After your resistance prediction is completed, you can proceed
Propulsion mode from with a propulsion analysis. The first part of this analysis will run
the menu, or click the calculations for a pre-defined propulsion system. Then you will
corresponding toolbar have an opportunity to optimize your propeller.
button to activate this set
of calculations.
Configure the Hull-propulsor

prediction parameters:
Hull-propulsor: = select Calc (to

tell NavCad that you want to
predict the wake fraction, thrust
deduction and relative-rotative
efficiencies)
This will enable other fields.
Technique: = select Prediction
(to use a prediction algorithm)
(Note: The other options are
similar to Resistance - Aligned
prediction, Scale from test,
or Defined.)
Prediction: = Click the popup
button to display NavCad's
"Method Expert" selection table.
Select Holtrop.
Max prop diam: = 3000 (mm)
Viscous scale corr: = select On;
then select Standard
Additional System analysis

parameters to be set are:
Cavitation criteria: = 10% cav

line

Cavitation criteria: = Free run
3.16 Step 16 - Run the Propulsion Analysis
Click Analysis | NavCad offers five different propulsion analyses - Free run,
Calculate: Propulsion Towing, Fixed RPM, Acceleration, and Defined. The objective
from the menu, or the of each analysis is to find the RPM that meets the analysis
toolbar button. objectives. For example, in a Free run analysis, the resulting
RPM is the one which provides just the right delivered thrust to
You can now review the
analysis results in the
match the total resistance at each speed.
Performance summary
spreadsheet, as well as view or
print any reports or graphs.
3.17 Step 17 - Create Engine Data
Click the Engine data dropdown At this point, you typically will have enough information to
list button and select Click to select an engine, and the analysis results will . Review PBPROP
define... to launch the engine (brake power per prop) in the ENGINE group and RPMPROP
data editor. (propeller RPM) in the POWER DELIVERY group to help
determine required engine power and to point you to a reduction
Select or enter the following
gear. For this example, you will define a 3000 kW engine.
Properties:
Description: = Engine 3000 kW
at 1000 RPM
Set Units as:

Power: = select [0.0] (format)
and kW
Fuel rate: = select [0.00]
(format) and L/h
The engine Parameters are:

Max (rated) power: = 3000
Max (rated) RPM: = 1000
Enter the following

combinations of RPM, Power
and Fuel for the MAX POWER

CURVE:
1100 1 1
1050 3000 753
1000 3000 753
890 2793 696
790 2487 616
680 1788 443
530 1034 263
420 686 178
The 1100 RPM point is the "no
load" point of the governor limit.
Enter the following

combinations of RPM, Power
and Fuel for the DEFINED
LOAD CURVE:
1000 3000 753
890 2793 696
790 2487 616
680 1788 443
530 1034 263
420 686 178
The Defined Load Curve is
where you would enter typical
"prop curve" data, or a CPP
combinator line.
You can save this data and

build your own library of engine
files by using the Import and
Export button. Export the file
as Example.engn.
Click OK to use the data for this

project.
3.18 Step 18 - Propeller Sizing
Click Edit | Propulsor Once you have conducted a propulsion analysis for a
from the menu, or click representative propeller and have selected a main engine, you
the corresponding can refine the propulsion system by sizing the propeller (and
toolbar button. optionally the reduction gear ratio). This step will allow you to
find the best propeller diameter and pitch for your application.
Enable propeller sizing for the
analysis:
Propeller sizing: = By power
Propeller sizing is
conducted as part of the
propulsion analysis, so
click Analysis |
Calculate: Propulsion
from the menu, or the
toolbar button.
The Propeller sizing window

will be displayed. In the window
enter the following data:
Gear ratio: = select Keep and

enter 4
Expanded area ratio: = Keep
and enter 0.55
Propeller diameter: = Size
Propeller mean pitch: = Size
The propeller will be sized for

the following Design condition
:
Max prop diam: = 3000
Design speed: = 20
Reference power: = Click the
estimate button, and select the
engine's Rated power value
Design point: = Click the
estimate button, and select
100% MCR
Reference RPM: = Click the
estimate button, and select the
Rated RPM value
Design point: = select 100%
rated (to size for full rated
RPM)
Click the Size button and

review the results. Click OK to
update the propeller data with
the new results.
3.19 Step 19 - Review the Propulsion Analysis
The Propulsion analysis is The Propulsion analysis is finished. Review the resulting results
completed upon closing of the groups - HULL-PROPULSOR, ENGINE, EFFICIENCY,
Propeller Sizing window. The POWER DELIVERY, CAVITATION, and PROPULSOR COEFS.
engine and propeller matching
In particular, look for results that have notice symbols, such as
can be further evaluated
graphically. "!!". These indicators are explained in the Symbols and values
page of the report (typically the last page).
Create a custom graph
by clicking Tools |
Graph | Multiple or the
button (in the dropdown
list).
If the Graph options

dialog is not displayed,
then you can open it by
clicking Tools | Multiple
graph options... or the
toolbar button.
Select the [Engine load] from

the the Presets: field. Click OK
to display an engine-propeller
plot. This plot displays the
propeller's brake power
demand overlayed with the

engine's power curve.
Define Benchmark vessels for Equivalent performance figures can be derived from the
reference by clicking Tools | benchmark vessels. These benchmark points provide compatible
Propulsion analysis | system-level comparisons to known ships.
Benchmark vessels.
Enter the following data for Ship

