Chironji Oil

Buchanania lanzan(Chironji) is a tree species which fits to the family Anacardiaceae and is
commercially very valuable. The fruit of chironji comprises a hard nut that on decortication
harvests kernel containing about 52% oil. The kernel oil is used typically in the cosmetic
industry as in best alternative to the olive and almond kernel oil. However the whole kernel is
used in sweet-meals as a substitute for almond kernel. Although, the chironji nuts and kernels
have been used extensively but there is no machinery for processing of chironji nut. At present
shelling of chironji nut is done manually and some time by locally made machine. This
traditional process involves soaking in the water for 24 hrs, skin removal by hand rubbing
followed by drying. Dried nut is broken by rubbing between a pair of stone-slab or hammer
followed by separation of kernel from the hull. In some areas local artesian developed
motorized machines for breaking and separating, but the machines were not specifically
designed. So they are again manually separating. Therefore there is need for developing the
machinery for chironji decorticatin. (Kumar J, 2012)

The seeds of an underutilized exotic fruit Chironji, Buchanania lanzan (Anacardiaceae) were
investigated for their nutritional, phytochemical and antioxidant properties to understand its
nutraceutical potential. The nutritional analysis showed good protein content (43.24 %),
moderate carbohydrate content (12.96 %), and high amount of crude fiber (18.50 %), fat (38
%) and also high calorie value (229.99kCal). ICP-OES analysis has shown these edible seeds
contain Iron (4.8mg/100g), Phosphorous (593mg/100g), Magnesium (275mg/100g) and
Calcium (70mg/100g) in considerable amount and Manganese, Copper, Barium, Aluminium
and Boron in trace amounts. A thorough physiochemical characterization of the seeds
demonstrates that it as an active source of phenolics, natural antioxidants and minerals. Total
phenolics and flavanoid content in petroleum ether extract (PEE), dichloromethane extract
(DCME), methanolic extract (ME) and ethanoland water extract (EWE) were 5.78, 6.73, 10.05
and 13.42 μg GAE mg-1 and13.74, 7.08, 5.21 and 11.41 μg CE mg-1 respectively. Antioxidant
activities were carried out using FRAP assay and the results reveal that EWE and ME showed
the highest antioxidant activity 13.42 and 10.05 μg BHTg-1 respectively. Moreover EWE and
ME showed antibacterial activity against S. flexneri and B. cereus strain. Antifungal assay was
also carried against three test organisms. GC/MS Screening confirms the presence of
considerable amounts of fatty acids, plant sterols and phenolic compounds. The oil of seed
s was extracted by cold pressing and analyzed for the fatty acid profile which revealed the
presence of polyunsaturated fatty acid such as Linolenic Acid (ω-3) and Linoleic Acid (ω-6)
monounsaturated fatty acid such as Oleic Acid (ω-9). The seeds provide opportunities to
develop value added products, dietary supplements and phytotherapeutic compounds.

Buchanania lanzan (Chironji) is a tree species which belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and
is commercially very useful. The fruit of chironji contains a hard nut that on decortication
yields kernel containing about 52% oil. The kernel oil is used mostly in the cosmetic
manufacturing and as a substitute for olive and almond oil while the whole kernel is used in
sweet-meals as a substitute for almond kernel. Since time immemorial, charoli seeds and the
nuts have been used for making beauty products since they are extremely good for skin. Here
are some of the things which can be done with charoli:Charoli contains about 59% fat. The oil
in charoli is like tonic for your skin. It makes your skin smooth, moisturizes it and removes
dark spots. Charoli seed paste mixed with gram flour and curds can be used as a moisturizing,
emollient face scrub. It will also improve color and tone.

If you are troubled by pimples, use charoli seeds paste, honey and lemon as skin moisturizer
and cleanser. Charoli paste mixed with aloe vera and sandalwood powder removes excess oils
and leaves you with a fresh glow and clear complexion.

Make a paste of charoli seeds, add nutmeg powder, honey and lemon to improve skin texture
and close pores. Make a paste of charoli and rose petals and use as a facial scrub.

The seeds are mostly crushed and mixed with milk to make a face-pack which when applied
on a regular basis gives a rare glow to the skin. (Nazia khatoon,2015).

Buchanania lanzan Spreng, commonly known as char, achar and chironji, is an evergreen tree commonly
found in the dry deciduous tropical forests of India and it is used to treat cough, constipation, skin disorders
and stomach disorders [27]. Topical application of methanol root extract of B. lanzan(10% (w/w) ointment)
significantly (p < 0.05) increased the tensile strength in the incision wound model. B. lanzan also showed
significant wound healing activity in excision wound model [28]. However, a study conducted by Chitra et
al. [29] showed that the methanol fruit extract of B. lanzan did not significantly (p > 0.05) promote wound
healing when compared to the control in excision, incision and dead space wound models.

Siddiqui MZ, Chowhury, Prasad N, Thomas M. Buchanania lanzan: a species of enormous

potentials. World J Pharm Sci. 2014; 2: 374–379.
Pattnaik A, Sarkar R, Sharma A, Yadav KK, Kumar A, Roy P, Sen T. Pharmacological studies
on Buchanania lanzan Spreng.-A focus on wound healing with particular reference to anti-
biofilm properties. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013; 3: 967–974.
Chitra V, Dharabu PP, Pavan KK, Alla NR. Wound healing activity of alcoholic extract
of Buchanania lanzan in Albino rats. Int J ChemTech Res. 2009; 1: 1026–1031.

