Effects of alcohol on health:

Parts of the body Effects

Brain

Lungs

Liver

Bladder

Eyes

Mouth

Heart

Stomach

Kidneys

Feet

4.3 Fats and Their effects on health

 Fats  Organic compounds made up of _______________, _____________ and ______________.

 Two types of fats:
a)
b)

Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats

Types of bond

Sources

State at room temperature

Melting point

Cholesterol content

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 4.4 THE OIL PALM AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Parts of oil palm:

 The oil palm fruit produces two types of oils:

(i) Palm oil
- Extracted from _______________
- Most of the oil from the oil palm fruit is obtained from its __________________
(ii) Palm kernel oil
- Extracted from the ______________

 Examples of palm oil products:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

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 Process of palm oil extraction

Bunches of oil palm fruit

- Steam is used to kill microorganisms in the bunches of oil palm fruit

- The oil palm fruits are removed from the bunches

• Digestion
• - The oil palm fruits are digested, crushed and pounded at
- Steam is used to kill microorganisms in the bunches of oil palm fruit
high temperatures

- Palm oil is pressed hydraulically from the mesocarp of the oil palm fruits

Palm oil purification Palm kernel oil extraction

• Solid impurities are filtered from the
• The kernel are ground into small particles followed
crude palm oil
by _____________ and ______________ to extract
• ___________is passed through filtered
4.6 Natural Polymers the oil
palm oil to remove its ____________.
• The colour of the odourless palm oil is • - The crude palm kernel oil is _______________.

removed using________________.

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 4.6 POLYMER

 A polymer is a compound made up of a very __________ chained molecule formed by

many __________ molecules joined together in a long chain.
 The small molecules are called _______________.
 Two types of polymers are:
a)
b)

Polymer Monomer
Starch
Protein
Rubber
Polythene

Polymerisation and depolymerisation

• _______________________ is the process of joining many small molecules (monomers )

together in long chain to form very large molecules (polymers)
• _______________________ is the process of splitting a polymer into its monomers.

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Natural polymers and synthetic polymers
• Natural polymers are polymers that are obtained from ____________ or ____________.
• Examples :
• Synthetic polymers are ___________________ polymers.
Examples :

Type of polymer Example Monomer

Natural polymer Carbohydrate
Cellulose
Starch
Natural rubber
Protein
Synthetic polymer Neoprene or synthetic rubber
Nylon 66
Perspex
Polystyrene
Polyvinyl chloride
Polythene

Natural Rubber

• Natural rubber is a type of natural polymer consisting of long chains of monomers.

• It is obtained from a milky secretion known as ___________.
• Characteristics of natural rubber
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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 The action of acids on latex

• Latex consists of long chains of molecules covered with a layer of protein that is
_______________ charged.
• The negatively charged molecules will _________ each other.
• This will prevent the rubber molecules from _____________________.
• When an acid such as ethanoic acid or formic acid added, _________________ will occur.
• How?
• The positive charged ________________ ions of the acid will neutralise the
negative charges of the layer of ________________.
• These neutralised latex compounds will knock into one another to break open
their layer of protein then join together to form __________________.

The action of ammonia on latex

• Latex can also coagulate without the addition of an acid but by the action of ____________ in the
latex.
• When _______________ is added, the coagulation is prevented.

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Vulcanisation of rubber

• Vulcanisation- process of heating __________ and _______________ together to produce

_______________ rubber.

Uses of vulcanised rubber



Characteristics of vulcanised rubber

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