1:
Description: = Diving support
Displacement: = 2950
Speed: = 18
Installed brake power: = 7100
Power margin: = 10
And for Ship 2:

Description: = Fisheries
research
Displacement: = 2520
Speed: = 20
Installed brake power: = 9200
Power margin: = 0
Click OK to save this data.
Check one final plot to insure The Propulsion [Confidence] plots can be used to insure that the
that the prediction is sound. predicted speed-power is reasonable and reliable. The
representative minimum power line plus the Benchmark vessels
Open the Graph options indicate that the power may be just a bit too optimistic.
dialog by clicking Tools |
However, we already knew that the bare-hull resistance was
Multiple graph
expected to be somewhat low, and the use of a resistance margin
options... or the toolbar
button. to account for this would increase the predicted power.
Select [Confidence] from the

the Presets: field. Click OK to
display the confidence plot.
This plot displays the
appropriate confidence line
(s) with any Benchmark
vessels that may have been
defined.

3.20 Step 20 - Closing NavCad
Save your file with File | This general tutorial example has illustrated a typical resistance
Save, or the and propulsion prediction. There are many other features of
corresponding toolbar NavCad that were not demonstrated. However, we encourage
button. you to review the other features (with their supporting help
pages).
Close NavCad by clicking File |
Exit.


33
Part
IV
Supplemental Tools

4 Supplemental Tools
NavCad provides a number of Supplemental tools, which are independent of standard
resistance or power prediction analyses. You can find these utilities and calculations in the
Vessel analysis, Propulsion analysis, and Utilities groups under the Tools menu.
Clicking on one of the Quick-calc reports will immediately run a prediction and launch a report.
All data, results and parameters are shown on the report. The other supplemental calculations
will be launched from its own data entry form.
4.1 Export Propeller CAD Shape

Export propeller CAD shape is a utility which creates a representative CAD shape of the defined
propeller. This utility uses the propeller's series, diameter, and number of blades to export a file
in IGES format of a properly scaled propeller shape. This shape can then be imported into CAD
software to enhance the visualization of a vessel CAD design. Note: This is not a proper 3D
geometry of a propeller, just a representative single surface that can improve the look of a
propeller on your vessel CAD designs.
The propeller shape includes blades and hub for a right-handed propeller, which can be copied
and "mirrored" in the CAD software for a left-handed propeller. Ducted propellers will also
include a generic nozzle shape. To help with properly locating the propeller shape onto a
defined propeller shaft, the shape also contains two points within the hub that can be used to
snap and orient the shape onto your shaft line. The graphic below shows a sample of the CAD
shape for a 4-bladed open propeller.
Example
A propeller must be defined in the Propulsor table before exporting the propeller CAD shape.
1. Click Tools | Utilities | Export propeller CAD shape... from the menu to export a CAD
file of the propeller shape in IGES format.
2. Then use import the file in your CAD modeling program.
4.2 Resistance Parameter Influence

This form provides supporting information about the selected resistance prediction method.

Supplemental Tools 35
Sometimes you may have a hull that does not fully comply with any prediction method, where some
parameters of the hull may be outside method's range. The Parameter influence analysis evaluates
the "influence" of each hull data item.

37
Part
V
Data Files
HydroComp Common Format Files

5 Data Files
5.1 HydroComp Common Format Files
Data files created by NavCad (2012 and newer) are ASCII text files that follow a set of specifications
based on the HydroComp Common Format. The specifications of this format are not published
here, but you can contact HydroComp if you need clarification or additional documentation.
JSON format
All HydroComp Common Format files are based on the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
architecture [Kaplan, 2011]. The format for data contained in JSON files will be recognizable to
anyone that has written C-language code, as the organization is very much like a C-language class
data structure. Each block begins with an identifier for a data group (e.g., "Units", "Hull,
"SpeedPerformance") and within each block are a series of related entries.
Project files
The project and external data files for NavCad 2012+ area:
1. HydroComp NavCad (*.hcnc). This project file contains all of the calculation parameters
and results of a NavCad analysis. No external reference files (e.g., for engines or waterjets)
are needed, as all imported data is saved with the file.
Common object files

It is useful for certain data to be contained in an external object file. For example, main engine
or waterjet data can be prepared and saved for use in multiple projects. These files will conform
to a HydroComp Common Object specification (also in JSON format). They are:
1. HydroComp Common Engine Object (*.engn). Contains power-RPM and other information
about an engine model.
2. HydroComp Common Waterjet Object (*.wjet). Contains speed-thrust-power performance and

other information about a waterjet model.
3. HydroComp Common Propeller Object (*.prop). Contains test thrust and torque coefficients
and other information about a propeller model.
4. HydroComp Common Ship Object (*.ship). Contains test resistance and hull-propulsor
performance from a ship model test or sea trial.
5. HydroComp Common Tunnel Thruster Object (*.tthr). Contains the project data for the
tunnel thruster utility.
Note: Common object data that is imported into a NavCad project will be embedded into the
project data file.

