9-1

Solutions to Homework #9

9-15 The four processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the net work output and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are
P
h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg 3
T1 = 300K ⎯
⎯→ qin
Pr1 = 1.386

P2 u = 389.22 kJ/kg 2
Pr 2 = Pr1 =
800 kPa
(1.386) = 11.088 ⎯⎯→ 2
P1 100 kPa T2 = 539.8 K
1 qout 4
u 3 = 1487.2 kJ/kg v
T3 = 1800 K ⎯
⎯→
Pr3 = 1310

P3v 3 P2v 2 T
= ⎯
⎯→ P3 = 3 P2 =
1800 K
(800 kPa ) = 2668 kPa
T3 T2 T2 539.8 K T
P4 3
Pr 4 = Pr3 =
100 kPa
(1310) = 49.10 ⎯⎯→ h4 = 828.1 kJ/kg qin
P3 2668 kPa
2
From energy balances,
4
q in = u 3 − u 2 = 1487.2 − 389.2 = 1098.0 kJ/kg 1 qout
s
q out = h4 − h1 = 828.1 − 300.19 = 527.9 kJ/kg

wnet,out = q in − q out = 1098.0 − 527.9 = 570.1 kJ/kg

(c) Then the thermal efficiency becomes

wnet,out 570.1kJ/kg
η th = = = 51.9%
q in 1098.0kJ/kg

9-21 The three processes of an air-standard cycle are described. The cycle is to be shown on P-v and T-s
diagrams, and the net work per cycle and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
P
Analysis (b) The properties of air at various states are

qin
1 3
qout
v

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 9-2

u1 = 206.91 kJ/kg
T1 = 290 K ⎯
⎯→
h1 = 290.16 kJ/kg
P2v 2 P1v 1 P
= ⎯
⎯→ T2 = 2 T1 =
380 kPa
(290 K ) = 1160 K
T2 T1 P1 95 kPa

⎯
⎯→ u 2 = 897.91 kJ/kg, Pr2 = 207.2

P3
Pr3 = Pr2 =
95 kPa
(207.2) = 51.8 ⎯⎯→ h3 = 840.38 kJ/kg
P2 380 kPa T
Qin = m(u 2 − u1 ) = (0.003 kg )(897.91 − 206.91)kJ/kg = 2.073 kJ 2

Qout = m(h3 − h1 ) = (0.003 kg )(840.38 − 290.16)kJ/kg = 1.651 kJ qin

W net,out = Qin − Qout = 2.073 − 1.651 = 0.422 kJ

3
W net,out 0.422 kJ 1 qout
(c) η th = = = 20.4% s
Qin 2.073 kJ

9-38 An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 9.5. The highest pressure
and temperature in the cycle, the amount of heat transferred, the thermal efficiency, and the mean effective
pressure are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R =
0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
k −1
⎛v ⎞ P
T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = (308 K )(9.5)0.4 = 757.9 K
⎝v 2 ⎠ 3
P2v 2 P1v 1 v T ⎛ 757.9 K ⎞
= ⎯→ P2 = 1 2 P1 = (9.5)⎜⎜
⎯ ⎟⎟(100 kPa ) = 2338 kPa Qin
T2 T1 v 2 T1 ⎝ 308 K ⎠ Qout 4
2
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion. 1
k −1 v
⎛v ⎞
T3 = T4 ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟
⎟ = (800 K )(9.5) 0.4
= 1969 K
⎝v3 ⎠
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

P3v 3 P2v 2 T ⎛ 1969 K ⎞

= ⎯→ P3 = 3 P2 = ⎜⎜
⎯ ⎟⎟(2338 kPa ) = 6072 kPa
T3 T2 T2 ⎝ 757.9 K ⎠

m=
P1V1
=
(100 kPa ) 0.0006 m 3 ( = 6.788 × 10 − 4 kg
)
(b)
RT1 (
0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K (308 K ) )
( )
Qin = m(u 3 − u 2 ) = mcv (T3 − T2 ) = 6.788 × 10 −4 kg (0.718 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(1969 − 757.9 )K = 0.590 kJ

(c) Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

( )
Qout = m(u 4 − u1 ) = mcv (T4 − T1 ) = − 6.788 × 10 −4 kg (0.718 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(800 − 308)K = 0.240 kJ

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 9-3

Wnet = Qin − Qout = 0.590 − 0.240 = 0.350 kJ

Wnet,out 0.350 kJ
η th = = = 59.4%
Qin 0.590 kJ

V max
(d) V min = V 2 =
r
W net,out W net,out 0.350 kJ ⎛ kPa ⋅ m 3 ⎞
MEP = = = ⎜ ⎟ = 652 kPa
V 1 −V 2 V1 (1 − 1 / r ) ( )
0.0006 m 3 (1 − 1/9.5) ⎜⎝ kJ ⎟
⎠

9-40E An ideal Otto cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 8. The amount of heat
transferred to the air during the heat addition process, the thermal efficiency, and the thermal efficiency of
a Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are
applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are P
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 2400 R
3
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17E.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. qin
4
qout
u1 = 92.04Btu/lbm 2
T1 = 540R ⎯ ⎯→ 1 540 R
v r1 = 144.32
v
v
= 2 v r2 = v r 2 = (144.32 ) = 18.04 ⎯
1 1
v r2 ⎯→ u 2 = 211.28 Btu/lbm
v1 r 8

Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.

u 3 = 452.70 Btu/lbm
T3 = 2400R ⎯
⎯→
v r3 = 2.419
q in = u 3 − u 2 = 452.70 − 211.28 = 241.42 Btu/lbm

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

v4
v r4 = v r = rv r3 = (8)(2.419) = 19.35 ⎯⎯→ u 4 = 205.54 Btu/lbm
v3 3
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out = u 4 − u1 = 205.54 − 92.04 = 113.50 Btu/lbm

q out 113.50 Btu/lbm

η th = 1 − = 1− = 53.0%
q in 241.42 Btu/lbm

TL 540 R
(c) η th,C = 1 − = 1− = 77.5%
TH 2400 R

9-57 An ideal diesel cycle has a a cutoff ratio of 1.2. The power produced is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kg·K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, R =
0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).

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 9-4

Analysis The specific volume of the air at the start of the qin
compression is P 2 3

RT1 (0.287 kPa ⋅ m 3 /kg ⋅ K )(288 K)

v1 = = = 0.8701 m 3 /kg 4
P1 95 kPa
qout
The total air mass taken by all 8 cylinders when they are charged is 1

ΔV πB 2 S / 4 π (0.10 m) 2 (0.12 m)/4 v

m = N cyl = N cyl = (8) = 0.008665 kg
v1 v1 0.8701 m 3 /kg

The rate at which air is processed by the engine is determined from

mn& (0.008665 kg/cycle)(1600/60 rev/s)
m& = = = 0.1155 kg/s
N rev 2 rev/cycle

since there are two revolutions per cycle in a four-stroke engine. The compression ratio is
1
r= = 20
0.05
At the end of the compression, the air temperature is

T2 = T1 r k −1 = (288 K)(20 )1.4 −1 = 954.6 K

Application of the first law and work integral to the constant pressure heat addition gives
q in = c p (T3 − T2 ) = (1.005 kJ/kg ⋅ K )(2273 − 954.6)K = 1325 kJ/kg

while the thermal efficiency is

1 rck − 1 1 1.21.4 − 1
η th = 1 − = 1 − 1.4 −1 = 0.6867
r k −1 k (rc − 1) 20 1.4(1.2 − 1)

The power produced by this engine is then

W& net = m& w net = m& η th q in

= (0.1155 kg/s)(0.6867)(1325 kJ/kg)
= 105.1 kW

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 9-5

9-60E An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 18.2 is considered. The cutoff ratio, the
heat rejection per unit mass, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17E.
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
u1 = 92.04 Btu/lbm
T1 = 540 R ⎯
⎯→
v r1 = 144.32

v2 T = 1623.6 R
v r2 =
1
v r1 = v r1 =
1
(144.32) = 7.93 ⎯⎯→ 2
v1 r 18.2 h2 = 402.05 Btu/lbm

Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.

P
P3v 3 P2v 2 v T 3000 R qin
= ⎯
⎯→ 3 = 3 = = 1.848 2 3 3000 R
T3 T2 v 2 T2 1623.6 R
h3 = 790.68 Btu/lbm 4
(b) T3 = 3000 R ⎯
⎯→
v r3 = 1.180 qout
1
q in = h3 − h2 = 790.68 − 402.05 = 388.63 Btu/lbm
v
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v4 v4
v r4 = vr = vr =
r
vr =
18.2
(1.180) = 11.621 ⎯⎯→ u 4 = 250.91 Btu/lbm
v 3 3 1.848v 2 3 1.848 3 1.848
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out = u 4 − u1 = 250.91 − 92.04 = 158.87 Btu/lbm
q out 158.87 Btu/lbm
(c) η th = 1 − = 1− = 59.1%
q in 388.63 Btu/lbm

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 9-6

9-61E An air-standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 18.2 is considered. The cutoff ratio, the
heat rejection per unit mass, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 0.240 Btu/lbm.R, cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm.R,
and k = 1.4 (Table A-2E).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression. P
qin
k −1 2 3
⎛v ⎞
T2 = T1 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = (540R )(18.2 ) 0.4
= 1724R
⎝v 2 ⎠
4
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
1
P3v 3 P2v 2 v T 3000 R
= ⎯
⎯→ 3 = 3 = = 1.741 v
T3 T2 v 2 T2 1724 R
(b) q in = h3 − h2 = c p (T3 − T2 ) = (0.240 Btu/lbm.R )(3000 − 1724 )R = 306 Btu/lbm

Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.

k −1 k −1
⎛v ⎞ ⎛ 1.741v 2 ⎞
0.4
⎛ 1.741 ⎞
T4 = T3 ⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟ = T3 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = (3000 R )⎜ ⎟ = 1173 R
⎝v 4 ⎠ ⎝ v4 ⎠ ⎝ 18.2 ⎠

Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.

q out = u 4 − u1 = cv (T4 − T1 )
= (0.171 Btu/lbm.R )(1173 − 540 )R = 108 Btu/lbm
q out 108 Btu/lbm
(c) η th = 1 − = 1− = 64.6%
q in 306 Btu/lbm

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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.