Djebbar Tiab

by

School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering

The University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
 Djebbar TIAB, Ph.D.

Professor, School of Petroleum & Geological Engineering, the

University of Oklahoma

Director, the University of Oklahoma Graduate Program in Petroleum

Engineering in Algeria

Dr. Tiab is the Senior Professor of Petroleum Engineering at the University of

Oklahoma. He received his B.Sc. (May 1974) and M.Sc. (May 1975) degrees
from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, and Ph.D. degree
(July 1976) from the University of Oklahoma - all in Petroleum Engineering,
with a minor in mathematics. He is also the Director of "The University of
Oklahoma Graduate Program in Petroleum Engineering in Algeria", which
started in July 1997 on the campus of the Algerian Petroleum Institute (lAP) in
Boumerdess, and is expected to last 8 years.

Before joining the University of Oklahoma in 1977, he worked as an assistant

professor at the New Mexico School of Mining and Technology, where he taught
drilling & well completion, production engineering, well logging and natural gas
engineering. At the University of Oklahoma, Dr. Tiab taught various petroleum
and general engineering courses including: oil reservoir engineering, natural gas
engineering, well test analysis, fluid mechanics, properties of reservoir fluids,
fluid flow through porous media, introduction to engineering, advanced reservoir
engineering, advanced natural gas engineering, petrophysics, advanced
petrophysics, and advances in pressure transient analysis.

Dr. Tiab was president of the consulting finn United Petroleum Technologies
Corporation (UPTEC) for fourteen years: 1980 - 1984 and 1990 - present. He
has consulted for a number of oil companies and offered training programs in
petroleum engineering in the USA and overseas. He worked for over two years
in the oil fields of Algeria for Alcore, S.A., an association of Sonatrach and Core
Laboratories. He has also worked and consulted for Core Laboratories and
Western Atlas in Houston, Texas, for four years (1989-1993) as a Senior
Reservoir Engineer Advisor.
As a researcher at the University of Oklahoma, Dr. Tiab received several
research grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF), United States
Department of Energy (DoE), U.S. Department of HEW, oil companies,
Oklahoma Mining and Mineral Resources Institute, EPSCoR and the Energy
Resources Institute. He is a member of the U.S. Research Council, SPE, Core
Analysis Society, Pi Epsilon Ta~ and American Men and Women of Science.
He served as a technical editor of various SPE journals. He is currently a
member of the SPE Pressure Analysis Transaction Committee.

Dr. Tiab is the author of over 100 journal and conference technical papers in the
area of pressure transient analysis, petrophysics, natural gas engineering,
reservoir characterization, reservoir engineering and injection processes. In 1975
(M.S. thesis) and 1976 (Ph.D. dissertation), Tiab introduced the pressure
derivative technique which revolutionized the interpretation of pressure
transient tests. He received several patents in the area of reservoir
characterization (identification of flow units). He is the senior author of the
textbook "PETROPHYSICS", published by Gulf Publishing Company, 1st
Edition in October 1996 and 2nd Edition in 2000. He is currently working on two
new books: "Advances in Pressure Transient Analysis" and "Advances in
Petrophysics. "

Dr. Tiab supervised 21 Ph.D. and 47 M.Sc. students at the University of

Oklahoma. He received the Outstanding Young Men of America Award (1983),
the SUN Award for Education Achievement (1984), Kerr-McGee Distinguished
Lecturer Award (1985), the College of Engineering Faculty Fellowship of
Excellence (1986), the Halliburton Lectureship Award (1987-89), Who's Who in
Engineering (1989) and the UNOCAL Centennial Professorship (1995-1998).