39
Part
VI
Prediction Sources

6 Prediction Sources
This chapter contains summaries of the many performance prediction sources used in NavCad.
6.1 Vessel
The various vessel-specific resistance and hull-propulsor prediction methods found in NavCad
are described here.
A note about hull parameter symbols

Care has been taken to define the particular nature of a symbol. For example, certain parameters
are related to the waterline and the letters WL are appended to identify this (e.g., BWL for beam on
waterline). Other identifiers include PX for the value for planing.
Many of the older series and methods defined their reference length to be a "length
between perpendiculars" (LPP). As noted in the Hydrodynamic Dimensions topic,
equivalent LWL figures were identified for these method, and parameters based on LWL are
used here.
CVOL is a length/volume parameter, equal to LWL/VOL1/3. (It is often called the "fineness" or
"slenderness" coefficient.) This parameter is used in place of the traditional "displacement-
length ratio" to insure compatibility with varying water densities, and to express this information
in a truly non-dimensional manner.
6.1.1 Holtrop
Reference Holtrop, J., "A Statistical Re-Analysis of Resistance and

Propulsion Data", International Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 31, No.
363 Nov 1984.
Holtrop, J., "A Statistical Resistance Prediction Method With a
Speed Dependent Form Factor", Proceedings SMSSH '88, Varna,
Oct 1988.
Holtrop, J. and Mennen, G.G.J., "An Approximate Power
Prediction Method", International Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 29,
No. 335, July 1982.
Holtrop, J., and Mennen, G.G.J., "A Statistical Power Prediction
Method", International Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 25, October 1978.
Vessel type Commercial and naval vessels, Single and twin-screw
Prediction scope Hull:

Data estimates
Resistance:
Bare-hull resistance
Propulsion:
Hull-propulsor interaction coefficients
Parameters Propellers 1··2
CP(LWL) 0.55··0.85
LWL/BWL 3.9··14.9
BWL/T 2.1··4.0
Lambda 0··max determined by FN (see Remarks below)
Includes analysis for: Immersed transom and bulbous bow
Speed range FN(LWL) 0.06··0.80 [see note]
Note: The upper limit for the speed range may be shown as less than

Prediction Sources 41
in the original publication. HydroComp has identified and developed an

upper speed constraint that is a function of certain hull parameters,
notably transom immersion. The Method Expert will adjust the upper
speed limit of this method based on this constraint.
Formula error Not presented.
Methodology 3-D CW , ITTC-57 CF, random model tests and full scale trial data.
Pseudo-drag coefficient.
Full scale, open propellers.
Remarks A random collection of 334 models of tankers, bulk carriers, cargo
ships, fishing vessels, tugs, container ships and military craft
make up the data set.
[Resistance]
Widely regarded as a complete and reliable method for cruiser
stern ships, it seems to underpredict resistance for transom-stern
craft. (Use of the speed-dependent form factor correction
improves this tendency.)
The regression is derived with a speed-dependent relationship

using the Havelock wave shape as its foundation. The basis for
the use of the Havelock theory is currently out of favor, as a
speed-dependent analysis like Havelock has trouble matching the
typical CW /CR curve shape below FN of about 0.3
An additional parameter – lambda – has been added to the data

check for this method. Anecdotal experience and testing by
HydroComp have identified combinations of hull parameters that
produce significant errors with the Holtrop method, and lambda
has proven to be an indicator of these potential errors. Lambda is
a parameter used within the Holtrop method and is equal to 1.446
* CP - 0.03 * L/B. A recommended upper limit for lambda has
been developed by HydroComp and is used in the data check and
the Method Expert ranking.

43
Part
VII
Symbols and Values
Symbols and Values

7 Symbols and Values

7.1 Symbols and Values
ACCEL Vessel acceleration in G's
CA Correlation allowance
CAVAVG Average predicted back cavitation percentage
CAVMAX Peak predicted back cavitation percentage [if in oblique flow]
CF Frictional resistance coefficient
CP Propulsor thrust loading coefficient
CPPITCH Operational pitch of CPP
CR Residuary resistance coefficient
CR MULT Bare-hull residuary resistance multiplier for aligned prediction
CT Total bare-hull resistance coefficient
CTH Horizontal component of bare-hull resistance coefficient
CTLR Telfer residuary resistance coefficient
CTLT Telfer total bare-hull resistance coefficient
CTN Propulsor thrust loading coefficient
CTP Propulsor power loading coefficient
CV Viscous resistance coefficient
dCF Added frictional resistance coefficient for roughness
DELTHR Total vessel delivered thrust
DIST Accelerating distance traveled from start
EFFO Propulsor open-water efficiency
EFFOA Overall propulsion efficiency [=PETOTAL/PSTOTAL]
EFFR Relative-rotative efficiency
EFFR MULT Relative-rotative efficiency multiplier for aligned prediction
FN Froude number [LWL]
FNB Froude number [BCH] by effective chine beam
FNH Froude number [H] by water depth
FUEL Fuel rate per engine
FV Froude number [VOL]
HUMP Blount (M factor) hump-speed multiplier
J Propulsor advance coefficient [axial]
JH Propulsor advance coefficient [horizontal, if in oblique flow]
KQ Propulsor torque coefficient
KQJ3 Propulsor torque loading ratio
KT Propulsor thrust coefficient [axial]
KTH Propulsor thrust coefficient [horizontal, if in oblique flow]
KTJ2 Propulsor thrust loading ratio
KTN Nozzle thrust coefficient
KTP Propeller component of thrust coefficient [=KT-KTN]
LC Wetted length on chine [planing]
LIFT Hydrodynamic planing lift coefficient
LK Wetted length on keel [planing]
LK/LP Predicted wetted keel vs chine length ratio
LM Mean wetted length [planing]
LOADENG Percentage of engine max available power at given RPM
MINBAR Minimum expanded blade area ratio recommended by selected cavitation criteria
PBPROP Brake power per propulsor
PBTOTAL Total vessel brake power
PDPROP Delivered power per propulsor
PEBARE Bare-hull effective power
PETOTAL Total effective power
PITCHFC Minimum recommended pitch to avoid face cavitation
PRESS Average propeller loading pressure
PSPROP Shaft power per propulsor
PSTOTAL Total vessel shaft power
QPROP Propulsor open water torque