Jojoba Oil
Jojoba (pronounced ho-ho-ba) oil is a vegetable oil obtained from the crushed bean of the
jojoba shrub (Simmondsia chinenis). The jojoba shrub is native to the Sonoran Desert of
northwestern Mexico and neighboring regions in Arizona and southern California. It grows in
dense stands throughout that region. The woody evergreen shrub may reach 15 ft (4.5 m) in
height. Jojoba has flat gray-green leathery leaves and a deep root system that make it well
adapted to desert heat and drought. It has a life span of 100-200 years, depending on
environmental conditions. Jojoba grows best in areas with 10-18 in (25-45 cm) of annual
rainfall where temperatures seldom fall below 25°F (-4°C) for more than a few hours at night.
It can grow on many types of soils, including porous rocks, in slightly acid to alkaline soils,
and on mountain slopes or in valleys. Jojoba shrubs are dioecious, meaning plants are either
male (staminate), producing pollen, or female (pistillate), producing flowers. The small flowers
have no odor or petals and do not attract pollinating insects. The flowers are pollinated by wind
in late March; the flowers develop into fruit by August, with full maturation occurring by
October. The green fruit dries in the desert heat, its outer skin shriveling and pulling back to
expose a wrinkled brown soft-skinned seed (referred to as a nut or bean) the size of a small
olive. These nuts, which resemble coffee beans, contain a vegetable oil that is clear and odorless
but less oily to the touch than traditional edible oils. The oil comprises half of the weight of the
nut. There are about 1,700 seeds in a pound; 17 lb (6.3 kg) of jojoba seeds are required to
produce one gallon of oil. (Judith sims). The seeds produce a liquid wax, which is very similar
to spermaceti and has wide applications in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. In addition,
different extracts from jojoba plant are widely used in many folk medicinal uses.

Jojoba oil has many uses in a wide variety of industries. As a cosmetic, it is an effective
cleanser, conditioner, moisturizer, and softener for the skin and hair. It is applied directly to
the skin to soften the skin, to reduce wrinkles and stretch marks, to lighten and help heal scars.
Jojoba oil is similar to, and miscible with, sebum, which is secreted by human sebaceous glands
to lubricate and protect skin. When sebum production decreases due to age, pollutants, or
environmental stresses, jojoba oil can be used to replicate sebum oil.

General use
Jojoba oil has many uses in a wide variety of industries. As a cosmetic, it is an effective
cleanser, conditioner, moisturizer, and softener for the skin and hair. It is applied directly to
the skin to soften the skin, to reduce wrinkles and stretch marks, to lighten and help heal scars,
and to promote healthy scalp and hair. Jojoba oil is similar to, and miscible with, sebum, which
is secreted by human sebaceous glands to lubricate and protect skin and hair. When sebum
production decreases due to age, pollutants, or environmental stresses, jojoba oil can be used
to replicate sebum oil. Jojoba oil can accumulate around hair roots, thereby conditioning hair
and preventing it from becoming brittle and dull. If there is too much sebum buildup on the
scalp, it dissolves and removes the sebum, leaving the hair clean. Jojoba oil as a solubilizing
agent can also remove sticky buildup on hair from hair preparations as well as airborne
particulates deposited on the hair. It forms a lipid layer on the skin, acting as a moisturizer, as
well as penetrating and being absorbed by the outer layer of skin. It is widely used as an
ingredient in shampoos, conditioners, facial, hand and body lotions, cuticle and nail care
products, baby care lotions, creams, and oils, cleansers, moisturizers, bath oils and soaps,
sunscreen lotions, and makeup products. Jojoba oil is also used as a base in the manufacture of
perfume. The potential therapeutic uses of jojoba oil include the treatment of acne,cold sores,
and such skin diseases as psoriasis.

Jojoba oil and jojoba oil derivatives have multiple skin benefits associated with anti-
inflammation, barrier function, and skin hydration. The current research explores the action of
Jojoba Esters with different melting points on the improvement of barrier function after sodium
lauryl sulfate (SLS) insult, reduction of barrier disruption when applied prior to SLS insult, and
on skin hydration as compared to known petrolatum-alternatives. In addition, a consumer
preference study was carried out comparing Jojoba Esters with a known marketed petrolatum
alternative ingredient. It have the capability of reducing damage to the skin barrier, as measured
by TEWL (transepidermal water loss) , in a dose dependent manner, and can accelerate the
recovery of the SLS damaged skin barrier. The data also show that the Jojoba Esters, when
added to a vehicle formula, produced statistically significant increases in skin hydration when
compared to the vehicle and to the marketed petrolatum-alternative ingredients formulated in
the same vehicle. Moreover, the formula containing the Jojoba Esters produced levels of skin
hydration that were not statistically significantly different from 10% petrolatum formulated
into the same vehicle. Additionally, the consumer preference study showed that the subjects
preferred the Jojoba Esters formula over the petrolatum alternative ingredient formula with
regard to skin moistness, suppleness, and smoothness/softness as well as stickiness and residue
of the formulas immediately after application. (Ashour.et.al., 2013)
Jojoba oil components are important in healing and/or inhibiting degeneration. The properties of
tocopherols as healing agents are well-known, particularly reduction of scarring and stretch marks.
Tocopherols also have anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative properties as does ferulic acid, and
tocopherols are also known to facilitate cell nourishment. Ferulic acid also exhibits anti-allergenic
qualities. Jojoba oil’s skin-moisturizing properties correct dryness and improve skin elasticity and,
as previously stated, jojoba oil also has many antioxidant benefits. Jojoba liquid wax esters and
tocopherols are also proven emollients with the added advantage that they are rapidly absorbed
transcutaneously; they are excellent candidates for topical applications. The combined anti-free
radical, emollient properties and rapid absorption properties of these substances make them highly
effective ingredients in topical photoprotective applications.

Jojoba oil is versatile and its external use is not limited to the skin, but also commonly ex-
tends to treatment of damaged, dry or brittle hair. Jojoba oil helps hydrate hair and scalp very
effectively by forming a semi-permeable protective layer around the hair thereby sealing in
moisture, but still allowing the scalp to “breathe” and actually penetrating into hair shafts and fol-
licular interstitial spaces. The moisture retained in the hair naturally gives hair an attractive and
healthy glow, providing instant shine, smoothness and frizz control and also helps strengthen
the hair shaft by promoting elasticity, thus preventing any form of hair brittleness from occurring.
Jojoba oil also ameliorates many scalp problems relating to hair follicle blockage and potential
consequent and scaling due to hardened sebum accumulations. The same emollient and nutritive
qualities which make jojoba oil an excellent agent in hair treatments also make it an effective
component in regimens for treating brittle nails. (Nadim A. Shaath, 2012)

