Routedge Handbook of Heritage in Asia

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Routledge Handbook of Heritage in Asia
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Routledge Handbook of
Heritage in Asia
Across Asia today rapid economic and social change means the region’s heritage is simultaneously
under threat and undergoing a revival as never before. This volume examines heritage as a
key component in the unfolding modernities of Asia, moving between analytical scales to
address questions of tourism, urban planning, national or ethnic expressions of identity, conflict
memorialisation, and biodiversity.
For some, heritage has become an effective means for protecting those landscapes, rituals,
artefacts or traditional values endangered by rapid socio-economic change. For others, it has
emerged as a valuable resource for achieving wider goals such as poverty alleviation, nation
building or the cultural profiling of citizens. In certain instances however, heritage protection
represents an obstacle inhibiting progress, national unification, or the shedding of unwanted
memories.
The Routledge Handbook of Heritage in Asia offers an expansive account of the complexities of
heritage in relation to a series of wider historical, socio-political, environmental and physical
changes. The international team of contributors take an interdisciplinary approach and present
both new challenges and new directions for our understanding of contemporary Asia.
With chapters covering the entire region, this Handbook will be of interest across a wide
range of disciplines including: heritage studies, Asian studies, cultural sociology, religious studies,
and social policy in Asia.
Patrick Daly is a Research Fellow at the Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore.
Tim Winter is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Culture and Society, University of
Western Sydney, Australia.
Routledge Handbook of
Heritage in Asia
Edited by
Patrick Daly and Tim Winter
First published 2012

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2012 Editorial selection and matter, Patrick Daly and Tim Winter; individual chapters, the
contributors.
The right of Patrick Daly and Tim Winter to be identified as editors of this work has
been asserted by them in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Routledge handbook of heritage in Asia / [edited by] Patrick Daly & Tim Winter.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-60045-3 (alk. paper) – ISBN 978-0-203-15600-1 (alk. paper)
1. Cultural property – Asia. 2. Historic preservation – Asia. 3. Asia – Civilization.
4. Heritage tourism – Asia. I. Daly, Patrick T., 1975-II. Winter, Tim, 1971-
DS12.R68 2011
950 – dc23
2011021865
ISBN 978-0-415-60045-3 (hbk)

ISBN 978-0-203-15600-1 (ebk)
Typeset in by Bembo
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Contents
List of illustrations viii

Notes on contributors xi
Acknowledgments xv
1 Heritage in Asia: converging forces, conflicting values 1

Tim Winter and Patrick Daly
PART I
Challenging Conservation: The View From Asia 37
2 ‘Same same but different?’: a roundtable discussion

on the philosophies, methodologies, and practicalities of
conserving cultural heritage in Asia 39
Kecia L. Fong, Tim Winter, Hae Un Rii, Pinraj Khanjanusthiti
and Aparna Tandon
3 The unbearable impermanence of things: reflections on Buddhism,

cultural memory and heritage conservation 55
Maurizio Peleggi
4 From multi-religious sites to mono-religious

monuments in South Asia: the colonial legacy of heritage
management 69
Himanshu Prabha Ray
5 Exotification, conservation and the history of natural heritage in

Indonesia 85
Timothy P. Barnard
6 Beyond band aids: the need for specialised materials conservation

expertise in Asia 98
Jeffrey W. Cody and Kecia L. Fong
v
Contents
PART II
The Politics and Governance of Heritage 111
7 States, governance and the politics of culture: world heritage

in Asia 113
William Logan
8 ‘Selecting the refined and discarding the dross’: the post-1990 Chinese
leadership’s attitude towards cultural tradition 129
Jiawen Ai
9 Legislating to safeguard Asia’s intangible cultural heritage 139

Georgina Lloyd
10 Intangible cultural heritage and peace building in Indonesia and

East Timor 153
Birgit Bräuchler
11 The revitalisation of Khmer ethnic identity in Thailand: empowerment or

confinement? 168
Alexandra Denes
12 A political-ecological heritage of resource contest and conflict 182