Symbols and Values 45
RAPP Additional appendage resistance

RBARE Bare-hull resistance
RBARE/W Bare-hull resistance to weight ratio
RCHAN Additional shallow/channel resistance
REQL Equilibrium planing resistance
RMARGIN Resistance margin
RN Reynolds number [LWL or LM]
RN Reynolds number [LM] by mean planing length
RNPROP Propeller Reynolds number at 0.7 r/R
RPMENG Engine RPM
RPMPROP Propulsor RPM
RSEAS Additional sea-state resistance
RTOTAL Total vessel resistance
RWIND Additional wind resistance
SIGMA07R Cavitation number of blade section at 0.7R
SIGMAN Cavitation number of propeller by RPM
SIGMAV Cavitation number of propeller by vessel speed
SPEED Vessel speed
SPEEDADV Vessel speed of advance [=SPEED*(1-WFT)]
TAU07R Thrust loading coefficient [at 0.7R, for cavitation]
THD Thrust deduction coefficient
THD MULT Thrust deduction coefficient multiplier for aligned prediction
THRPROP Open-water thrust per propulsor
TIME Accelerating time-to-speed from start
TIPSPEED Propeller circumferential tip speed
TRANSP Transport factor
TRIM Dynamic trim angle
WFT Taylor wake fraction coefficient
WFT MULT Taylor wake fraction coefficient multiplier for aligned prediction

47
Part
VIII
Commercial Features

8 Commercial Features
These are features that are only available in the commercial version of NavCad.
8.1 Blade Scan Analysis

Many propellers have radially varying pitch distribution, so definition of an appropriate mean pitch is
necessary. The Blade scan analysis utility can be used to estimate important propeller parameters
from typical blade scan data. Using measured chord and pitch from the blade scan, this utility will
provide estimates for mean pitch (also known as the hydrodynamic effective pitch) and EAR (the
expanded blade area ratio).
Note: If only a few radii have been scanned, however, you can select a standard blade outline
shape (e.g., Gawn, AU) that gives the closest shape to your measured points.
8.2 Catamaran Interference

A catamaran is made up of two hulls in close proximity with each other, and this proximity
causes some measure of hydrodynamic interaction. In some cases, this interaction is extremely
small. In other cases, it can be quite significant. The NavCad demo only supports Monohulls.
Catamaran interference is generally a function of hull geometry, spacing, and speed. There will
be a change in the viscous (frictional) drag due to a number of factors, such as a "blockage
effect" between the hulls. The increase in local water speed between the demi-hulls changes
local pressures and wave systems, non-symmetric flow changes the stern wave system
(particularly with a transom-stern), and the reflection of waves off of the other hull interact with
the principle waves. There is an additional effect with planing catamarans, whereby the altered
water flow results in a different "angle of attack" of the planing body.
HydroComp has developed algorithms for the prediction of the interference factors using a
variety of model tests, CFD analyses, and full-scale trials.
8.3 Custom Bow and Stern Shape Coefficients

The Holtrop and Anderson methods use "shape coefficient" to help describe the hydrodynamic
influence of the stern shape. (The demo only allows use of standard values, which can be
selected in the field estimates.)

Commercial Features 49
8.4 Confidence Plots and Benchmark Vessels

One of the options in the Resistance and Propulsion multi-line graphs is a [Confidence] plot. These
plots help you evaluate the fidelity of your prediction by displaying a "potential minimum" or "best
possible" drag for vessels of an appropriate type. An addition to the Propulsion [Confidence] plot is
the ability to include points for up to five Benchmark vessels. This feature allows entry of basic data
(length, displacement, speed, power), from which NavCad scales equivalent values for the project
ship. These benchmark points will therefore provide compatible system-level comparisons to known
ships.
Confidence plots
These plots display the predicted RBARE (for Resistance) or PBTOTAL (for Propulsion) versus
Speed. Lines of anticipated lower limits are added to provide end-user guidance. In other words, it
would be unexpected to have a vessel with a drag or power prediction that would be lower than the
plotted confidence lines. In these examples, the plots are showing a "best possible drag" line for
high-speed round-bilge displacement hulls (HSRBDH Min) and a "best power" line for round-bilge
monohulls (RB monohull). The plots suggest that the example prediction may be a bit too optimistic,
and the use of a resistance margin would increase the predictions.
An additional option is the Efficiency confidence plot. This compares the prediction of propeller
efficiency against the calculated Ideal efficiency and an estimate of the "best reasonable" state-of-
the-art efficiency.