As Face Moisturizer: Jojoba oil acts as an excellent moisturizer. The best part is that it supplies
the skin with adequate moisture without blocking the skin pores. It is suitable for all types of
skin. This is possible because it restores normal oil balance of the skin. Thus, in oily or
combination skin, it controls the excess production of oil by the oil glands and in dry skin, it
meets the requirements of additional amount of moisture. If your facial skin is sensitive and
has a tendency to get eruptions quite easily, you can still use jojoba oil on it, as the oil is
hypoallergenic in nature. It is rich in vitamin E content which is a natural antioxidant that
prevents the onset of wrinkles on the skin surface. You can apply pure jojoba oil directly on
the face or mix two drops of the oil with your regular face moisturizer before applying it.
As Body Oil: Jojoba oil can be applied not just on the face but all over the body before or after
shower in the morning. It gets absorbed into the skin very quickly and has a hydrating effect.
People prefer it as a body oil mainly because it does not leave behind any greasy feel after
application. This quality of easy absorption of the oil into the skin also promotes blood flow
which in turn will give you a glowing skin very soon. You can use it for body massage as well,
but for that, you have to mix it with any other massage oil as it does not have the slippery effect
required for massaging.
As Facial Cleanser: Jojoba oil has good cleansing properties and can be regularly used for
removal of facial makeup: blush, foundation and lipstick. Soak a cotton ball and rub it over
your face and lips with a gentle hand. The oil will dissolve out all the makeup almost instantly.
Then, take out the oily residues along with the makeup from your face with the help of a moist
tissue.
Other Benefits:
It can bring down skin inflammation and is capable of killing some skin bacteria. For this
reason, it is used for acne treatment. Its anti-inflammatory properties can be utilized for treating
various skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis where the skin get inflamed. It has an
amazing healing effect on the skin and can be used for treating wounds and minor infections
like sunburns, cold sores, canker sores and warts. You can also use it as lip balms on dry,
chapped lips. Due to all these benefits, it is an essential ingredient of several beauty care
products. Besides, it has a number of uses in other industries as well. It is added as plasticizer
to improve the flexibility of plastic materials. It is used in the production of fire retardants and
detergents. It has fungicidal properties and that can control mildew growth in plants. It also
serves as a mechanical lubricant because of its viscous consistency.

Manjistha
Rubia cordifolia (Manjishtha) commonly known as Indian Maddar is a perennial, herbaceous
prickly climber with long and cylindrical root with a thin red bark. It can grow to 1.5 m in height.
The evergreen leaves are 5–10 cm long and 2–3 cm broad, produced in whorls of 4-7 starlike around
the central stem. It climbs with tiny hooks at the leaves and stems. The flowers are small (3–5 mm
across), with five pale yellow petals, in dense racemes, and appear from June to August, followed by
small (4–6 mm diameter) red to black berries. The roots can be over 1 m long, up to 12 mm thick. It
prefers loamy soils with a constant level of moisture. Madders are used as food plants for the larvae
of some Lepidoptera species including Hummingbird hawk moth well known for its versatile action.
It is distributed in the Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards and Nilgiris and other hilly districts
of India.One of its unique action is anti-acne effect through anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory,
anti-oxidant and anti-androgen action. The roots and stems are well known source of
Anthraquinones, the roots have also been reported as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
anticancer and are extensively used against blood, urinary and skin diseases.
(Vandana.et.al, 2016).

Acne is one of the most prevalent skin ailment affecting almost all teenagers, as it is chronic
with frequent remission and exacerbations is often associated with negative psychological
consequences, diminished self-esteem and social withdrawal. The Modern measures regarding
the treatment of acne are more or less failure. Further it has some limitations, cost
effective and many side effects. To overcome from all these, a good herbal approach should be
reached. Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) can be proven a best remedy to cure acne, due to its
Varnya, Raktashodhak, Vishaghna, Rasayana, Krimighna properties. Certain research papers
has also proven that it possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-androgenic
effects as these are important Pharmacotherapeutic agent to break the pathogenesis of acne.

Root is used externally and internally to gain lustre and glow of the skin and aids to remove
pimples, freckles and discoloration, treating dark patches, curing boils and carbuncles, etc.
Traditionally the roots are used to treat various systemic problems and pigmentation anomalies
of skin and is an excellent aid in the promotion of complexion. Its paste should beapplied in
various skin disorders like itching, black spots on the face, pimples, leucoderma etc.
According to Charaka, Manjistha is varnya (improving the complexion),
jvarahara(febrifuge) and visaghna (detoxifier).(Yadav, 2015).
Description of Manjistha in Ayurvedic texts :
As per ‘Charaka Samhita’ the powdered dried roots and fruits are taken internally for the
treatment of skin diseases and disorders of spleen. Manjistha is also mentioned in ten varnya
drugs and as Visaghna Jvarahara. It is also prescribed for treatment of major burns, fractures
and dysentery,to improve complexion and to treat skin diseases and blood born diseases.
Manjistha paste is used along with honey in Vyang. It has properties of blood purifying agent
and pigment stimulant, tonic and are used in skin and blood diseases. Ayurvedic
pharmacopoeia of India therapeutically indicate it for Yoni roga (menstrual disorder), Kustha
(skin disease), Sarpavisa (snake bite), Visarpa (herpes virus), Aksi roga (eye disease), Arsa
(haemorrhoids), Bhagna (Fracture).

