DEREGULATION OF POWER SECTOR

-A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

Yog Raj Sood Narayana Prasad Padhy H. O. Gupta

Department of Electrical Engineering,

University of Roorkee, Roorkee
India 247 667
E.-mail: ysooddee@rurkiu.ernet.in

Abstract:

This paper gives a bibliographical survey and general backgrounds of research and development in the
field of deregulation of power sector based on large number of published research papers. More then 125
published articles and research papers from various sources like transactions, journals and conferences
have been analyzed and referred in this bibliography.
Keywords: deregulation, congestion, privatization, independent power producers, non-utility generation,
available transfer capability, transmission open access, unbundling, independent system operator.

1. INTRODUCTION concerned with the ownership and management of the

In deregulation environment, generation, transmission
and distribution are independent activities, There is a
competition among generators for customers. Main
benefits from the deregulation are, cheaper electricity,
efficient capacity expansion planning, cost
minimization, more choice and better service.
Since the mid-1980s the electrical power supply
industry around the word has experienced a period of
rapid and irreversible change. The need for more
efficiency in power production and delivery has led to a
restructuring of the power sectors in several countries
traditionally under control of federal and state
governments. The privatization process in Great
Britain[V(7)] is the best known example, followed by
others such as Spain, New Zeeland, Argentina and
Chile, Norway and Sweden [V(3)]. Even in countries
with privately own utilities, such as the US [V(5), V(6),
V(15), V(20)] , there has been a strong drive toward
deregulation and a more intense participation of third
party generation. Other countries are also considering
the restructuring of their electricity power sector so as to
introduce more competition among producers and to
offer more choices for customers. In India [V(2), V(8),
V(10)], the deregulation process has just been started.
Some of private power generating systems are under
constructions. Some rules and regulation in this regard
has already been formulated. These changes are
industry and the term de-regulation or privatization is
frequently used.
The basic features of electricity supply industry (ESI)
restructuring, which will be of interest to both general
reader and the specialist engineer, are as follows:
♦ To introduce competion into a hitherto
monopolistic industry.
♦ In order to achieve this, to separate (vertical
unbundling) the functions of power generation,
transmission, distribution and electricity supply to
consumers.
♦ To create several competing electricity generations
companies (horizontal unbundling).
♦ To recognize that the power transmission system is
a natural monopoly and, accordingly, to make
special regulatory provisions in this respect.
♦ To allow consumers to exercise choice between
suppliers (generation companies) while still using
the existing transmission facilities.
Publications on topics, relevant to deregulation of power
system, are far too numerous to exhaustively document
in a single paper. We have therefore chosen to limit the
resources from which this paper draws the references. In
this bibliography collection of selected literature from,
IEEE transactions, leading technical journals and
proceeding of conferences, etc. is included. Exceptions

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were made to include publication in other resources if a
publication offered a significantly unique, technical
viewpoint on the relevant issue. The bibliography has
been divided into the following sections.
v Basic Concepts
v Methodologies and Analysis
v Regulatory
v Case Studies
v General Issues & future planning
Although the content of many publications spanned two
or more of these sections, the desire to limit document
length required that publication be placed, in general,
only in the single most appropriate section. The
publications are sorted alphabetically according to first
author or publication resources.
3. BASIC CONCEPTS
This section includes the literature, which contains basic
ideas and definitions.
[1]. Hirano, D., Yamaji K., “A study on Fair Allocation of the
Wheeling Costs among Multiple Users”, Trans. of the
Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Part B, Vol.118-
B, No. 9, September 1998, pp.990-997.
[2]. Hirano, D., Yamaji K., “A study on setting the Wheeling
Rate of Electricity on the Basis of Marginal Cost”,
International Journal of Global Energy Issues, Vol.11,
No.1-4, 1998, pp. 195-202.
[3]. Ilic M.D., Yoon Y.T., Zobian, A., “Available Transmission
Capacity (ATC) and its Value under Open Access”, IEEE
Transactions on Power System, Vol.12, No.2, May 1997,
pp.636-645.
[4]. Lo K. L., Zhu S., “Wheeling and Marginal Wheeling
Rates: Theory and Case Study Results”, Electric Power
System Research, Vol.27, No.1, May 1993, pp.11-26.