Michael R. Dove
PART III
Rethinking Relationships, Remembrance and Loss 199
13 Modernity, Socialism and heritage in Asia 201

Colin Long
14 War and revolution as national heritage: ‘Red Tourism’ in China 218

Horng-luen Wang
15 The politics of loss and nostalgia in Luang Prabang (Lao PDR) 234
David Berliner
16 Rethinking relationships: world heritage, communities

and tourism 247
Robyn Bushell and Russell Staiff
17 Heritage challenges in Asian urban cultural landscape

settings 266
Ken Taylor
vi
Contents
PART IV
Negotiating Modernity and Globalisation 281
18 Heritage and modernity in India 283

Jyoti Hosagrahar
19 Anti-superstition: campaigns against popular religion and its

heritage in Asia 295
Denis Byrne
20 Globalisation and sacred Adivasi landscapes in Eastern India 311

Vinita Damodaran
21 Shifting pilgrim-trails and temple-towns in India 328

Kiran A. Shinde
22 Asian orientalism: perceptions of Buddhist heritage in Japan 339

Aki Toyoyama
23 Fighting modernity: traditional Chinese martial arts and the

transmission of intangible cultural heritage 350
Patrick Daly
Index 364
vii
List of illustrations
Table
12.1 Historical relations between Indonesian governments and smallholder
producers of various export commodities 186
Figures
1.1 Shanghai Expo, China National Pavilion 3
1.2 Angkor souvenirs, Cambodia 16
1.3 Local tourism businesses, Guilin, China 19
1.4 Traditional henna design, Srinagar, Kashmir 21
4.1 Map showing distribution of Buddhist sites in India 71
4.2 11th to 12th century model of the Bodh Gaya shrine from Myanmar. These
circulated widely across the Buddhist realm and it is suggested that they formed
the basis for reconstruction of the Bodh Gaya temple 75
4.3 Amaravati sculpture now in the British Museum 78
7.1 Densification and loss of vegetation cover in central town precinct: disruption of
traditional Lao settlement pattern 117
7.2 A new house in central Luang Prabang shows some respect for traditional
building form but little for design, materials and set-back regulations 118
7.3 New multi-storey guesthouses on filled-in ponds cause disruption to drainage
patterns and exacerbate flooding in the wetlands on Luang Prabang’s southern
periphery 118
7.4 Mainstreet restaurant: the intensification of French chic in Luang
Prabang 119
7.5 Staged dance in a Lijiang square: commodifying the intangible
heritage of the Naxi ethnic minority 121
7.6 Grand entrance to the newly constructed tourist town adjacent to
the World Heritage property at Lijiang 122
11.1 Map of Thailand showing Khmer-speaking provinces 170
11.2 Ethnic Khmer posed in front of an ancient Khmer sanctuary float at
Phnom Khaw Saway Festival, Surin Province 173
11.3 Nam Pheung Muang Surin filming a kantreum music video at Prasaat
Muang Tam 174
11.4 A spirit medium dressed as a female Khmer celestial deity, or apsara 175
12.1 The historic pattern of natural resource development in Borneo 186
viii
Illustrations
12.2 Kantu’ Dayak hunting party 187