In present scenario, there is a trend of prescribing combination therapy for many diseases
including skin disease. This leads to an increase chances of drug interaction and adverse effects,
means there is need to evaluate individual herbal therapy. Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia) has
multiple actions to combat this problem and this will become a new approach in the
management of acne. The role of Manjistha in supporting skin health is evidenced by traditional
and reported activities, which show that it act as potent blood purifier, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, anti-stress, antimicrobial which can play an important role to cure acne and
improve skin health. (Sarvesh kumar.et.al, 2013).
Wound healing effects: The root extract of R. cordifolia was reported as an effective wound
healing principle in experimental models as wound healer. Ethanolic extract and the hydrogel
formulation of roots were found to be effective in the functional recovery and healing of
wounds and also lead to histo-pathological alterations. (Devi Priya, 2014).
Manjishtha is famous as Rakta shodhak (blood purifier) in traditional medicine. According to
Charak, Manjishtha churna is described under the dravayas of twakshuddhikar lepa for
shodhana karma.According to Sushruta, Manjishtha is described under Priyangwadi gana of
sushruta which is useful for Vrana ropana karma. The root of Manjishtha is useful in visha,
shleshma sotha, yoni roga, netra roga, karna roga, raktatisara, kustha, rakta dosha, visarpa,
vrana, prameha .A paste made by rubbing up the roots with honey is a valuable application for
freckles and other discolouration of the skin; also in external inflammations, ulcers and skin
diseases. (Shalini Varshney,2015)
Anti-acne effects: The anti-acne activity of anthraquinone rich fraction of R. cordifolia in a gel
formulation against Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Malassezia furfur when
compared with standard Clindamycin gel.
Anti-microbial activity: The root extracts of R. cordifolia have been studied for their antimicrobial
activity against various pathogenic bacteria. Sitosterol and daucosterol possess antibacterial activity.
The root extracts constituents such as anthraquinones and flavonoids suppressed the activity
phytopathogens of Gossypium. Aldehyde aceate, dihydromollugin and rubimallin reported to have
significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia. Ethanolic extract inhibited ß-Lactamase
producing uropathogenic E. coli. The chloroform and the methanol extracts reported to have
antibacterial activity on gram-positive strains, although gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was
also inhibited by the methanol extracts in a dose dependent manner. According to Basu et al., the
aqueous extract is active against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus compared with
streptomycin and penicillin G. The ethanolic whole plant extract also showed same result.
Rubiacordone A reported to have considerable antimicrobial activity against Gram +ve bacteria like
Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus. The green synthesized silver nanoparticles
using R. cordifolia plant root extract was highly inhibiting the bacterial pathogens like Vibrio
alginolyticus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Shigella spp, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Vibrio
parahaemolyticus. They had highest antimicrobial effect against Pseudomonas aeroginosa and
Plesiomonas shigelloides.
Anti-proliferative property: Aqueous, ethanolic extract of root reported to have significant anti-
proliferative effect. The antiproliferative property was also tested on A-431 cells (epidermal
carcinomoid cells) and 3T3 fibroblast cells and recorded that the inhibition incorporation of [3H]-
thymidine, is in a dose dependent manner. It also inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induced
expression of c-fos genes in A-431 cells due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis.142Mollugin found to
be an active antiproliferative principle by bioassay-monitored fractionation. It did not exert cytotoxicity
to human fibroblast cell line.
Radiation protection: Oxidative stress induced by oxygen derived reactive oxygen species produces
several adverse effects which are highly implicated in several degenerative diseases such as cancer. The
therapeutic applications of R. cordifolia extract provide significant protection against radiation induced
lipid peroxidation, hemopoietic injury and genotoxicity when administered intra-peritoneally before the
radiation exposure. Single strand breaks induced in plasmid pBR322 DNA following ionizing radiations
was effectively prevented by the aqueous extract. (Devi Priya, 2014).

Mulethi
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn is a hardy perennial shrub, attaining a height up to 2.5 m. The leaves
are compound, imparipinnate, alternate, having 4-7 pairs of oblong, elliptical or lanceolate
leaflets.The flowers are narrow,typically papilionaceous, borne in axillary spikes, Lavender to
violet in colour. The calyx is short, campanulate, with lanceolate tips and bearing glandular
hairs. The fruit is a compressed legume or pod, up to 1.5 cm long, erect, glabrous, somewhat
reticulately pitted, and usually contains 3-5 brown, reniform seeds. The taproot is
approximately 1.5 cm long and subdivides into 3-5 subsidiary roots, about 1.25 cm long, from
which the horizontal woody stolons arise. These may reach 8 m and when dried and cut,
together with the root,constitute commercial liquorice. It may be found peeled or unpeeled.
The pieces of root break with a fibrous fracture, revealing the yellowish interior with a
characteristic odour and sweet taste. (Jalal Bayati Zadeh, 2013).

Glycyrrhiza glabra, also known as Licorice or sweet wood, is native in Europe (Portugal,
Spain,France, among others), Middle East (Syria, Turkey, Iran) and Asia (China) . It is a
perennial herb which possesses sweet taste. The main taproot, harvested for medicinal use, is
soft, fibrous and has a bright yellow interior.

Glycyrrhiza glabra are glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid) and flavonoids. Glycyrrhiza glabra
extract is obtained from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra by solvent extraction method and then
concentrating the extract by rotary evaporator. Glycyrrhiza glabra extract is preserved by
refrigeration and/or freezing. The role of Glycyrrhiza glabraextract on skin is mainly attributed
to its antioxidant activity particularly to its potent antioxidants triterpene saponins and
flavonoids. Skin whitening, skin depigmenting ,skin lightening, antiaging, anti-erythemic,
emollient, anti-acne and photoprotection effects are mainly attributed to
Glycyrrhiza glabra extract.

Effects on Skin Melanin :

The effect of the base and the formulation on the production of skin melanin was examined.
The amount of melanin was measured for 4 weeks at different time intervals in each individual
after application of base & formulation and it was found that the base and formulation
decreased the melanin contents in the skin till the end of 28 days but this decrease in melanin
was more pronounced after the application of formulation as compared to base as shown in
With the help of ANOVA test it was found that the base produced insignificant effects on skin
melanin content throughout the study period of four weeks and formulation produced
significant effects on skin melanin content in volunteers. By applying LSD, it was found that
the formulation produced significant effects on skin melanin from 2nd to 4th week of study
period. With the help of paired sample t-test it is evident that an insignificant difference was
produced between the melanin effects of base and the formulation from 1st to 4th week of study
period. This showed that the two creams, the formulation and the base, have different effects
on melanin. It is concluded that the decreased skin melanin content after application of
formulation may be attributed to the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract.
Also the antioxidants present in extract may contribute to decrease in skin melanin content.