[5]. Lo K.L., Zhu S., “A theory for Pricing Wheeled Power”,
Electrical Power Systems Research, Vol. 28, No.3, January
1994, pp.191-200.
[6]. Merrill Hyde M. and Bruce W. Erickson, “Wheeling Rates
Based on Marginal-Cost Theory”, IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 1989, pp. 1445-1451.
[7]. Rau N.S. , Necsulescu C. “A Model for Energy Exchanges
in Interconnected Power Systems”, IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol.4, No.3, August 1989, PP.1147-1153.
[8]. Shiromohammadi Dariush, Rajagopalanet Chithra Alward
Eugene R., Thomas Chifong L.," Cost of Transmission
Transaction : An Introduction", ” IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 6, No. 3, August 1991, pp. 1006-1016.
[9]. Wood A. J. and B. F. Wollenberg, “Power Generation,
Operation and Control, second edition, New York, NY:
John Wiley and Sons 1996.
[10]. Wu Felix F., Ni Yixin, Wei Ping, “Power Transfer
Allocation for Open Access Using Graph Theory –
Fundamentals and Applications in Systems Without
Loopflow”, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No.3,
August 2000, pp.923-929.
[11]. Wu Felix F., Ni Yixin, Wei Ping, “Power Transfer
Allocation for Open Access Using Graph Theory –
Fundamentals and Applications in Systems Without
Loopflow”, IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No.3,
August 2000, pp.923-929.
[12]. Yu, C.W., David A.K., “Long-run Marginal Cost
Evaluation of Transmission Capacity”, Proceedings of the
International Power Engineering Conference, 22-24 May
1997, Singapore, Vol.1, pp.425-430.
[13]. Yu, C.W., David A.K., “Security Related Long-run
Marginal Cost Analysis of Transmission Service”,
Proceedings of fourth International Conference on
Advances in Power System Control, Operation and
Management (APSCOM-97), 11-14 November 1997,
Hong Kong, Vol.2, pp.463-468.
[14]. Yu, C.W., David A.K., “Transmission Open Access and
Marginal Wheeling Cost Evaluation”, 3rd International
Conference on Advances in Power System Control,
Operation and Management, 9-11 November 1995 at Hong
Kong, Vol.1, pp.277-282.
4. METHODOLOGIES & ANALYSIS
This section contains those publications, which are
related operational issues, methodologies, technical
analysis, costing, etc.
[1]. Alsac O. and Stott B., "Optimal load flow with steady
state security", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and
Systems, Vol. PAS-93, No. 3, May/June 1974, pp745-751.
[2]. Caramanis Michael C., Bohn Roger E., Schweppe Fred C.,
"The costs of wheeling and optimal Wheeling rates", IEEE
Trans. on Power System, Vol. PWRS-1, No.1, February
1986, pp 63-73.
[3]. Christie Richard D., Wollenberg Bruce F., Wangensteen
Ivar, "Transmission Management in the Deregulated
Environment", Proceedings of IEEE, Vol.88, No.2,
February 2000, pp170-195.
[4]. Clayton J. Scott, Gibson A. Charles, “Interchange Costing
and Wheeling Loss Evaluation by Means of Incrementals”,
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 5, No. 3, October
1990, pp. 759-765.
[5]. Fang R.S. & David A.k., "Transmission Congestion
Management in an Electricity Market" IEEE Trans. on
Power Systems, Vol.14, No.3, August 1999, pp.877-883.
[6]. Ferrero Roberto W. and Shahidehpour S. M., " Optimal
Power Transaction with network constraints in Deregulated
Systems", Electrical Machine and Power System, Vol.25,
Number 6, July 1997, pp661-675.
[7]. Galiana Francisco D. and Phelan Mark, “Allocation of
Transmission Losses to Bilateral Contracts in a
Competitive Environment”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol.15, No.1, February 2000, pp.143-150.
[8]. Galiana Francisco D., Ilic Marija, "A Mathematical
Framework for the analysis and management of Power
Transactions under Open Access", ", IEEE Trans. on
Power Systems, Vol.13, No.2, May 1998, pp.681-687.
