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2, APRIL 2001
I. INTRODUCTION
Fig. 2. Core flux showing worst energization case for this residual condition. Fig. 3. Optimal energization of a single phase transformer is shown. Optimal
energization points exist at times (1) and alternate optimal time (2).
Fig. 6. Flux-current core characteristic showing how the effective inductance of the B and C phase windings depend upon the residual flux and the trajectory
around the hysteresis loop. After phase A is energized, the dynamic flux in the other two phases results in an inductance difference causing rapid core flux
equalization.
Fig. 7. Prospective and dynamic core flux for a three phase transformer with Fig. 8. Laboratory test showing delayed closing strategy on a transformer with
residual flux. a three-legged core and a delta-connected winding.
that the closing of the last two phases is delayed a few cycles, A. Rapid Closing Strategy
residual flux can be ignored on these two phases. This is referred This strategy closes one phase first and the remaining two
to as the “delayed closing strategy.” This strategy is demon- phases within a quarter cycle. It requires knowledge of the
strated in the test energization of a laboratory transformer in residual flux in all three phases, independent pole breaker
Fig. 8. control, and a model of the transformers transient performance
(no studies were run to compare transient performance of
VIII. CONCLUSION different transformer designs to determine error from assuming
In most three-phase transformers it is possible to use residual a standard model).
flux measurements and controlled closing to eliminate trans-
former inrush transients. Three strategies have been proposed B. Delayed Closing Strategy
for controlled energization of multi-phases transformers. This strategy closes one phase first and the remaining two
For all three strategies, closing each winding when the phases after 2–3 cycles. It requires knowledge of the residual
prospective and dynamic core fluxes are equal results in an op- flux in one phase only, independent pole breaker control, but
timal energization, without core saturation or inrush transients. does not require any transformer parametric data.
280 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 2, APRIL 2001
C. Simultaneous Closing Strategy [5] R. Holmgren, R. S. Jenkins, and J. Riubrugent, “Transformer inrush cur-
rent,” in CIGRE Paris, Paris, 1968, CIGRE paper 12-03, pp. 1–13.
This strategy closes all three phases together at an optimum
point for the residual flux pattern. It does not require indepen-
dent pole breaker control, but requires knowledge of the residual
flux in all three phases and that the residual flux magnitudes in John H. Brunke received the Bachelor of Science and Master of Science de-
two phases are high and follow the most traditional residual flux grees from Portland State University in Portland, OR, and the degree of Doctor
of Technical Science from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich,
pattern. Switzerland. He is a past Chairman of the IEEE Switchgear Committee, a past
Part II of this paper will further investigate the selection of United States Representative to CIGRE Study Committee 13 (Switching Equip-
the appropriate strategy and discuss practical aspects such as ment). He is presently the Chairman of CIGRE Study Committee 13. Employed
by the Bonneville Power Administration since 1975, he has held various posi-
breaker closing errors. tions involved with the testing and application of high voltage equipment. He
presently heads up the high voltage equipment engineering group. Dr. Brunke is
REFERENCES a Fellow of the IEEE and a Distinguished Member of CIGRE. He is a registered
Professional Engineer in the State of Oregon.
[1] G. Moraw et al., “Point-on-wave controlled switching of high voltage
circuit-breakers,” in CIGRE, Aug. 28–Sept. 3 l988, CIGRE paper 13-02,
pp. 1–6.
[2] J. H. Brunke, “Elimination of transient inrush currents when energizing
unloaded power transformers,” Doctoral Dissertation no. 12 791, ETH Klaus Fröhlich was born in 1945 in Salzburg, Austria. He received the Master
Zurich, 1998. of Electrical Engineering and Ph.D. degrees in technical science from the Vi-
[3] EMTP, Electro-Magnetic Transient Program, Rule Book, Re- enna University of Technology, Austria. After 11 years in Switchgear and High
vised. Portland, OR: Bonneville Power Administration, Sept. 1980, Voltage Technology with BBC (later ABB) in Switzerland he became a Full
pp. 227–339. Professor at the Vienna University of Technology in 1990. Since 1997, he has
[4] E. Colombo and G. Santagostino, “Results of the inquiries on actual net- been a Full Professor of High Voltage Technology at the Swiss Federal Institute
work conditions when switching magnetizing and small inductive and on of Technology Zürich, Switzerland. K. Fröhlich is a Senior Member of IEEE, a
transformer and shunt reactor saturation characteristics,” Electra, no. 94, member of CIGRE Study Committee 13, and the convener of CIGRE Working
pp. 35–53, May 1984. Group 13.07 (Controlled Switching).