Erythema:
For confirming the safety of cosmetics, the important point is that cosmetics must not
cause any contact dermatitis when applied to the skin. The cause of contact dermatitis is
not always due to cosmetic ingredients. Even if the safety of cosmetics is verified, it is
known that environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, misuse by the
consumer, and the physical conditions may all cause contact dermatitis. Skin irritation is
caused by the direct toxicity of chemicals on cells or blood vessels in the skin and is
different from contact allergy which is caused by immune response. In this study it was
found that erythema contents were decreased from 1st to 4th week after the application
of base and formulation. With the help of ANOVA test it was found that the base and
formulation produced significant effects on skin erythema at different time intervals and
by applying LSD in case of Base and formulation there was significant effect from 1st
to 4th week of study period. With the help of paired sample t-test it was evident that
there was insignificant variation in irritation with respect to base & formulation throughout the
study period. It is concluded that the decreases in erythema contents of skin at the
end of study period after the application of base is due to presence of coconut oil in
base which is a good emollient and decrease inflammation. Also the decrease in erythema
content after application of formulation is due to the presence of Glycyrrhiza glabra
extract which soothe and calm the skin. (Naveed Akhtar, 2011).

It was one of the most widely known medicines in ancient history. Licorice is good for skin
eruptions,including dermatitis, eczema, pruritus and cysts. Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and
antibacterial properties were also described. Some of the chemical constituents of Glycyrrhiza
glabra have been identified as antioxidants, such as polyphenolic flavonoids . Licorice contains
glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, flavonoids, asparagine, iso-flavonoids and chalcones.

Glabridin is the main ingredient of the hydrophobic fraction of licorice extract and has been
shown to inhibit tyrosinase activity in B16 murine melanoma cells.

Morteza-Semnani et al., verified that licorice root extract were more effective than other
commercial antioxidants in protecting hydroquinone from oxidative degradation, for three
months. Another interesting study was developed by Hara and co-workers, demonstrating that
Glycyrrhizia glabra root extract effectively inhibit diacetyl formation, without bacterial effects.
Diacetyl is a key contributor to unpleasant odors emanated from the axillae, feet and head
regions, produced by resident skin bacteria. According to the authors, the results obtained in
this study provide new insight that can contribute to the development of effective deodorant
agents .Upadhyay et al. have demonstrated that a petroleum extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra
promotes hair grow since treated animals developed longer, denser, anagenic hair and took less
time for hair cover the denuded skin of female rats, compared to control and minoxidil-treated
groups. (Ana Sofia Ribeiro, 2015)

Wheat germ oil

Wheat (Triticum.L.) is an annual plant of the Poaceae. Its cultivating area is larger than 10
million ha, mainly in Central Anatolia(Anonymous, 2007). Wheat is mainly used as energy
and protein source in the human diet throughout the world (Rehman, 2006). Additionally, with
the growth of the world population, there will be an increasing demand for vegetable products.
Therefore, the search for new alternative and cheap sources of good-quality and vegetable is
an important research trend. Whole wheat grain includes the endosperm, bran and germ.
(Asuman Kan, 2012).

Wheat germ is a by-product of wheat milling from which wheat germ oil (WGO) can be
obtained using different techniques. For a better quality WGO, techniques such supercritical
fluid fractionation, molecular distillation, and other innovative methods can be adopted. WGO
is composed of nonpolar lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, alcohols, esters, alkene, aldehydes,
tocopherols, n-alkanols, sterols, 4-methyl sterols, triterpenols, hydrocarbons, pigments, and
volatile components. The most abundant WGO fatty acid is linoleic acid which composes 42–
59% of total triglycerides followed by palmitic (16:0) and oleic acids (18:1). The stearic acid,
a saturated fatty acid, is usually less than 2%. WGO is rich in tocopherols particularly vitamin
E. It contains a-tocopherol and b-tocopherol which gives various health
benefits to it. It is being used in medicine, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industry. Some of
its applications include production of vitamins and food supplements, animal feed and
biological insect control and for treating circulatory/cardiac disorders and weaknesses. More
studies are required for producing better quality WGO such as application of more innovative
and optimized techniques that can increase its health benefits and hence utilization. More
mechanistic approaches for extraction, evaluation, and utilization of WGO can help in making
this by-product of wheat processing more valuable. (Kashif Ghafoor, 2017).

Wheat germ oil is extracted from the germ of the wheat kernel, which makes up only 2.5% by
weight of the kernel. Wheat germ oil is particularly high in octacosanol - a 28-carbon long-
chain saturated primary alcohol found in a number of different vegetable waxes. Octacosanol
has been studied as an exercise- and physical performance-enhancing agent. Very long chain
fatty alcohols obtained from plant waxes and beeswax have been reported to lower plasma
cholesterol in humans.Wheat germ oil is also very high in vitamin E (255 mg/100g), and has
the highest content of vitamin E of any food that has not undergone prior preparation or vitamin
fortification. As a cooking oil, wheat germ oil is strongly flavored, expensive and easily
perishable. Wheat germ oil contains the following fatty acids.
Component g/100g
Linoleic acid (omega-6) 55
Palmitic acid 16
Oleic acid 14
Linolenic acid (omega-3) 7
Other uses of wheat germ oil have also been explored, including increasing blood flow and
reaction time. Further uses include treatment of certain skin conditions such as scarring and
inflammation.
Wheat germ oil (triticum sativum) is a highly rich oil that is one of the richest sources of
Vitamin E, A and D. Wheat germ oil is an unrefined oil that is obtained from the germof the
wheat kernel. It also has a high content of proteins and Lecithin. This oil is widely used for
external application, as it helps a great deal in getting rid of skin irritation including skin
dryness and cracking. Wheat germ is a nourishing oil and is good for mature, ageing and dry
skin. It is also an antioxidant. When applied on the skin, it improves the circulation of blood
and also helps to repair the skin cells destroyed by the scorching heat of sun. It keeps away the
symptoms of dermatitis, thereby preventing the skin from being victimized by various kinds of
problems. It is a good source of fatty acids that are very vital for the healthy growth of the
body.

WGO is composed of nonpolar lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, alcohols, esters, alkene,

aldehydes, tocopherols, n-alkanols, sterols,4-methyl sterols, triterpenols, hydrocarbons,
pigments, and volatile components. The most abundant WGO fatty acid is linoleic acid which
composes 42–59% of total triglycerides followed by palmitic (16:0) and oleic acids (18:1). The
stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, is usually less than 2%. WGO is rich in tocopherols
particularly vitamin E. It contains a-tocopherol and b-tocopherol which gives various health
benefits to it. It is being used in medicine, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industry.