Benchmark vessels
An addition to the Propulsion [Confidence] plot is the ability to include points for up to five
Benchmark vessels. (See the Propulsion confidence plot above.)This feature allows entry of basic
data (length, displacement, speed, power), which which NavCad scales equivalent values for the
project ship. These benchmark points will therefore provide compatible system-level comparisons to
known ships.
8.5 Drag Reduction

In the full NavCad, once hull data has been entered and a resistance prediction built, you can use
the supplemental Drag reduction calculation to evaluate how a change in a hull parameter can
reduce drag. You can define Primary and Secondary speeds of operation, and NavCad evaluates
and ranks the influence on drag for significant data items (e.g., length, beam, LCB).
The change that would lead to a reduction in drag is indicated (e.g., Increase [+]) and is ranked
by the influence of change in drag versus the change in the parameter. Significant parameters
are shown in blue.
When Speed and Time at speed are entered for both Primary and Secondary operation, the
analysis evaluates a weighted influence of the parameter. More than just a time-weighted
influence, the analysis includes the basis bare-hull resistance at each speed to derive a Total
energy weighted influence. In other words, since resistance at top speed can be substantially
more than at lower speeds, it should (and does) have greater significance in the analysis.
8.6 Dynamic Stability

Beyond the steady-state equilibrium of forces and moments that are evaluated for planing hull,
the full commercial versions of NavCad provides a basic assessment of dynamic stability. This
is only pertinent to planing hulls, and deals with both longitudinal (porpoising) and transverse
(roll) stability.
NavCad provides a prediction of the likelihood of longitudinal dynamic instability (more

commonly known as "porpoising"). Porpoising is a complex coupling of heave and pitch that are

dependent on a variety of hull properties, such as loading, speed and LCG position. Three
different evaluation algorithms are evaluated in NavCad.
The prediction of transverse (roll) stability is based on a comparison of VCG to a virtual

"metacenter". This is a simplified "uncoupled" check (i.e., without effect of appendages or
coupled yaw), and is therefore likely to be conservative.
NavCad evaluates the criteria and presents the likelihood of dynamic stability as Stable (no
instability is indicated), Uncertain ! (instability is potentially indicated), or Unstable !! (instability
is clearly indicated). Where multiple methods are available, a Summary is shown.
8.7 Dynamic Trim

While the Planing hull analysis in NavCad incorporates an equilibrium-trim analysis that
explicitly identifies the dynamic operating trim at each speed, certain non-planing hull types (i.e.,
transom-stern "semi-displacement" forms) also will trim at higher speeds. The Dynamic trim
supplemental calculation provides predictions for dynamic trim.
In the full commercial version of NavCad, there are two prediction methods available for the
prediction of dynamic trim for ITTC-78 (CT) hulls, and one additional method for Planing hulls.
8.8 Effect of Initial Trim

In an effort to reduce fuel consumption, ship operators are often interested in the effect of initial trim
on the performance of the vessel. This supplemental tool, available in the full NavCad, will provide a
rudimentary assessment of the effect of initial trim on bare-hull resistance. It is only available for
ITTC-78 (CT) analysis.
Once hull data has been entered and a resistance prediction built, you can use the supplemental
Effect of initial trim calculation to evaluate how much change in bare-hull resistance can be
achieved for a constant displacement with different amounts of trim. A trim range of +/- 20% draft is
presented. (Positive trim is by the stern.) You can define Primary and Secondary speeds of
operation, and NavCad evaluates a Total energy weighted average of two speeds.
8.9 Hydroacoustic Analysis

Many ships operate with a highly-variable propeller wake field caused by appendages, skegs,
and narrow blade tip clearance to the hull. This can result in high impulse pressures and blade
tip vortices as the propeller blades pass through regions of changing water velocity. This is
particularly significant when the blade tip is nearest the hull, where these impulses and the tip
vortex can be causes of noise and vibration. The commercial version of NavCad offers some
simple hydroacoustic analyses that can be used to evaluate the potential for noise and vibration.
Multiple parametric analyses are employed to assess the hydroacoustic properties. First, direct

numerical calculation is made for blade pass frequency, propeller tip speed, and cavitation
number at the tip. Tip speed is checked and compared to standard criteria.
Two methods are available to estimate cavitating and non-cavitating blade impulse pressures.
Criteria for acceptable levels of blade impulse pressure will vary by application and hull
geometry (e.g., deck height above the stern aperture), but NavCad compares the predictions to
recommended ranges.
The pressure associated with the volume of the tip vortex can also be a source of noise and
vibration. An engineering analysis of both tip vortex acoustic pressure and predicted noise
levels at the hull nearest the blade tip is based on a "Tip Vortex Index". There are no criteria for
minimum levels of these indicators.
8.10 Oblique Flow Correction

Propeller performance is typically evaluated from model tests. Tests of individual propeller
models are used to determine the thrust and torque performance for a particular application,
and the multiple tests of a propeller "series" are the basis for prediction charts and formula (e.g.,
B Series). One characteristic of virtually all propeller model tests is that the water flow is axial (i.
e., in line with the propeller axis). Axial flow is suitable for laboratory tests, but it does not
necessarily correspond to real "behind-the-ship" applications. In fact, true axial flow is rare.
Non-axial flow – commonly known as oblique flow (or inclined flow) – can greatly influence
propeller performance when the angle of the oblique flow is high. What is considered high? That
depends on the application, but one would expect to see measurable effects above 5 degrees
of shaft angle and significant effects at 10 degrees or more.
NavCad's oblique flow analysis includes consideration of:
Shaft angle (and its cosine effects against horizontal)