[9]. Gisin Boris S., Obessis Manos V, Mitsche James V.,
“Practical Methods for Transfer Limit Analysis in the
Power Industry Deregulated Environment”, IEEE Trans.
on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No.3, August 2000, pp.955-
960.
[10]. Hamoud G., “Assessment of Available Transfer Capability
of Transmission Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol.15, No.1, February 2000, pp.27-32.
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[11]. Hamoud G., “Feasibility Assessment of Simultaneous
Bilateral Transactions in a Deregulated Environment”,
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.15, No.1,
February 2000, pp.22-26.
[12]. Happ H.H., "Cost of Wheeling Methodologies", IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 1994,
pp147-156.
[13]. Happ H.H., “Transmission Pricing Policies and Methods
for Evaluating Wheeling Services”,Proceedinds of the
Amrican Power Conference, April 1994, pp.295-299.
[14]. Ito K., Yokoyama R., Gamou S., Matsumoto Y., "Analysis
of Electric Wheeling on Cooperative Fuel Cell
Cogeneration Systems Installed in Multi-Areas", Journal of
Energy Resources Technology, Vol. 116, September 1994,
pp.211-217.
[15]. Kirschen Daniel S., Strbac Goran, Cumperayot Pariya,
Mendes Dilemar de Paiva, “Factoring the Elasticity of
Demand in Electricity Prices”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Vol.15, No.2, May 2000, pp.612-617.
[16]. Kovacs Ross R. and Leverett Allen L., "A Load Flow
Based Method for Calculating Embedded, Incremental and
Marginal Cost of Transmission Capacity", IEEE Trans. on
Power Systems, Vol.9, No.1, February1994, pp.272-278.
[17]. Kuwahata Akeo and Hiroshi Asano, "Utility-Cogenerator
Game for Pricing Power Sales and Wheeling Fees", IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 4, November 1994,
pp.1875-1879.
[18]. Lee Kwang Y., “Network Congestion Assessment for
Short-term Transmission Planning under Deregulated
Environment” IEEE Power Engineering Society 2001
Winter Meeting, January 28 – February 1, 2001,
Columbus, Ohio (U.S.A.).
[19]. Li Y.Z. and David A. K., "Optimal Multi-Area Wheeling",
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 9, No. 1, February
1994, pp. 288-294.
[20]. Lu, Q.C., Brammer S.R., “Transmission Loss Factors for
Area Energy Interchange” IEEE IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol.11, No.3, August 1996, pp.1387-1392.
[21]. Ma X., El-Keib A.A., Haskew T.A., “Marginal Cost-
Based Pricing of Wheeling Transactions and Independent
Power Producers Considering Security Constraints”,
Electric Power Systems Research, Vol.48, No.2, December
1998, pp.73-78.
[22]. Mukerji Rana, Neugebauer Wendell Ludorf Richard P.,
Catelli Armand, "Evaluation of Wheeling and Non-Utility
Generation (NUG) Options using Optimal Power Flows"
IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.7, No. 1, February
1992, pp.201-207.
[23]. Nishimura Fuyuhiko, "Transaction Modes of Electric
Energy Exchange and there effects of Benefit Optimization
and Allocation", Proceedings of International Conference
on Energy Management and Power Delivery (EMPD '95),
Vol.1, November 21-23, 1995, pp.25-30.
[24]. Nishimura Fuyuhiko, Tabors Richard D., Ilic Marija D.,
Lacalle-Melero Joaquin R., "Benefit Optimization of
Centralized and Decentralized Power Systems in a Multi-
Utility Environment", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol.
8, No. 3, August 1993, pp. 1180-1186.
[25]. Pereira M. V. F., Gorenstin B. G., Fo. M-Morozowski,
Silva J. B., "Chronological Probabilistic Costing and
Wheeling Calculations with Transmission Network
Modeling", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 2,
May 1992, pp. 885-891.
[26]. Perez-Arriaga I. J., Rubio F. J., Puerta J. F., Arceluz J.,
Marin J., "Marginal Pricing of Transmission Services: an
Analysis of Cost Recovery", IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol.10, No.1, February 1995, pp.546-552.