Cosmetic use of WGO is due the fact that it contains ceramides which prevent or slow down
skin ageing. The required enzyme for production of ceramides is sphingomye- linase and the
decrease of its activity is associated with skin ageing. Ceramidescan protect and moisten skin
and as vitamin E also has moisturizing and soothing effects on skin, the moisturizing activity
of ceramides can be increased by incorporatingWGO being rich in vitamin E. The decrease
in level of essential fatty acids causes thickening of the epidermis. Due to deterioration of the
epidermal barrier function depending on fatty acids deficiency, the high level of water loss
from stratum corneum occurs. The local applications of these acidshelp in skin protection and
renovation. The soothing the skin and reducing the trans-epidermal water loss effects of local
applications of linoleic acid and its polyunsaturated derivatives were proved by different
clinical tests.The neutrophil elastase which is a serine protease, plays a crucial role in the
inflammatory processes and alteration of the connective tissue components. It can be inhibited
by long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives.Ceramide protects extracellular matrix against
leukocyte proteinases which cause degradation, by inhibiting this elastase, so it is a good anti-
inflammatory agent. The anti-inflammatory activity is result of effect against formation of the
lipoperoxide. Its local applications show anti-oedema andanti-erythemaeffectsby preventing
the synthesis of the inflammationmediator prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Also, because
of its tocopherol (1300–2700 mg/kg) and carotenoid (56 mg/kg) content, it is a good
antioxidant and plays an important role in disease prevention. Ferulic acid esterified with
dihydro-g-sitosterol is another natural antioxidant present in WGO. Megahed et al. deduced
that WGO and acylated germ oil was natural antioxidant and a source of nutraceuticals. The
antioxidants significantly reduce free radicals which cause cell alterations, photo-induced
immunosuppression, and lipid peroxidation increase in skin exposed to UV radiation. It was
demonstrated that different derivatives of vitamin E had activity against the production of free
radicals, for example 0.5% of vitamin E acetate decreases the production of free radicals at the
rate of 23.9%. This activity is protective against both erythema and immunosuppression.
Malonyldialdehyde (MDA)which is a reaction product of lipoperoxides, conduces to ageing by
putting in collagen fibres of the connective tissue and reducing the elasticity of the skin. In a
study, the irradiation with UV-B (290–320nm) induced the formation of lipoperoxide and free
radicals and a raise in the MDAlevels of theskin was determined after irradiation. In the later
study, mice were exposed to 5% solution of vitamin E acetate before UV-B irradiation and the
formation of MDA decreased at the rate of 40–80%. According to these results, it was
demonstrated that vitamin E inhibited to the formation of free radicals in the skin. Due to higher
vitamin E contents, WGO has an accelerator effect on the venius and arterial microcirculation,
helps in the blood flow in vessels and eases the decongestion. Due to the fact that WGO
stimulates the microcirculation of the scalp and cures of dystrophic cells in the hair bulb. It
plays an important role in hair loss prevention. Improved blood circulation in skin can results
in better supply of nutrients to the skin and the removal of catabolites resulting from skin
metabolism is improved by means of protective activity of vitamin E on the membrane lipids
at the blood vessels. WGO contains two groups of alcohols causing cholesterol lowering
effects: policosanols and phytosterols. The detected policosanols are docosanol (C22),
tetracosanol (C24), hexacosanol (C26), octacosanol (C28), and triacontanol (C30). The amount
of phytosterols in wheat germ oil is much more than that in other commercial oils and sitosterol
(60–70%) and campesterol (20–30%) are also mostly present in WGO. Octacosanol has many
beneficial effects on many areas about human health such as especially exercise performance,
platelet aggregation, and plasma cholesterol levels. Because of its ergogenic properties and
cholesterol-lowering effects, there are many studies about it. Octacosanol can be an important
drug in future for reducing obesity and cardiac diseases. The extracts prepared from WGO has
tendency to reduce 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl or DPPH free radicals and this tendency is
comparable with those of synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hyroxytoluence (BHT) and
butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) [25]. The antibacterial activity of WGO extracts have also
been tested against pathogenic bacteria and it was observedthat L. monocytogenes and S.
aureus were the most sensitive strains, followed by E. coli and S.enterica. It has been observed
that WGO is an excellent source of natural antioxidants, bioactives, and antimicrobial
compounds. Therefore it also has a strong potential for application in the formulation of
nutraceuticals, functional, and other food products due to its unique set of various biological
activities and health properties. In a study cookies containing WGO were fed to experimental
rats to monitor their lipid profile and it was observed to reduce lipid peroxidation which can be
a useful tool for reducing heart related health problems. Some other typical applications of
WG and WGO include those in germ-enriched bread, cakes, snack foods, and supplements to
breakfast cereals. In an interesting study an infusion of Calendula flowers was prepared into
black seed oil and WGO and studied for in vitro cell based experiments (wound healing and
radio protective activity) which showed a greater bio-activity and hence WGO can be a
potential ingredient in food supplements which have the therapeutic efficiency. (Kashif
Ghafoor,2017).

Benefits of Wheat germ oil :

 Wheat germ oil benefits include curing skin conditions like psoriasis and eczema. It
works effectively to heal burns and skin ulcers. As an external application it is very
helpful for dry skin.
 Wheat germ oil is beneficial for the general health of the skin as it improves circulation
of blood in the skin when used externally. It also helps the skin cells that may have been
damaged due to the scorching heat of the sun. It also fights off conditions like dermatitis
and reduces scarring.
  Health benefits of wheat germ oil include improving the overall working of the heart.
Research has shown beneficial effects of octacosanol and specifically policosanol in
improving cardiovascular functions. Policosanol has been found to be effective in
controlling production of cholesterol by the liver. It is believed to raise the level of
'good' cholesterol and reduce that of 'bad' cholesterol.

 Wheat germ oil is known for its antioxidant properties. Hence it helps in preventing the
skin from bearing the signs of aging. It is probably this reason that it is added to other
carrier oils. However, it is used in lower amounts to prepare carrier oil blend as it is
high in nutritional value.

 Linoleic acid, oleic palmitic and stearic fatty acids are the essential fatty acids present
in wheat germ oil. These essential oils cannot be manufactured by the body. Hence they
should be taken externally as they improve the immune system, the nervous system and
help in healthy cell growth and regeneration.