He also received the prestigious 1995 SPE Distinguished Achievement Award

for Petroleum Engineering Faculty. The citation read, "He is recognized for
his role in student development and his exceUence in classroom
instruction. He pioneered the pressure derivative technique of weU
testing and has contributed considerable understanding to petrophysics
and reservoir engineering through his research and writing. "

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 Table of contents

page

1.1
PART 1 - INTR ODUC TION

2.1
PART 2 - PHYS ICAL PROP ERTI ES OF GAS
2.2
2. 1 - PVT Diagr am
2.8
2. 2 - Equat ions Of State Or Gas Laws
2.19
2. 3 - Gas Devia tion Facto r Z
2.37
2. 4 - Corre lation s Of Z For Comp uter Progr ammi ng
2.42
2. 5 - Pseud ocritic al Prope rties For Gas Conde nsate
and Wet Gas
2.50
2. 6 - Comp ressib ility Of Gas (c g)
2.55
2. 7 - Viscosity Of Gases
2.68
2.8 - Forma tion Volum e Facto r
2.71
2. 9 - Specific Gravi ty Of Gas And Gas Conde nsate
Reserv oirs
2.80
2.10 - Vapor Pressu re
2.83
2.11 - Fluid Samp ling Techn iques
2.90
2.12 - Addit ional Exam ples
2A-1
APPE NDIX 2.A - Figure s and Table s

PART 3 - GAS RESE RVES

3.2
3.1 Volum etric metho ds
3.3
3.2 Volum etric reserv oirs
3.13
3.3 Mater ial balanc e metho d
3.41
3.4 Gas conde nsate reserv oirs
3.53
3.5 Nume rical applic ations
3A-1
APPE NDIX 3.A - Figure s and Table s
PART 4 - PRESSURE TRANSIENT TESTING OF GAS WELLS 4.1
4.1 Types And Purposes Of Pressure Transient Tests 4.2
4.2 Homogeneous Reservoir Model 4.2
4.3 Complications In Actual Tests 4.7
4.4 Fundamentals Of Pressure-Transient Testing 4.12
4.5 Non-Darcy Flow 4.17
4.6 Analysis Of Gas-Well Flow Tests 4.19
4.7 Analysis Of Gas Well - Buildup Tests 4.30
4.8 Gas Well Test Analysis Using P and P' 4.43
4.9 Numerical Applications 4.52
APPENDIX A - Figures and Tables IV.A-1
APPENDIX B - Fundamentals of Tiab's Direct Synthesis IV.B-1
APPENDIX C - Pseudo-Pressure Theory IV.C-1
APPENDIX D - Tiab's Direct Synthesis For Gas Wells IV.D-1

PART 5 - DELIVERABILITY TESTING OF GAS WELLS 5.1

5.1 Types And Purposes Of Deliverability Tests 5.1

5.2 Theory of deliverability test analysis 5.2
5.3 Stabilization time 5.10
5.4 Analysis od deliverability tests 5.12
5.5 Numerical applications 5.43
APPENDIX A - Figures and Tables 5.A-1
 PART!

Introduction
 1. INTRODUCTION

Note to students: These lecture notes are based on Chapters 1, 6, 7 and 10 of the SPE
Textbook Series Vol. 5, by J. Lee and R. A. Wattenberger. This book is used as a
required textbook for the course PE 4463 - Natural Gas Engineering, which I teach at the
University of Oklahoma. These notes are solely used to prepare transparencies for
classroom presentation, and not intended for commercial use.

Part 2 presents methods for estimating reservoir fluid properties required for gas-
reservoir-engineering calculations. First, PVT diagrams are used to define different types
of gas reservoirs such as (1) dry gas, (2) wet gas, and (3) gas-condensate reservoirs.
Then, the equations of state are presented, followed by a large number of correlations
used to determine physical properties of the gas. Fluid sampling techniques are finally
presented for each type of the gas reservoirs mentioned above.

Part 3 focuses on estimating original gas in place, gas reserves, and recovery factors for a
variety of reservoir drive mechanisms. The first section discusses volumetric methods, in-
cluding data requirements, calculation techniques, and limitations of the methods. This
first section includes equations for volumetric dry reservoirs, dry-gas reservoirs with
water influx, and volumetric wet-gas and gas-condensate reservoirs. Next, analysis
techniques based on material-balance concepts are discussed. An equation for a
volumetric gas reservoir is first derived in which gas expansion is the primary source of
energy. This equation is then modified to include other external and internal energy
sources (e.g., water influx, compressibility of connate water, and rock PV) and the effects
of water vaporization and hydrocarbon phase changes. Applications of both volumetric
and material-balance methods are illustrated with examples.
1.1
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