12.3 Kantu’ Dayak girl harvesting dry rice 187
12.4 Kantu’ Dayak woman harvesting dry rice 188
12.5 Kantu’ Dayak man shaping a canoe paddle 188
12.6 Kantu’ Dayak carving a hilt for a brush-sword 189
13.1 Archaeological site at the Thang Long Citadel in Hanoi 208
13.2 French-era building within the Thang Long Citadel, used as the
Headquarters of the North Vietnamese Army during the war against the
USA and its allies. Beneath it is a bunker and meeting rooms of the Army
High Command 209
13.3 Socialist realist sculpture outside the Mausoleum of Mao Tse Tung in Beijing 212
13.4 ‘Shrine’ to Kaysone Phomvihane in the Central Committee meeting room at
Kaysone’s cave site in Vieng Xay 214
14.1 Triangular relations between Heritage, place, identity and tourism 219
14.2 The spacious plaza in front of the newly built Yan’an Museum of Revolution. In a
typical scene of danwei lüyou, a tour group organized by a work unit from Henan
takes group pictures in front of a huge Mao statue 223
14.3 Visitors to the Yan’an Museum of Revolution show great interest in viewing
weapons 224
14.4 A typical exterior view of yaodong. Here a group of tourists takes pictures
in front of a yaodong in which Mao Zedong used to live 225
14.5 A typical interior display in yaodong. A tourist leans forward from the
neighboring dugout to take pictures with his mobile phone 225
14.6 Taking pictures in the Eighth Route Army uniform is a popular practice
observed at many sites of Red Tourism. The background in this
photograph is an enlarged picture of young Mao Zedong, based
on the original taken by American journalist Edgar Snow during the
Yan’an period 226
14.7 A tourist poses to mimic Mao Zedong delivering a speech at the Seventh
National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party 227
14.8 Tourists enthusiastically watch a live-ammunition performance of the
simulation theater ‘Revisiting the Battle of Defending Yan’an’ 227
15.1 Tak Baad, the morning alms-giving ritual 237
15.2 Posters to sensitise tourists to cultural issues concerning the alms-giving ritual 239
15.3 Hotel owners buy old cars to pick up tourists at the airport 240
15.4 Some families cannot afford repairing their traditional houses with old
materials 242
16.1 Tour boats in Ha Long Bay 254
16.2 Morning ritual of tak baad, the giving of alms 258
16.3 Novice monks walking along main street Luang Prabang in World
Heritage core that has seen many shop houses converted for tourism
purposes such as cafés, souvenir sales and accommodation 258
17.1 St Mark’s Square Venice: the quality of this renowned piazza derives
from the total composition, including the spatial quality, rather than
individual buildings 268
17.2 Street in Jelan Besar, Singapore 270
17.3 Tha Tien Shophouse, Bangkok 271
17.4 Street in George Town, Penang 272
ix
Illustrations
19.1 Worshipers at the Kuandu Temple to the goddess Mazu, Taiwan 296
19.2 Former temple, converted to domestic accommodation in the mid-twentieth
century, on Gulangyu Island, Xiamen (Amoy) 299
19.3 Spirit shrine, Chana Songkhram, Bangkok 301
19.4 A local deity temple in Taipei 305
22.1 Overview, Ajanta Caves 340
22.2 Mural depicting place scenes from the Visvantara Jataka, Ajanta cave 17 340
22.3 Sampling pigments of murals at Ajanta cave 2 under the Indo-Japanese
Project for Conservation of the Mural Paintings at Ajanta Caves 341
x
Notes on contributors
Jiawen Ai is a Ph.D. candidate in Politics at the University of Melbourne. She has taught at
the University of Melbourne, Deakin University and La Trobe University. She is the author of
The Refunctioning of Confucianism: Mainland Chinese Intellectual Response toward Confucianism since the
1980s (Issues & Studies, 44, 29–72), and Two Sides of One Coin: the Party’s Attitude towards
Confucianism in Contemporary China (Journal of Contemporary China, 18, 689–701).
Timothy P. Barnard is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the National

University of Singapore. His research focuses on the environmental and cultural history of Indonesia
and Malaysia. He has published extensively on state formation in eighteenth-century Sumatra,
and is currently working on a monograph focusing on the history of the Komodo dragon.
David Berliner is Associate Professor in Anthropology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles,