 Wheat germ oil is particularly high in a long chain saturated primary alcohol called
octacosanol.This compound was reported by some athletes in the 1960s to enhance their
performance. Octacosanol in particular was believed to increase endurance and muscle
strength in sports persons. Though there isn't much scientific evidence about its
beneficial effects in improving fitness or athletic performance, some studies have
shown that octacosanol and policosanol cause a mild improvement in reaction time.

The oil showed a high content of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid, saponification and
unsaponifiable matter, suggesting that this oil might be used as cosmeceutical agent, and
for making skin creams and lotions, soap, hair shampoo and a source of minor components
in our daily food menu to promote good health. It is also notable that this product is a
potential source of antibacterial agents that act mainly on Gram-positive and Gram-
negative bacteria. Overall, these results show that these by-products can be used as a rich
source of bioactive compounds of beneficial effects on health as well as increasing the
competitiveness of the company that generates theses residues economically
profitable.(Awad A. Mahmoud, 2015).

Aloe Vera
Aloe vera, a cactus-like plant has been used for traditional medical purposes for thousands of
years. Aloe leaves can be separated into two basic products: the latex, a bitter yellow liquid
beneath the epidermis of the leaf and the gel, a colorless and tasteless substance in the inner
part of the leaf. Both of them have many biologically active components, mainly
anthraquinones and polysaccharides (the most active is acemannan), which may act alone or in
synergy. Scientific studies provide support for the application of Aloe vera in cosmetic-
moisturizers, toothpastes etc, food as flavoring compounds or preservative of fresh products
and in medicine of humans or animals. Aloe vera seems to treat a variety of conditions because
of its wound healing, anti-inflammatory, immunity, antidiabetic, antioxidant, laxative,
antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antitumor effects. Besides these applications it can be
also included in the animals diet to utilize their benefits to the maximum extent. (Efterpi V.
Christaki and Panagiota C. Florou-Paneri, 2010).

Aloe vera (botanical name-Aloe barbadensis Mill.) is the oldest medicinal plant ever known
and the most applied medicinal plant worldwide.This has been known and used for centuries
for its health, beauty, medicinal and skin care properties. It belongs to Asphodelaceae
(Liliaceae) family, and is a shrubby or arbores-cent, perennial, xerophytic, succulent, pea-green
colour plant. The use of Aloe vera has increased tremendously in the field of cosmetology and
a wide variety of products contain Aloe verain one form or other for delivering a specific
activity. Extracts of Aloe vera is a proven skin healer. Aloe vera help to soothe skin injuries
affected by burning, skin irritations, cuts and insect bites, and its bactericidal properties relieve
itching and skin swellings. It is known to help slow down the appearance of wrinkles and
actively repair the damaged skin cells that cause the visible signs of aging. (Sharma.et.al,
2014).
Chemical Constituents:
Aloe is made up of a vast range of compounds which can be divided into three large groups.
The first group, complex sugars (among which acemannan stands out), are inside the leaves
gel and have an immunostimulating action. Next are the anthraquinones, contained in the
outermost part of the skin, with a strong laxative action. Last of all are several substances with
a wide array of actions such as minerals, vitamins, essential, non-essential and semi-essential
amino acids, organic acids, phospholipids, enzymes, lignin and saponins.
Aloe is a powerful detoxifier, antiseptic and tonic for the nervous system. It also has immune-
boosting and anti-viral properties. Research has proven that adding .Aloe vera to one’s diet
improves digestion. As a general health tonic, Aloe vera is a useful source of vitamins. Aloe
vera Gel contains a large range of vitamins - even vitamin B12, Vitamin A, contains B-Group
vitamins, Vitamin C, Vitamin E and folic acid. Aloe vera Gel contains important ingredients
including 19 of the 20 amino acids needed by the human body and seven of the eight essential
ones that just cannot be made. (Rajeshwari.et.al , 2012)
Mechanism of Actions - Uses and Applications Cosmetic uses: Generally, Aloe vera has many
uses both for humans and animals. Three distinct preparations of the plant are
used: Aloe vera latex, Aloe vera gel and Aloe vera whole leaf extract, whose biological
ingredients may act alone or in synergy . The use of Aloe vera in cosmetics is not new; there
are many of them on the market which use Aloe vera in concentrations varying from 1 to 98%
14. It is well known that Aloe gel enables the plant to hold moisture for extremely long periods
of time and has soothing effects as well . So, Aloe vera has found an extensive application in
the cosmetic and toiletry industries, such as moisturizers, cleansers, sun lotions, toothpastes,
mouthwashes, shaving creams, deodorants and shampoos.In Aloe-derived ingredients used in
cosmetics anthraquinone levels should not exceed 50 ppm, concentrations too low to induce
phototoxicity . In the United States the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the
external use of Aloe vera gel only as cosmetic ingredient.