Added rise of run (for the additional increase in inflow angle to the propeller
Inflow angle effects (for variations of "effective pitch" against the water flow as the propeller
rotates)
Suitable corrections for ducted propellers

8.11 Planing Station Estimate

The planing station estimate utility in the full version of NavCad allows you to enter station
offsets of the planing bottom for the two representative planing stations (Aft and Fwd). Offsets
are entered from centerline to the maximum chine (where separation is expected to occur). The
utility will then calculate the proper chine beam and height below waterline, as well as an
effective deadrise.
The plot shows the station offsets (red), effective deadrise (green), and the waterline position at
the station (blue).
8.12 Propeller Cup

A widely used technique to alter propeller performance is with propeller “cup” – a curvature
applied to the trailing edge of a propeller blade. Propeller cup is simply the deformation of a
propeller’s trailing edge toward the pressure face (see the figure below). Providing a measure of
camber to the blade, it changes the pressure distribution along the blade’s chord length –
adding lift toward the trailing edge, thus allowing greater cavitation margin with increasing thrust
loading.
A propeller with cup acts like an uncupped propeller with a higher pitch. By describing the
amount of cup "drop" (dimension X above), NavCad’s cupping performance model can predict
the change in thrust and power, as well as appropriate cavitation levels.
Note: NavCad's current cupping prediction model is based on a re-analysis of the original work
(plus new supplemental data). This provides increased KT and KQ prediction accuracy, as well
as improvements in the prediction of cavitation breakdown.
8.13 Propeller KTKQ Corrections

Propellers do not always exactly match the tested propeller series. For example, the propeller's
overall size may be different from the tested model, it may be thicker or of a different foil shape,
or it may have edges that are not as smooth, for example. NavCad allows the user to make a
number of correction to the prediction of KT and KQ to reflect these differences.

Scale correction
An often overlooked correction necessary for a true reflection of full-scale performance is scale
correction. When a propeller is tested at a particular size (say, 250 mm or 10 in), the results of
the test include the influence of the water's viscosity. As a propeller's is increased (perhaps by
as much as 20-30 times), the change in the effect of viscosity is not consistent with the
proportional change in the size of the propeller. The KT and KQ charts and equations are usually
presented for one particular value of RN that represents a nominal model-scale propeller. These
nominal KT and KQ values are generally adequate "as is" for small craft propellers in slow and
moderate speed operation. As vessel speed, propeller RPM or diameter increases, however,
the effect of scale is much more pronounced. Thus, scale correction is an important
consideration for proper performance prediction.
KT & KQ multipliers (thrust and power factors)

A designer should try to choose the series that most closely resembles the propeller under
consideration. It is very possible, however, that none of the series will exactly match the given
propeller. Most propellers are different in some small manner or another from these series. For
example, the edges of smaller commercially available propellers do not have the precise "knife-
edge" found on the tested models. Also, the root of the blades at the hub and the blades
themselves may be heavier on certain propeller models.
The most precise method to consider these differences is with the Aligned series or KTKQ data
propulsor type options. In many circumstances, however, a reference propeller is not available.
So, thrust and power multipliers can be applied to the prediction of KT and KQ (and in turn to the
propeller's efficiency) to account for common differences. Finding appropriate values of the
factors may require information from the manufacturer about how their propeller's performance
compares to standard series.
Geometric corrections
NavCad includes two additional corrections for any differences in thickness/chord (t/c) ratio and
blade roughness from the series standards.
Cavitation breakdown
The model propellers of the open-wheel series were tested in both non-cavitating and cavitating
modes. This allows for the effect of excessive cavitation on KT, KQ and efficiency to be
evaluated. The methods used to find the breakdown of thrust and torque are different for each
series:
B Series – based on limiting thrust load and torque load coefficient lines.
Gawn AEW and Gawn KCA – a relationship was developed by HydroComp based on a
re-analysis of the Gawn KCA data using cavitation and loading coefficients.
Kaplan 19A – a modified version of the above cavitation breakdown for use with Kaplan
KA propellers in the 19A nozzle.
8.14 Propeller Sizing By Thrust

NavCad allows a user to select propeller parameters to meet either of two principal design load
options – referred to as "identities" by propeller designers. These design load identities are "By
power" or "By thrust" (or its variant "By total drag"). The demo only allows sizing "By power".
By power. This option is typically used only when the operational thrust is not well defined,
such as if total resistance is questionable or if the vessel's operational thrust demand varies

greatly. For example, Towing or Fixed engine RPM analyses are heavily influenced by the
maximum installed engine power (such as you would see with a harbor tug pushing a tanker,
or during a bollard test), so you would typically always size By power.
By thrust. Free run applications would be considered differently. Early in the design process
– before an engine model is selected – you generally are interested in finding a propeller to
match the hull's resistance demand, so you would size a propeller By thrust. Given your
defined maximum diameter, the propeller will then be optimized for a proper thrust
requirement, and you can see the corresponding required power and optimum RPM to help
select your engine and gear ratio. (Remember to consider your service margins throughout
this process.)
By total drag. A convenient variant of sizing By thrust is to size By total drag, where the
required thrust for the sizing is automatically calculated from the predicted total resistance
and thrust deduction.
8.15 Propulsor Options