Belgium as well as co-editor of Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale. He has published var-
ious articles about transmission and memory, heritage-making, religion, art and gender. He is
engaged in ethnographical research in Laos looking at the politics of heritage and nostalgia in
Luang Prabang.
Birgit Bräuchler teaches at the Institute for Social and Cultural Anthropology, Goethe Uni-
versity, Frankfurt, Germany. Her main research interests are media and cyberanthropology,
conflict and peace studies and the revival of tradition. She is author of Cyberidentities at War
(2005), editor of Reconciling Indonesia (2009), and co-editor of Theorising Media and Practice
(2010). Her current research is on the cultural dimension of reconciliation in Indonesia.
Robyn Bushell is in the Institute for Culture and Society and Associate Professor in the School
of Social Sciences at the University of Western Sydney. Her research interests revolve around
values-based heritage management and visitation. She works closely with a range of national
and international bodies including UNESCO World Heritage Centre, IUCN and UN-World
Tourism Organisation, establishing policies and planning frameworks for development strategies
involving tourism in developed and developing countries, to be integrated with strategies to
deliver broad community benefits.
Denis Byrne leads the research program in cultural heritage at the Department of Environment,
Climate Change and Water (NSW) in Sydney. He is also Adjunct Professor at the TransForming
Cultures Centre, University of Technology, Sydney. His interests include the materiality of
popular religion, the everyday engagement of people in Asia and Australia with their material
past, and fictocritical archaeological writing, the latter resulting in his 2007 book, Surface Collection.
xi
Contributors
Jeffrey W. Cody has been a Senior Project Specialist in the Education Department at the Getty
Conservation Institute since 2004, when he began coordinating a series of ongoing educational
and training activities for Southeast Asian conservation professionals. From 1995 to 2004 he
taught architectural history at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. He is the author of Building
in China (2001) and Exporting American Architecture, 1870–2000 (2003); and the co-editor of Chinese
Architecture and the Beaux-Arts (2011) and Brush & Shutter: Early Photography in China (2011).
Patrick Daly is Research Fellow at the Asia Research Institute at the National University of
Singapore. His research focuses on cultural heritage in conflicts and natural disasters, most
recently looking at issues of reconstruction and recovery in Aceh, Indonesia, following the 2004
tsunami. He has conducted research in Palestine, Cambodia, Philippines and Indonesia on issues
related to reconstruction and reintegration post-disaster/conflict.
Vinita Damodaran is an historian of modern India at the University of Sussex. Her work
ranges from the social and political history of Bihar to the environmental history of South Asia.
Her publications include Broken Promises, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar
(1992), Nature and the Orient: Essays on the Environmental History of South and South-East Asia
(1998), Post Colonial India, History Politics and Culture (2000) and British Empire and the Natural
World: Environmental Encounters in South Asia (2010).
Alexandra Denes is Associate Researcher at the Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology
Centre in Bangkok, Thailand where she is the Director of the Culture and Rights in Thailand
Research Project and the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Museums Field School. She com-
pleted her Ph.D. dissertation on Recovering Khmer Ethnic Identity from the Thai National Past: An
Ethnography of the Localism Movement in Thailand. She is interested in issues of ethnic identity,
ritual, memory, cultural rights and the politics of cultural heritage revitalisation.
Michael R. Dove is Margaret K. Musser Professor of Social Ecology and Director of the
Tropical Resources Institute in the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Professor in
the Department of Anthropology; and Curator of Anthropology in the Peabody Museum of
Natural History; Yale University. His most recent books are the co-edited Conserving Nature
in Culture: Case Studies from Southeast Asia (2005), the co-edited Environmental Anthropology:
A Historical Reader (2007), Southeast Asian Grasslands: Understanding a Folk Landscape (2008), The
Banana Tree at the Gate: The History of Marginal Peoples and Global Markets in Borneo (2011), and
the co-edited Complicating Conservation: Beyond the Sacred Forest (2011).
Kecia L. Fong is a Conservator and Project Specialist in the education department of the
Getty Conservation Institute. She has worked internationally on such diverse projects as
the revitalisation of the historic Islamic core of Cairo and the emergency stabilisation and con-
servation of the archaeological site of Zeugma, Turkey. She is currently working on a Built
Heritage in Southeast Asia: Conservation Education and Training Initiative. She is Associate
Editor for Change Over Time: An International Journal of Conservation and the Built Environment.
Jyoti Hosagrahar is Adjunct Associate Professor at the School of International and Public Affairs
at Columbia University. Her focus is on the relationship between urban development, modernity
and cultural politics, especially in South and Southeast Asia. She also serves as an expert consultant
for UNESCO on historic cities. Her recent book Indigenous Modernities: Negotiating Architecture
and Urbanism (2005) won a 2006–7 award from the International Planning History Society.
xii
Contributors
Pinraj Khanjanusthiti is Associate Professor and the Head of the Department of Architecture,
Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. Her areas of specialisation include architecture, heritage