Medicinal uses:
Antioxidant Properties:
There are many substances in Aloe that exhibit the antioxidant effects. Monovalent or singlet
oxygen occurs by secondary reactions which are responsible for the destruction of intercellular
tissues and the insurgence of precancerous activity is interrupted to some degree. The acting
substances are the minerals, Manganese and Copper, vitamins B2, B6, C, and E and the amino
acidcysteine. Manganese is a powerful antioxidant that slows down the aging process and
makes cells stronger in the fight against the negative effects of oxygen and broad spectrum
radiation, to which we are exposed daily. It constitutes a part of the enzyme superoxide
dismutase, an allied anti-free radical of the pancreas, liver and kidneys. Copper is an
oligoelement essential to health. Also a strong antioxidant, Copper greatly limits the damaging
effects of free radicals, mainly through the protein ceruloplasmin, which oxidizes the reduced
form of iron responsible for the formation of free radicals. Through the enzyme superoxide
dismutase, the copper element, which is one of its constituents, prevents rancidity of
polyunsaturated fatty acids and keeps the cellular membranes strong. Similarly, it also
producesan anti-cancer property.Vitamin B12 actively takes part in complex cellular metabolic
processes by being an indispensable regulator together with the enzyme glutathione reductase,
as part of the process of maintaining stable levels of glutathione, a highly active anti-free
radical. Riboflavin limits and inhibits, in part, the toxic by products of cellular respiration, a
natural metabolic process which is highly oxidative.Vitamin B6 plays a role in the metabolism
of the important essential amino acid, tryptophan, which is involved in proteinsynthesis and is
a strong antioxidant.Vitamin C, another strong antioxidant, limits the damage caused by the
oxidation of free radicals to the white blood cells. It is known that white blood cells are
responsible for our immune defence, by which sickness or disease is overcome more easily.
Vitamin E interacts in cellular energy production processes and is truly important to our health,
especially during nervous system and immune system illnesses.Cysteine is also a member of
Aloe’s antioxidant team. This non-essential amino acid is considered a guarantee to our health
and longevity, by de-activating free radicals through its sulphurous function group, a good
antioxidant, and, secondly,by protecting and strengthening cellular membranes from external
attacks. Recent studies have demonstrated that cysteine, together with the B group of vitamins,
can bind toxic molecules formed by disease processes and create inoffensive and harmless
compounds.
Healing wounds: Due to polysaccharides and the growth hormone gibberellins, increased
collagen and elastin formation may reduce wrinkling. The high healing capacity of Aloe vera
is to find out a number of mucopolysaccharides (MPS) present between 10,000-20,000 MPS
per litre . Moreover, Aloe vera effects are in the treatment of scar tissue and the prevention of
scar formation following injury to the skin, probably are attributed to the activity of the amino
acids necessary to new cell formation. (Christaki, 2010)
Glucomannan, a mannose-rich polysaccharide, and gibberellin, a growth hormone, interacts
with growth factor receptors on the fibroblast, thereby stimulating its activity and proliferation,
which in turn significantly increases collagen synthesis after topical and oral Aloe vera. Aloe
gel not only increased collagen content of the wound but also changed collagen composition
(more type III) and increased the degree of collagen cross linking. Due to this, it accelerated
wound contraction and increased the breaking strength of resulting scar tissue. An increased
synthesis of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate in the granulation tissue of a healing wound
following oral or topical treatment has been reported. (Malik Itrat, 2013).
Effects on skin exposure to UV and X-radiation: Aloe vera supports the healing of first to
second degree burns although the exact role is not well known. It is suggested that lectin may
be responsible for the therapeutic effect .

Effects on ulcers: Aloe vera can be used successfully in the general treatment of skin ulcers
including mouth ulcers herpes simplex and psoriasis. Also, this plant was found to protect
against the formation of gastric ulcers. (Efterpi V. Christaki and Panagiota C. Florou-
Paneri, 2010).
Effects on Burns: Aloe vera plant has been implied for years to treat burns holistically.For the
treatment of burns, the pure gel, either from the fresh leaves of a healthy plant or from a
trustworthy company may be used. Keep in mind that Aloe vera liniment is not used as the
liniments have been for mulated to create heat that may again cause problem to the burn . Its
liniment is used for muscle problems.

Effects on Pigmentation: Melan in is a pigment which is responsible for the color of the human
skin. Hyper pigmentation is a situation in which large amount of melanin is synthesized. This
generally happens due to excess exposure of the skin to the sun. In reaction to UV rays in
sunbeams, the skin cells called melanocytes initiate to synthesize melanin. This increased
synthesis of melanin is responsible for the emergence of darkened patches on the skin. Aloe
vera has the property of diminishing the pigmentation and dark spots on the face.

Effects on Skin Eruption :Aloe vera containing creams are beneficial for skin eruptions. Aloe
veragels have been proved to be the best remedy for burns and wounds. Actually, cellular
regeneration, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of Aloe vera make it useful for skin
eruption.

Sclap and other Skin Problems: Aloe vera is very valuable for skin disorders. It may also be
used for the treatment of scalp, stings, sprains, sunburns, eczema, sore muscles,
arthritis,scrapes, cold sores, scalds, abrasions, psoriasis, bruises, etc, Itching and Blisters Aloe
vera also provides relief from itching and also helps to treat blisters. Aloe contains vitamin B1
,B2, B6, B12 and vitamin C that provide soothing and pleasing sensation to skin.

Skin Aging: As Aloe vera initiates the synthesis of elastin as well as collagen. These proteins
are essential for preventing the aging of the skin. (M. Imran Qadir, 2009).
The invaluable oligo elements present in Aloe juice, manganese and selenium, constitute the
enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, recognized as powerful
antioxidants and cellular anti-aging agents. Their high antioxidant properties slow down the
aging process. This helps cells to become stronger in combating the negative effects caused by
oxygen and the broad spectrum radiation we are exposed to daily. The non-essential amino
acid, proline, is instead a constituent of collagen, whose role is to ensure the perfect holding
capacity and elasticity of epithelial tissues. It naturally follows that the intake of the vitamins
and minerals present in Aloe stimulates proper blood saturation, thus guaranteeing better
oxygenation and faster expulsion of toxins. Skin becomes smoother, hydrated and more elastic,
protected from free radicals and their degenerative activity, resulting in impressive/substantial
anti-aging effects.

Anti-inflammatory Action: Aloe vera inhibits the cyclooxygenase pathway and reduces
prostaglandin E2 production from arachidonic acid. Recently, the novel anti-inflammatory
compound called C-glucosyl chromone was isolated from gel extracts. (Malik Itrat, 2013).
Effects on Acne: Aloe vera helps to eradicate acne scars by performing as an immune booster
and an anti-inflammatory agent. Beauty products composed of Aloe vera may diminish the
rigorousness of acne. It is also composed of the chemical ingredients which have the property
to save the skin to initiate the acne Moisturizing Agent Aloe vera may also be used for softening
and moisturizing the skin. There are so many products available in the market containing Aloe
vera which may be used post-showering to obtain the skin in super soft shape. Aloe vera gel,
cream or lotion applied on the face forms a delicious cover that helps to shield the skin from
dust and other natural elements which may be injurious to the skin. (M. Imran Qadir, 2009).
It also contains 75 potentially active constituents: vitamins, enzymes, minerals, lignin,
saponins, salicylic acids and amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with
emollient, purgative, antimicrobial, anti in-flammatory, anti-oxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-
helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential
to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. (Sahu.et.al., 2013).