[27]. Rashidinejad M., Y.H. Song, M.H. Javidi, “Option Pricing
of Spinning Reserve in a Deregulated Electricity Market”,
IEEE Power Engineering Review, July 2000, pp
[28]. Seethalekshmi K., Trivedi U.C., Ramamoorty M.,
“Locational Pricing under Transmission Constraints in an
Interconnected Power System”, Proceedings of the
Eleventh National Power System Conference (NPSC-
2000), Vol.1, Dec. 20-22, 2000, IISc. Banglore (India),
pp.197-202.
[29]. Shiromohammadi Dariush, Rajagopalanet Chithra Alward
Eugene R., Thomas Chifong L.," Cost of Transmission
Transaction : An Introduction", ” IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 6, No. 3, August 1991, pp. 1006-1016.
[30]. Sood Y.R. and Padhy N.P. “Method of Evaluating Cost of
Wheeling Based on Marginal Cost Theory”, proceedings of
International Symposium on Electricity Distribution in the
Developing Countries, CBIP, 20-21, January 2000.
[31]. Sood Yog Raj, Padhy N.P., Gupta H.O. “Methods of
Evaluating cost of Wheeling under Deregulated
Environment of Power System”, the proceedings of All
India Seminar on Power System Recent Advances and
Prospects in 21st Century (PSRAP21C), February 17,2001
at MREC Jaipur (Raj.).
[32]. Sood Yog Raj, Padhy Narayana Prasad, Gupta H. O.,
“Analysis and Management of Wheeling Transactions
Based on AI Techniques under Deregulated Environment
of Power Sector”, Water and Energy International
Journal,Vol.58, No.1, January-March 2001, pp.45-52.
[33]. Sood Yog Raj, Verma S., Padhy Narayana Prasad, Gupta
H.O., “Evolutionary Programming Based Algorithm for
Selection of Wheeling Options”, IEEE Power Engineering
Society 2001 Winter Meeting, January 28 – February 1,
2001, Columbus, Ohio (U.S.A.).
[34]. Tsukamoto Yukitokin, Iyoda Isao, "Allocation of Fixed
Transmission Cost to Wheeling Transactions by
Cooperative Game Theory", IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol.11, No.2, May 1996, pp.620-629.
[35]. Yong T., Lasseter R., “Optimal Power Flow Formulation
in Market of Retail Wheeling", IEEE Power Engineering
Society, 1999 Winter Meeting, 31 January- 4 February,
1999 at New York, NY (USA), pp.394-398.
[36]. Zuwei Yu, Sparrow F.T., Trafalis T., “A Proposed fast
Algorithm for Security Constrained Economic Dispatch in
Case of Energy Exchange and Wheeling”, Proceedings of
the American Power Conference, 1-3 April 1997 at
Chicago, IL, USA, pp.371-376.
5. REGULATORY
As mentioned early, the power transmission system is a
natural monopoly. So some special regulations are
required for this system. This section deals with
publications on these regulations.
[1]. Brown A., “Electricity after the Energy Policy Act of
1992: The Regulatory Agenda”, The Electricity Journal,
January/February 1993, PP.33-43.
[2]. Chown Graeme A., Coetzee Marita G., “Implementation of
Regulation as an Ancillary Service in Eskom and the Use
of Eskom Internal Web for This Service” IEEE Trans. on
Power Systems, Vol. 15, No.3, August 2000, pp.1132-
1136.
3
[3]. Durham Robert A. and Durham Marcus O., “Electric Re-
Regulation Impact”, IEEE Industry Applications
Magazine” Vol.5, No.5, September/October 1999, pp.47-
56.
[4]. Edison Electric Institute, “Transmission Access and
Wheeling a Summary of State Laws and Regulations”
Washington, D.C., 1989.
[5]. Edison Electric Institute, “Transmission Access and
Wheeling an Updated Summary of State Laws and
Regulations” Washington, D.C., 1991.
[6]. Einhorn, M. A., “Electricity Wheeling and Incentive
Regulation”, Journal of Regulatory Economics, Vol.2,
No.2, June 1990, pp.173-189.
[7]. Heinold D.L., “Retail Wheeling: is Competition among
Energy Utilities an Environmental disaster, or it can be
reconciled with integrated resource planning?”, Rutgers
Computer & Technology Law Journal, Vol.22, No.1, 1996,
pp.301-333.
