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Paper 0686
Young Zaidey YANG GHAZALI Mohd Aizam TALIB Hannah AHMAD ROSLI
Tenaga Nasional Berhad – Malaysia TNB Research Sdn. Bhd. – Malaysia Tenaga Nasional Berhad - Malaysia
young@tnb.com.my mohdaizam@tnbr.com.my hannaha@tnb.com.my
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND
With the restructuring of the electricity sector into profit Condition assessment program on power transformers in
oriented business entity, condition based maintenance TNB distribution system involved 707 units of in-service oil
(CBM) strategies are now gaining importance. The main immersed 3-phase free breathing power transformers with
goal is to reach a cost effective solution through effective on-load tap changer (OLTC). The voltage and capacity
asset management. In the case for power transformers, an rating of the transformers and the age distribution are shown
effective CBM program is crucial as more transformers in Table 1 and Fig. 1 respectively. The program applied a
have reached their service life. Diagnostic techniques able CBM methodology proposed by CIGRE Transformer
to reveal their degradation state are a prerequisite to an Committee (SC 12) [2]. The three main stages of the
effective transformer life management program [1]. program involved 1) transformer population screening
Diagnostic techniques such as Oil Quality Analysis (OQA), through assessment of the insulating oil, physical, thermal
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) and Furfural Analysis and operating performance, 2) electrical diagnosis on few
(FFA) are widely used to assess the insulation condition of transformers from the fleet which could not definitively be
transformers. The Degree of Polymerization (DP) classified as normal, and 3) evaluation on the remaining life
measurement is also applied to predict the end-of-life of and ranking of the transformers to provide asset
transformers. However, direct DP measurement is not management direction and engineering solutions.
always possible and diagnostic testing on insulating oil only
provides partial information about condition of the CBM DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
transformers.
The selection on the diagnostic techniques adopted for the
CBM program used a Failure Mode Effect and Criticality
Various basic to more advanced on-site electrical diagnostic
Analysis (FMECA) and is discussed elsewhere [3]. These
techniques are also available. The combination of chemical
techniques are divided into three practical levels or tiers as
and electrical diagnostic testing can provide a better
described below. Even though various diagnostic techniques
assessment on the condition of the transformers. Any fault
are available, the ones selected were also subjected to
in the transformer core, winding and tap changer for
availability of the instruments and financial constraint.
example, can be diagnosed by excitation current, turns
ratios, winding resistance and insulation resistance
Paper 0686
Table 1: Voltage and capacity ratings of power transformers oil or FFA was performed. By measuring the quantity and
Voltage Capacity No. of Units types of furans present in a transformer oil sample, the
30 MVA 474 insulation’s overall DP and remaining life estimation can
33/11 kV 15 MVA 138 also be inferred with a high degree of confidence since it is
7.5 MVA 23 not practical to obtain a paper sample from de-energized
22/11 kV 12.5 MVA 24
12.5 MVA 39 distribution power transformers [7].
7.5 MVA 3
22/6.6 kV
5 MVA 3 Inspection on Physical Conditions and Operating
3.5 MVA 2 Performance
11/6.6 kV 3 MVA 1
Transformer life is affected by electrical loading profiles
and thermal effect. Other factors such as mechanical
299
300
damage, corrosion, oil leaks also have strong effects. In
addition, the transformer maintenance and performance
250 historical records such as OLTC maintenance records and
No. of Transformers
200
records of transformer internal and external tripping are also
essential in assessing the condition of the transformers.
150
117
100 91 Thermography
60 62 Infrared thermography is a technique that can provide the
50
42
16 11
first indication of thermal problems due to overheating of
7 2
0
conductor or between bad contacts. Infrared scanning is
≤5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 ≥ 46 applied on the external components such as tanks, bushings,
Age (Year)
radiators and cooling systems. The hotspot temperature
Fig. 1: Age distribution of distribution power transformers difference was used as main criterion for the assessment.
Paper 0686
phases on the outer limbs of a 3-legged core, higher than the Index Frequency of
Tier 1 Tests
phase on the center limb. Test results of the two higher Poor/Very Poor
Poor/Very Poor
determining the presence or absence of harmful
Reduce Loading and prepare
contamination, degradation as well as failure of the for major repair, upgrade or
insulation. Since insulation varies inversely with replacement/relocation
Tier 3 Diagnostic Techniques Fig. 2: CBM workflow for in-service power transformers
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final THI, the transformer condition were ranked as Fig. 3 shows that, as the transformer aged, the condition of
“Good”, “Fair”, “Poor” and “Very Poor”. The conditions of the transformers deteriorated. However, a number of in-
the transformers according to age and the entire population service transformers aged 5 years and below, were also
are illustrated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. diagnosed as in “Poor” conditions. Most of these
transformers were found to have considerably high
Table 3: Transformer health index calculation concentration of gases that relate to overheating. On the
TIER 1
contrary, most common problem found for transformers
Amplified Total aged above 30 years were paper degradation and
Condition Indicator
Weighting Ranking ranking Ranking deterioration in physical conditions. Based on the problems
factor number Score found from the assessment, the corrective actions that were
(a) (b) (c) (d)
DGA 1.2 3,2,1,0 20,12,-18, -20 (a) x (c)
recommended and carried out are as shown in Fig. 5.
OQA 1.2 3,2,1,0 20,12,-18, -20 (a) x (c)
133
FFA 1.2 3,2,1,0 20,12,-18, -20 (a) x (c) 140
No. of Cases
Tier 1 THI (Sum of individual ranking score) THI 1 80 66
Subtract % estimated life used above 100% (-10,-15,-20,-30) A
Final Tier 1 Transformer Health Index THI 1-A 60
1
19 4
entire transformer population. THI has become a tool not
60% 53
9 4
3 only in determining the correct remedial actions but also in
21
12 prioritizing the most appropriate engineering solutions.
40%
43
75
152 47
2
1
REFERENCES
5 7 5
20% 25
[1] M. Wang, A.J Vandermaar, K.D Srivastava, 2002, “Review of
7 1 Condition Assessment of Power Transformers in Service”, IEEE
0% Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 6
≤5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 ≥ 46 [2] CIGRE W.G 12.18 “Life Management Techniques for Power
Age (Year) Transformers”, CIGRE SC 12
[3] Y.Z Yang Ghazali, M.A Talib, H.A Rosli, 2008, “Condition
Good Fair Poor Very Poor
Assessment of Power Transformers in TNB Distribution System and
Fig. 3: Transformer health index according to age Determination of Transformer Condition Index” CEPSI
[4] IEEE Std. C57.104, 1991, “IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of
Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers”
Very Poor (33) [5] IEC 60599:1999, “Guide to The Interpretation of Dissolved and Free
5%
Poor (206) Gases Analysis”, 2nd Ed.
29% Good (349) [6] IEC 60422:2005, “Mineral Insulating Oil in Electrical Equipment –
49% Supervision and Maintenance Guidance”, 3rd Ed.
[7] R.D Stebbins, D.S Myres, A.B Shkolnik, 2003, “Furanic
Compounds in Dielectric Liquid Samples: Review & Update of
Diagnostic Interpretation & Estimation of Insulation Ageing”, IEEE
Proceeding on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials
Fair (119)
17% [8] M. Horning, J. Kelly, S. Myers, 2001, ”Transformer Maintenance
Guide”, 2nd Ed.
Fig. 4: Condition of transformers population based on THI