conservation and cultural management. She is a member of the Association of Siamese Architects
(ASA) and has served as a member of ASA’s Conservation Commission. She is a committee
member of ICOMOS Thailand and a jury member for the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Heritage
Awards since 2006.
Georgina Lloyd is the Siem Reap Project Officer of the Angkor Heritage Management
Framework Project and the Deputy Director of the University of Sydney Robert Christie
Research Centre in Siem Reap. She has conducted both doctoral and postdoctoral research on
intangible cultural heritage at Angkor. Her doctoral research examined legal and policy
approaches for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage across Asia and particularly in
Cambodia.
William Logan is Alfred Deakin Professor and UNESCO Chair of Heritage and Urbanism at
Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. His recent research publications focus on urban and
intangible heritage in Asia (especially Vietnam), World Heritage, the heritage of places of pain
and shame, and the links between cultural diversity, heritage and human rights. He is co-General
Editor, with Dr Laurajane Smith, of the ‘Key Issues in Cultural Heritage’ series of books for
Routledge.
Colin Long was Senior Lecturer in Cultural Heritage at Deakin University until October
2010, when he was elected Victorian Secretary of the National Tertiary Education Union.
He was Director of the Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific at Deakin University.
He has taught at universities in Germany and Thailand and undertook aid and development
projects for the Vietnamese and Lao governments, UNESCO and the UN World Tourism
Organisation. His recent publications include ‘Cultural heritage and the global environmental
crisis’ (with Anita Smith), in Labadi and Long, Heritage and Globalisation (2010).
Maurizio Peleggi is Associate Professor of History at the National University of Singapore and
the author of Thailand, the Worldly Kingdom (2007), Lords of Things: The Fashioning of the Siamese
Monarchy’s Modern Public Image (2002), The Politics of Ruins and the Business of Nostalgia (2002) as
well as several chapters in books and journal articles on Thailand’s visual and material culture and
on cultural heritage. He also co-edited the volume Eye of the Beholder: Reception, Audience and
Practice of Modern Asian Art (2006).
Himanshu Prabha Ray is Professor in the Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru
University, New Delhi. Her research interests include the archaeology of religion in Asia,
especially Buddhism and the archaeology of the Indian Ocean. She has published a number of
books on issues related to archaeology and heritage in India: Colonial Archaeology in South
Asia (1944–1948): The Legacy of Sir Mortimer Wheeler in India (2007); Monuments in India (2007);
The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia (2003); and The Winds of Change: Buddhism and
the Maritime Links of Early South Asia (1994).
Hae Un Rii has been Professor in Geography at Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of
Korea since 1984 and an Executive Committee member of ICOMOS International since 2005.
Her research interests are city development, urban transportation system and changing urban
landscape from the viewpoint of historical geography.
xiii
Contributors
Kiran A. Shinde is Lecturer in Urban Planning at the University of New England, Australia.
His Ph.D. focused on the environmental issues associated with religious tourism in sacred sites
in India. His research interests include urban planning, environmental management, tourism,
heritage and urban design. His current project examines urban planning and management in
pilgrimage sites in the state of Maharashtra, India.
Russell Staiff is in the Institute for Culture and Society and Senior Lecturer in the School of
Social Sciences at the University of Western Sydney. He is Adjunct Lecturer in the Architectural
Heritage Management and Tourism international program at Silpakorn University, Bangkok.
His research focus is on the interface between heritage places and tourists. He is currently
writing a book on heritage interpretation and co-editing a book on heritage and tourism.
Aparna Tandon has been a Project Specialist at ICCROM since 2004. She is leading the
ICCROM’s training on First Aid to Cultural Heritage in Times of Conflict. She is also devel-
oping the activities of the SOIMA (Sound and Image Collections Conservation) programme
and has contributed to the planning and implementation of Teamwork for Integrated Emergency
Management, a collaborative training initiative of ICCROM.
Ken Taylor is Adjunct Professor in the Research School of Humanities and the Arts, The
Australian National University and is a former Professor of Landscape Architecture and Director
of the Cultural Heritage Research Centre, University of Canberra. He has had a research
interest in the management of heritage places and cultural landscapes since the mid-1980s and
published nationally and internationally on meanings, values and cultural landscape conservation,
and undertaken conservation management plans for historic cultural landscapes. He is a member
of ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Cultural Landscapes and undertaken work
with UNESCO, ICOMOS, and ICCROM.
Aki Toyoyama is Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, based
in the Department of Art History at Osaka University. She has researched on artistic traditions
of early historic sites in India, particularly Buddhist rock-cut monasteries of the Deccan. Her
current research interests are the re-mapping of Indian cave temple traditions, colonial discourse
on heritage in Asia, and the making process of Asian art history, particularly of India and Japan.
Horng-luen Wang is Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of Sociology, Academia