[8]. Pace J.D., “Wheeling and the Obligation to Serve”, Energy
Law Journal, 1987.
[9]. Seeley Karl, Lawarree Jacques and Chen-Ching Liu,
“Analysis of Electricity Market Rules and their effect on
Strategic Behavior in a Noncongestive Grid” IEEE Trans.
on Power Systems, Vol. 15, No.1, February 2000, pp.157-
162.
[10]. U.S. Government Printing Office, “Electric Power
Wheeling and Dealing: Technological Considerations for
increasing Competition”, U.S. Congress, Office of
Technology Assessment, OTA-E-409, Washington, D.C.,
May 1989.
6. CASE STUDIES
This section deals with those publications, which are
related with restructuring or deregulation experience in
different countries.
[11]. Asano H., Tsukamoto Y., “Transmission Pricing in Japan”,
Utilities Policy, Vol.6, No.3, September 1997, pp.203-210.
[12]. Baji V.T., Ashok S., “Wheeling Power- a case study in
India”, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems Vol.20, No.5, June 1998, pp. 333-336.
[13]. Christie Richard D., Wangensteen I., “The Energy Market
in Norway and Sweden Introduction”, IEEE Power
Engineering Review Vol.18, No.2, February 1998, pp.44-
45.
[14]. Coulter Bob, Kalam Akhtar, Zayegh Aladin, “Privatization
in the Asia Pacific Region the Electricity Supply Industry
in Victoria, Australia”, proceedings of Symposium on
Electricity Distribution in the Developing Countries, CBIP,
New Delhi, January 20-21, 2000, pp.34-37.
[15]. Falcone F.C., “Electric Utility Industry Structure in the
United States”, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol.12,
No.4, April 1992, pp.13-17.
[16]. Gent M.R., “Electric Supply and Demand in the United
States: Next Ten Years”, IEEE Power Engineering
Review, Vol.12, No.4, April 1992, P.10.
[17]. Ilic M.D., Yoon Y.T., Zobian, A., Paravalos M. E.,
“Toward Regional Transmission Provision and its Pricing
in New England”, Utilities Policy, Vol.6, No.3, September
1997, pp. 245-256.
[18]. Kumar Parveen, Srivastava S.C., “Congestion
Management in Deregulated Power- A Case Study on an
Indian Power System”, Proceedings of the Eleventh
National Power System Conference (NPSC-2000), Vol.1,
Dec. 20-22, 2000, IISc. Banglore (India), pp.191-196.
[19]. Nabas E.T., Falleiros, J.A.B., Masciotro J.C., “Wheeling –
a Feasible Solution for the Co-generation using Biomass in
Brazil”, Proceedings of 1999 IEEE Transmission and
Distribution Conference, 11-16 April 1999, New Orleans,
LA (USA), Vol.1, pp.305-309.
[20]. Palanicharmy C., et al., "Privatizing and Restructuring
Indian Power Sector - An Overview", IE (I) Journal-EL,
Vol. 80, May 1999, pp23-30.
[21]. Rudnics Hugh, Palma Rodrigo, Fernandez Jose E.,
“Marginal Pricing and Supplement Cost Allocation in
Transmission Open Access”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol. 10, No.2, May 1995, pp.1125-1142.
[22]. Sackey T., Zakhary S.Z., “Power Wheeling through the
West African Interconnected System”, Proceedings of
sixth International Conference on AC and DC Power
Transmission (Conf. Publ. No.423), April 29-May 3, 1996,
London (U.K.), pp13-18.
[23]. Sackey T., Zakhary S.Z., “Power Wheeling through the
West African Interconnected System”, Proceedings of
sixth International Conference on AC and DC Power
Transmission (Conf. Publ. No.423), April 29-May 3, 1996,
London (U.K.), pp13-18.
[24]. Sarma Sree Ram, Gopalachari, Viswanath K.,
“Restructuring & Reforms of Power Sector, in Andhra
Pradesh State (India) – Case Study”, proceedings of
Symposium on Electricity Distribution in the Developing
Countries, CBIP, New Delhi, January 20-21, 2000, pp.15-
25.
[25]. Stein H., “Deregulation in the US Promises Good
Prospects”, Modern Power Systems, Vol.15, No.11,
Nov.1995, p. 19,21,23.