The NavCad demo only supports a 4-bladed fixed-pitch B Series propeller 0.55 blade area ratio
as the propulsor option. The commercial version of NavCad also provides for use of waterjets
and propeller test data.
Propeller types
The NavCad demo supports only a Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP). These propellers have a blade
that is rigidly fixed to its hub. Other options found in NavCad include Controllable Pitch
Propellers (CPP) and Contra-Rotating Propellers (CRP).
Propeller series
While the B Series open-wheel propeller series is only supported in the demo, there are nine
other series available in NavCad – three open-wheel series, five ducted propeller series, one
surface-piercing series, and one cycloidal propeller method. The three open-wheel propeller
series are the B Series, Gawn AEW and Gawn KCA. For ducted propellers, NavCad includes
Kaplan propellers in the 19A, 33 and 37 nozzles in both KA and KC variants. The SP Series is
for surface-piercing propellers and the Cycloidal is used for the "Voith-Schneider" type cycloidal
propellers.
Aligned series
A propeller Aligned series prediction correlates a series prediction to the entered KT/KQ data of
the reference propeller. This allows you to alter the series' prediction based on the performance
of the propeller model. The resulting KT/KQ figures reflect the qualitative "shape" of the
underlying series, with a quantitative correction derived from the propeller model.
KTKQ data
Rather than using a Series or Aligned series to calculate the performance of a propeller, you
can directly point to a reference propeller's known KT/KQ data. Where a propeller series uses a
systematic collection of KT/KQ tests to make up a performance prediction algorithm, the KTKQ
data option points directly to the actual tested performance of a single reference propeller.
NavCad allows scaling of the propeller by diameter, but number of blades, pitch/diameter ratio,
and blade area ratio are constrained to that of the reference propeller.
Waterjets
In addition to propellers, propulsion analysis calculations in NavCad can be performed with

waterjets. Unlike propellers, however, waterjet characteristics are stored in HydroComp

Common Waterjet Object (*.wjet) files, as well as directly within each NavCad project file. By
entering or importing data for a waterjet model and at least one of the impellers for the model,
the calculations with a waterjet are virtually identical to those with a conventional propeller.
Given a waterjet model, an impeller choice, vessel speed and shaft RPM, the information stored
for the waterjet is used to calculate thrust and power.
8.16 Propulsor Type for Planing

HydroComp has developed an estimate for the effect of propulsor lift on equilibrium planing
drag for different propulsor types – conventional Propeller, surface-piercing propeller (SPP),
Waterjet, and Horizontal tow (to mimic a typical towing test). Propulsor lift force has traditionally
been omitted in the equilibrium analysis of planing, since there had been no prediction methods
available and the magnitudes are typically small. Also, the small reduction in hull-borne lift and
corresponding reduction in drag found with a propulsor lift component is typically offset by an
increase in drag due to a flattening of trim.
Note: The "horizontal tow" option sets the thrust vector to account for the dynamic trim (i.e.,
shaft angle is set to negative trim) to remain horizontal at all speeds. This option is useful when
validating model tests, and would typically not be used for a full-scale hull.
8.17 Shallow Water Sinkage and Trim

Shallow water contributes to a variety of hydrodynamic effects. In addition to an increase in
vessel drag, there is also a corresponding sinkage and trimming of the hull (also known as
squat). In the full commercial version of NavCad, two methods are available for the prediction of
sinkage and trim due to squat effects.
8.18 Sizing Gear Ratio and BAR

While the calculation of the optimum propeller parameters is conducted using a Numerical sizing
methodology, there are practical considerations – beyond any numerical calculation – that should
be evaluated for the four parameters of Gear ratio, Expanded area ratio, Propeller diameter, and
Propeller mean pitch. The sizing process also benefits from the order of parameter optimization,
and it is recommended to follow the hierarchy listed below.

While not actually a propeller parameter, finding the optimum gear ratio (actually the solution of
optimum shaft RPM) is typically the first – and perhaps most important – part of a successful
propeller installation. The solution for optimum shaft RPM must be made in conjunction with a
Maximum propeller diameter. The largest diameter and the lowest shaft RPM typically produces the
greatest theoretical efficiency. However, the RPM can only be effectively lowered (and optimum
diameter increased) until the maximum allowable diameter is reached.
Small changes in expanded blade area ratio do not greatly affect theoretical performance, but the
clear trend is that less blade area increases efficiency. Cavitation limits are imposed on the solution
of optimum Expanded area ratio.
8.19 Spray Drag

An option to the prediction of resistance is for the addition of spray drag. The commercial
version of NavCad supports added spray drag for both ITTC-78 (CT) methods as well as
Planing methods.
For ITTC-78 (CT) methods, HydroComp has developed a prediction method for the added drag
due to spray in NavCad based on model tests using CVOL and B/T as the independent
variables. Spray drag is only significant above FN=1. For planing hulls, a method was
implemented that determines the area of the stagnation "whisker spray" along with a proper
prediction for the frictional resistance coefficient of the spray.
8.20 Submarine/SWATH
Prediction of resistance and hull-propulsor coefficients can be conducted with NavCad as a special
calculation using the Defined prediction technique. The resistance prediction methodology is based
on typical ITTC-78 (CT) approach, with residuary and viscous resistance. Prediction of the hull-
propulsor interaction coefficients are also available.
The definition of the submerged hulls of submarines and SWATH vessels in NavCad is a treatment
of traditional parametric descriptions of "body-of-revolution" submarine hulls. The traditional
parametric data has been expanded to provide for non-cylindrical sections, as well as increased
detail of nose geometry. It also includes definition of single strut geometry suitable for SWATH
vessels.
8.21 Synchronous Pitching