Sinica, Taiwan. His research interests include social theory, cultural analysis and political
sociology, with special focus on the interplay between nationalism and globalisation. His co-edited
volume, titled At the Edge of Empires: Modernity in Taiwan (2010), examines the historical
formation of various aspects of modernity in Taiwan.
Tim Winter is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Culture and Society, University of
Western Sydney, Australia. He is author of Post-conflict Heritage, Postcolonial Tourism; Culture,
Politics and Development at Angkor, and editor of Asia on Tour: Exploring the Rise of Asian Tourism and
Expressions of Cambodia: the Politics of Tradition, Identity and Change. Tim has consulted for the
World Bank and World Monuments Fund and held Visiting Scholar positions at the University
of Cambridge and Getty Conservation Institute. He is currently working on two books, one on
the Shanghai Expo and the other a history of World’s Fairs.
xiv
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Routledge Handbook of Heritage in Asia

Book · January 2012

Tim Winter Patrick Daly

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Religion and Disaster View project

The Aftermath of Aid View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

First published 2012

ISBN 978-0-415-60045-3 (hbk)

List of illustrations viii

1 Heritage in Asia: converging forces, conﬂicting values 1

2 ‘Same same but diﬀerent?’: a roundtable discussion

3 The unbearable impermanence of things: reﬂections on Buddhism,

4 From multi-religious sites to mono-religious

5 Exotiﬁcation, conservation and the history of natural heritage in

6 Beyond band aids: the need for specialised materials conservation

7 States, governance and the politics of culture: world heritage

9 Legislating to safeguard Asia’s intangible cultural heritage 139

10 Intangible cultural heritage and peace building in Indonesia and

11 The revitalisation of Khmer ethnic identity in Thailand: empowerment or

12 A political-ecological heritage of resource contest and conﬂict 182

13 Modernity, Socialism and heritage in Asia 201

14 War and revolution as national heritage: ‘Red Tourism’ in China 218

16 Rethinking relationships: world heritage, communities

17 Heritage challenges in Asian urban cultural landscape

18 Heritage and modernity in India 283

19 Anti-superstition: campaigns against popular religion and its

20 Globalisation and sacred Adivasi landscapes in Eastern India 311

21 Shifting pilgrim-trails and temple-towns in India 328

22 Asian orientalism: perceptions of Buddhist heritage in Japan 339

23 Fighting modernity: traditional Chinese martial arts and the

12.2 Kantu’ Dayak hunting party 187

Timothy P. Barnard is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the National

David Berliner is Associate Professor in Anthropology at the Université Libre de Bruxelles,

Horng-luen Wang is Associate Research Fellow at the Institute of Sociology, Academia

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