[26]. Vaahedi Ebrahim, Poirier R. J., Necsulescu Cristina, Karas
A. N., "Benefits of Economy Transactions and Wheeling in
Canada", IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3,
August1993, pp. 1299-1306.
[27]. Wang Lihua, Chen Jilai, Wang Jingyuan, Yin Qiyun,
“Power Losses in Gansu 330 KV Power Network caused
by Wheeling”, Power System Technology Vol.22, No.10,
October 1998, pp.68-70.
[28]. Zarnikau, J., Reilley B., “The Evolution of the
Cogeneration Market in Taxas”, Energy Policy, Vol.24,
No.1, January 1996, pp.67-79.
[29]. Zinow B.M., “Competition in the Amrican Electricity
Supply Industry – Report on a Survey Trip”,
Elektrizitaetswirtschaft, Vol.96, No.25, December 1997,
pp.1492-1494.
7. GENERAL ISSUES & FUTURE PLANNING
This section deals with publcations related with future
planning, importance of the topic, critical comments and
other general articals which may not be included in any
of the above four sections.
[1]. Adsmson A.M., Garver, L.L., Maughn J.N., Palermo P.J.,
Stillinger W.L., “Summary of Panel: Long Term Impact of
Third Party Transmission Use”, IEEE Transactions on
Power PAS, Vol.6, No.3, August 1991, pp.1183-1188.
[2]. Arokiaswamy, N.S.S., “Can Private Power Succeed as
Viable Option?”, Indian Journal of Power and River Valley
4
 Development, Vol.47, No.11-12, November-December
1997, pp.224-227, 238.
[3]. Baran Mesut E., Banunarayanan, Garren Kenneth E.,
“Equitable Allocation of Congestion Relief Cost to
Transactions”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol.15, No.2, May 2000, pp.579-585.
[4]. Baughman M.L., Siddiqi S.N., Zarnikau J.W., “Advanced
Pricing in Electricity Systems”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Systems, Vol.12, No.1, February 1997, pp.489-502.
[5]. Billinton R., Wang P., “Deregulated Power System
Planning using a Reliability network Equivalent
Technique”, IEE Proc.-Gener.Trans.Distrib., Vol.146,
No.1, January 1999, pp.25-30.
[6]. Hanumantha Sastry M., Krishna Prasad G., “Customer
Service Enhancement in Electrical Utility”, Proceedings of
Power Quality ’98 Conference, 1998, Hyderabad (India).
[7]. Happ. H.H., “Selection of Methods for Evaluating the Cost
of Transmission Wheeling Services”, Proceedings of the
American Power Conference, 57th Annual Meeting,
Technology for a Competitive World, 18-20 April 1995,
Chicago, IL, USA, Vol.1, pp.606-611.
[8]. Hazan E., “Industry Transformation is under way
Worldwide [Electric Utilities]”, Transmission &
Distribution World, Vol.49, No.5, May 1997, pp.45-46,
48-49, 51.
[9]. Hu Jiangyi, Huang Jiayu, Bian Beilei, “A Research about
Optimal Wheeling Scheme”, Automation of Electric Power
Systems, Vol.22, No.12, December 1998, pp.34-36.
[10]. Hulleman V., Kerr W.A., “Access: a Global Issue in
Electricity Generation”, Energy Sources, Vol.20, No.3,
April 1998, pp.241-257.
[11]. Lewis P., "Wheeling and Dealing [Power Transmission]",
IEE Review, Vol.42, Issue 5, September 1996, pp.196-198.
[12]. Lima J. W.,Marangon, Pereira M. V. F., Pereira J. L. R.,
"An Integrated Framework for Cost Allocation in a Multi-
Owned Transmission System", IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol.10, No.2, May 1995, pp.971-977.
[13]. Nakashima T., Niimura T., Okada K., “Multiple- impact
Assessment of Wheeling and Independent Power
Producers in a De-regulated Power System”, Proceedings
of IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer
Engineering, 24-28 May 1998, Waterloo, Ont., Canada,
Vol.1, pp.89-92.
[14]. Scarfane Allen, "Short- Circuit Simulations Help Quantify
Wheeling Flow", IEEE Computer applications in Power,
Vol.8, Issue 2, April 1995, pp.44-47.
