Fuel Intake System

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Fuel Intake System- Main Functions

 Provides air and fuel to engine;

 Mixes the air and fuel properly;
 Controls the speed and power;

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Fuel Injection in
S. I. Engines

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Carburetion
 The process of mixing proper amount of fuel with air
before admission to cylinder;
Factors Affecting Carburetion
 Engine Speed;
 Vaporization characteristics of fuel;
 Temperature of incoming air;
 Design of Carburetor;
Carburetor - Main Functions
 Provides air/fuel mixture to engine;
 Properly mixes the fuel with the air before entering
into cylinder; 4

 Controls the speed and power of engine;

 Air-Fuel Ratio
“Stoichiometric” or chemically correct
“Just enough air for complete combustion of fuel”
‘complete combustion’
“All carbon and hydrogen in fuel are converted into CO2 and H2O”

LEAN NORMAL RICH

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17:1 14.7:1 12:1

Useful Air-Fuel Ratio Range for
Gasoline

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 Air-Fuel Ratio

The air fuel-ratio changes depending on the condition

under which an engine is running.
For Example:
 9 : 1 for cold starting;
 12 : 1 for max power and acceleration;
 16 : 1 for highway running;

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Power Output and bsfc variation
with A/F Ratio for SI Engine
Constant Speed
and Full Throttle

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 Air-Fuel Mixture Requirements
Carburetor Performance with Throttle Opening
Idling Range
•Operate at no load with throttle
valve is almost closed;
•During suction, backward flow
of exhaust gases dilutes the fresh
charge, and hence obstruct the
contact of fuel with air particles;
•As throttle is gradually opened
from A to B, pressure diff between
intake manifold and cylinder
becomes smaller;

CC and Induction at the

Start of Intake Stroke at
Partial Throttle Opening
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Principle of Carburetion

Venturi Tube

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Simple Carburetor

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Cross Section of Carburetor

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 Basic parts of the carburetor

 Choke

 Venturi

 Throttle

 Float Chamber
 Air Filter

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Choke

 A device for modifying the air-fuel ratio;

 Normally used in winter season for starting;
 Choke valves restrict air at start-up to allow rich mixture;
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Venturi
atmospheric
pressure
fuel
vent
nozzle

venturi

vacuum fuel
float bowl

 Venturi is a specially shaped restrictor used to speed up

fluid flow;
 Venturi creates an area of low pressure that draws fuel
from the fuel supply through main discharge nozzle; 16
Float Chamber
Open Closed

 A chamber which keeps a supply of fuel, ready to be

pulled into the venturi;
 The float controls the amount of fuel that is allowed
into the float chamber;
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Throttle

Venturi

Throttle
Valve

 A plate in the carburetor that is controlled by the

accelerator. More the throttle is open, more the fuel is
allowed into the engine;
 Throttle valves restrict air movement at all speeds and
generally controlled manually; 18
Path of fuel

Fuel inlet

Float chamber

Main discharge tube

Venturi (mixed with air)

Throttle valve

Cylinder
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 Carburetor -Theory
 Areas of low pressure must be created in the carburetor
to facilitate the flow of air and fuel;
 As piston moves from TDC to BDC on the intake
stroke, the intake valve opens, air is sucked through
the air inlet;
 This area of low pressure draws fuel from the fuel
supply through the main discharge nozzle;
 The carburetor must be able to adjust the air/fuel
mixture to the conditions presented;
 It must run smoothly and economically at widely
varying speeds;
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 Carburetor -Theory
 A fuel metering device that uses a float-actuated needle
valve to maintain fuel level slightly below the edge of
the discharge nozzle;

 Measures the amount of air entering the engine;

 Correct amount of atomized liquid gasoline;
 Atomizes the fuel, and distributes uniformly to the
cylinders;
 Provides constant fuel-air mixture regardless of air
density and volume;
 Varies mixture based on engine needs;
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 Carburetor systems

 Metering system
 Idling system
 Acceleration system

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 Metering System
 Measures the amount of air entering the engine and
controls the amount of fuel atomized into the air;
 This system works on Bernoulli’s principle;
 Venturi is at the center of this system;

 The discharge nozzle is located in the throat of the

Venturi where the pressure is lowest. Due to the
pressure difference the fuel is pulled from the float
chamber;

 The pressure difference meters fuel flow proportional

to the volume of air flowing into the engine;

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Main Metering and
Idling System

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 Idling System

When the throttle is closed there is not enough air flowing

to produce a pressure low enough to pull the fuel from the
float chamber through the main metering jet, so a separate
system is used.

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 Acceleration System
 Between the main metering system and the idling
system there is a short time during acceleration when
both systems would be in-operative;

 The fix for this is to have an enlarged annulus around

the the main discharge nozzle;
 When operating in the idle mode the fuel wells will be
full so that when the throttle is opened the fuel will be
pulled from the wells causing an initially rich mixture
to cause acceleration;
 As the engine speed increases the main metering
system picks up again;
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A high performance 4-barrel carburetor

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Fuel Injection Systems

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 Carburetor
 Fuel is atomized due to
vacuum created at the
venturi throat;
 Air speed is greater than
fuel speed at throat;
 Amount of fuel depends
upon the air velocity at the
throat or vacuum;
 Proper air-fuel mixture
enters into the cylinder;
Fuel Injection system
 Fuel is pressurized by a
fuel pump for atomization;
 Fuel speed at the nozzle tip
is greater than air speed;
 Amount of fuel delivered
into engine is controlled by
a fuel pump;
 Initially air enters into the
cylinder during suction,
and fuel is injected at the
end of compression stroke;31
Requirements of an Injection System
•Accurate metering of fuel injected per cycle;
•Timing of the fuel;

•Proper control of injection rate;

•Proper atomization;

•Proper spray pattern for rapid mixing with air;

•Uniform distribution of fuel droplets throughout the CC;

•Supply of equal quantities of metered fuel to all cylinders;
•No lag during beginning and end of injection;
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Classification of Injection Systems

• Air Injection Systems

• Solid Injection Systems

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 Air Injection System
Fuel is forced into cylinder by means of compressed air

Advantages:

Good mixing of fuel with air;

High viscosity fuel can be utilized;

Rarely used now a days since requires a multi-stage air

compressor, thereby increases the engine weight and also
reduces the power output;

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 Solid Injection System
“Fuel is forced into cylinder by without the aid of compressed air”

• Fuel Tank:

•Fuel Feed Pump: Supplies the fuel from fuel tank to

injection system;

• Injection Pump: To meter and pressurize the fuel for

injection;

• Governor: Adjust the fuel supply according to load;

• Injector: Receive fuel from pump and distribute to CC;

•Fuel Filters: prevent the dust particles from entering into

cylinder; 35
Typical Fuel Feed System for CI Engine

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Classification of Solid Injection System

• Individual pump and nozzle system;

Common rail system;

• Distributor system;

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Individual Pump and Nozzle System

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Common Rail System

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Distributor System

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Fuel Feed Pump

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 Injection Pumps

• Jerk Type Pump

• Distributor Type Pump

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Jerk Type Fuel
Injection Pump

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Working of Jerk Type
Fuel Injection Pump

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 Fuel Injector
Increases the surface area of fuel droplets by
atomizing the fuel into very fine droplets for
better mixing with air;

Main Components

• Compression Spring;
• Nozzle;
• Injector Body;
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Fuel Injector

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 Nozzle
Main Functions
• Atomization;
• Fuel distribution;
• Prevention from impingement on walls;
• Mixing;
Nozzle Types
• Pintle Nozzle;
• Single Hole Nozzle;
• Multi-Hole Nozzle; 47
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