Pitching is the bow up-and-down motion that a ship exhibits when moving into seas. One of the
more severe conditions that a ship might encounter is pitching when traveling into regular heads
seas. Given the right combination of ship-to-wavelength ratio and speed (or period of
encounter), a ship can develop a very dangerous resonance called Synchronous pitching.
Two levels of synchronous pitching are evaluated – Severe or Moderate. NavCad evaluates the
criteria and presents the likelihood of synchronous pitching as Unlikely (no synchronous
pitching is indicated), Possible ! (synchronous pitching is potentially indicated), or Likely !!

(synchronous pitching is clearly indicated).
8.22 Tunnel Thruster Sizing

The Tunnel thruster sizing utility is a tool to size and analyze bow and stern tunnel thruster
geometry, as well as the thruster's propeller. It is for a conventional transverse cylindrical tunnel
using a typical right-angle gear with a 4-bladed fixed-pitch propeller (FPP) of a Kaplan shape.
There are two principal calculation modules in the utility – sizing the tunnel (diameter vs. power
vs. thrust) and sizing the propeller (gear ratio, EAR, and pitch).
The utility allows the initial sizing of proper tunnel diameter, input power, or maximum net thrust
(given one of the three variables). The propeller sizing feature uses the general sizing
calculation functions from NavCad. The fundamental propeller KT and KQ performance is based
on 4-bladed Kaplan style propellers in axial cylinders with a correction to properly model fully
symmetric sections.
Note: Flow curvature into (and out of) the tunnel creates a useful thrust component, much in the
same way that a nozzle contributes thrust to a ducted propeller unit. Therefore, the total net
thrust is the sum of the thrust of the propeller plus the added thrust from the tunnel. The tunnel's
contribution is based on nozzle contribution methodology developed for the HydroComp
PropElements® detail propeller design software, where the a prediction of the tunnel thrust
contribution is a function of propeller loading, tunnel inlet radius, tunnel length, propeller hub
size, and tip gap (between the propeller and tunnel wall).
8.23 Vessel Prediction Methods

The NavCad demo only supports the Holtrop ITTC-78 (CT) prediction methods for resistance
and hull-propulsor interaction coefficients.
Other prediction methods available in the commercial version include:
Andersen Single and twin-screw cargo ships
Blount-Fox Twin-screw planing hulls
BSRA Series Single-screw, cruiser stern cargo ships
DeGroot HC Transom-stern, hard-chine craft

DeGroot RB Transom-stern, round-bilge craft
Delft Series (1) Deep-keel sailing yachts
Delft Series (1/2) Deep-keel sailing yachts
Delft Series (1/2/3) Deep-keel sailing yachts
Delft Series (2) Light displacement, deep-keel sailing yachts
Delft Series (2/3) Light displacement, deep-keel sailing yachts
Denny General use
Doust Trawler Trawlers and work boats
Fung (CRTS) Transom-stern, round-bilge vessels
Fung (HSTS) Transom-stern, round-bilge vessels
Hamburg EWB Series Low-speed, "extremely wide beam", low L/B ships
Holtrop Commercial and naval vessels, Single and twin-screw
Jin (1980) Transom-stern, round-bilge vessels
Jin (1988) Transom-stern, round-bilge vessels
Kostov Full form, single-screw ships
Lahtiharju (HC) Transom-stern, hard-chine vessels
Lahtiharju (RB) Transom-stern, round-bilge vessels
MARAD Full form, single-screw ships
Mercier Transom-stern, round-bilge and hard-chine craft
NPL Series High-speed, transom-stern, round-bilge semi-displacement hulls
NTUA Series Transom-stern, double-chine craft, semi-displacement craft
Oortmerssen Single-screw small ships, tugs, trawlers
Roach Tugboats
Savitsky Prismatic, constant deadrise planing hulls
Series 60 Single-screw, cruiser stern cargo ships
Series 62 High deadrise, transom-stern planing hulls
Series 65B High deadrise, transom-stern planing hulls
Simple Planing Any planing hull
Simple Sailboat Auxiliary-powered single-screw sailboats.

Simple Ship Any displacement hull
Simple Towboat River barge train towboats
Simple Waterjet Any displacement hull
SSPA Cargo Series Single-screw, cruiser stern cargo ships
Swift Full form, single-screw ships
UBC Series Low L/B, heavy displacement fishing vessels
USNA YP Series (HC) Transom-stern, patrol craft
USNA YP Series (RB) Transom-stern, patrol craft
Webb Cargo Ship Single-screw ocean and coastwise cargo vessels, bulkers, tankers
Webb Small Ship Tugs, trawlers, lighters, small ships
Webb Twin-Screw Twin-screw ocean-going cargo vessels and cruise liners

61
Part
IX
The NavCad User's Guide

9 The NavCad User's Guide

The User's Guide for the full commercial version of NavCad is a thorough instruction manual for
NavCad operation. It is also a comprehensive resource on various hydrodynamic topics. An
extensive Guide to NavCad Operation is followed by technical background for the calculations and
chapters containing detailed insight into individual prediction methods.

The NavCad User's Guide 63

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