[15]. Stein Gerhard, "In search of Competitive Electricity
Supplies", Proceedings of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems Conference, May 1-5, 1994, pp.219-223.
[16]. Stein Gerhard, "In search of Competitive Electricity
Supplies", Proceedings of Industrial and Commercial
Power Systems Conference, May 1-5, 1994, pp.219-223.
[17]. Thomas J. Overbye, Gross George, Laufenberg Mark J.,
Sauer Peter W., "Visualizing Power System Operations in
an Open Market", IEEE Computer Applications in Power,
Vol.10, Issue 1, January 1997, pp.53-58.
[18]. Torre Teofio De La , Feltes James W., Roman Tomas
Gomez San , Merrill Hyde M., “Deregulation,
Privatization and Competition: Transmission Planning
under Uncertainty”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
Vol.14, No.2, May 1999, pp.460-465.
[19]. Viswanath K., “Deregulation Concepts – Overview”,
proceedings of Symposium on Electricity Distribution in
the Developing Countries, CBIP, New Delhi, January 20-
21, 2000, pp.26-33.
[20]. Vojdani A.F., Imparato C.F., Saini N.K., Happ H.H.,
“Transmission Access Issues”, IEEE Trans. on Power
Systems, Vol. 11, No.1, February 1996, pp.41-51.
[21]. Yu Z., D. Gachiri Nderitu, F.T. Sparrow, “A Proposed
Market Power Monitoring Model for Restructuring
Electricity Markets”, IEEE Power Engineering Review,
July 2000, pp.41-42.
[22]. Zhu S.P., "Some Considerations on Transmission Services
Concerning Optimizing Wheeling Parties' Benefits"
Proceedings of International Conferences on Energy
Management and Power Delivery, (EMPD '95), November,
21-23, 1995, pp.19-24.
8. CONCLUSION
This paper gives an overview of concept deregulation of
power sector with a bibliographical survey of relevant
background, practical requirements, the historical
events, the present state and techniques. It is based on
many research articles published from last 20 years. The
citation listed in the this bibliography provide a
representative sample of current engineering thinking
pertaining to the transfer of power under deregulated
environment of power industry. Periodic bibliographic
updates on this topic will be useful as the industry
continues to evolve.
9. BIOGRAPHIES
Yog Raj Sood was born in Banur (Patiala), India. He
obtained his B.Sc degree from P.U. Chandigarh in 1980.
He received his B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering
with “Honours” and M.E. in Power System from Punjab
Engineering College
Chandigarh (U.T.), in 1984 and
1987 respectively. He joined
Regional Engineering College
Kurukshetra in 1986. He has
been working as Assistant
Professor in the Electrical
Engineering Department of
Regional Engineering College,
Hamirpur (H.P.) since 1991. He
has published a number of
research papers. He is doing his Ph.D. from University
of Roorkee,Roorkee (U.P).
His research interests are in the area of computer
applications to power system, wheeling, deregulation,
open access transmission system, power network
optimization and non-conventional sources of energy.
5
Narayana Prasad Padhy obtained his degree of
engineering and Master of Engineering in 1990 and
1993, respectively. In 1997, he obtained his Ph.D.
degree from Anna University,
Chennai, India. He joined
Birla Institute of Technology
& Science as an Assistant
Professor in 1997. He is
presently with the faculty of
Electrical Engineering,
University of Roorkee,
Roorkee. He taught course in
Basic Electrical Engineering,
Power Systems and Artificial Intelligence.
His field of interest is Artificial Intelligence
Applications to Power System Optimization Problem.
H.O.Gupta was born in Agra, India. He obtained his
B.E. in Electrical
Engineering from the
Government
Engineering College,
Jabalpur. He received
his M.E. in systems
engineering and
operation research
and Ph.D. from the
University of
Roorkee, Roorkee,
in1975 and 1980
respectively. At present he is working as a professor
in the Electrical Engineering Department of the
University of Roorkee, Roorkee. He visited McMaster
University, Hamilton, Canada, from 1981 to 1983 as a
post-doctorate fellow.
His research interests are in the area of computer-
aided design, reliability engineering, power network
optimization and power transformers.