Hydroelectric Power Plant

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

POWER PLANT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Conventional Methods
1. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
- it involves the storage of a hydraulic fluid, normally water,

conversion of the hydraulic energy of the fluid into mecha-
nical energy in a hydraulic turbine, and conversion of the
mechanical energy to electrical energy in an electric
generator.
- hydroelectric units have been installed in capacities

ranging from a few kilowatts to nearly 1 GW. Multi-unit plant
sizes ranges form a few kW to a maximum of 18 kW.
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT SCHEMES
Classifications According to the Method of Controlling the

Hydraulic Flow at the Site:
1. Run-of-the-river plants – having small amounts of water

storage and thus little control of the flow through the plant.
- using pondage or steam flow as it occurs, more power can

be generated in a rainy season than in dry season.
2. Storage plants – having the ability to store water and thus

control the flow through the plant on a daily or seasonal
basis.
- associated with a large water reservoir. This permits

regulated supply of water so that the power output is
constant throughout the year.
3. Pump storage plants – in which the direction of rotation of

the turbines is reversed during off-peak hours, pumping
water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, thus
“storing energy” later production of electricity during peak
hours.
– where energy is generated during periods of high system

demand using water which has been pumped into a reservoir
usually during periods of relatively low system demands.
Selection of Plant Capacity, Energy, and Other Design Features
The generating capacity of a hydraulic plant is a function of

head and flow rate of water discharged through the hydraulic
turbines.
where: P – power in kW
P = 9.8 η Q H η – plant efficiency
Q – discharge flow rate (m3/s)
H – head (meter)
HYDROLOGIC CYCLES
RUN-OF-THE-RIVER PLANT
PUMP STORAGE PLANT

STORAGE PLANT
WATER
IN THE NOZZLE TURBINE GENERATOR
DAM Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
Potential Energy
ENERGY CONVERSION IN A HYDRO ELECTRIC

POWER PLANT
DAMS
- are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and
form a reservoir. The reservoir stores the water flowing down
The river. The water is diverted to turbines in power plants/
SPILLWAY
A spillway as the name suggests

could be called as a way for
spilling of water from dams.
It is used to provide for the
release of flood water from a
dam. It is used to prevent over
toping of the dams which
could result in damage or
failure of dams
PENSTOCK
Penstock are pipes which carry

water from the reservoir to the
turbines inside power station.
They are usually made of steel
and are equipped with gate
systems. Water under high
pressure flows through the
penstock.
TUNNEL
A tunnel serves the same purpose

as a penstock. It is used when an
obstruction is present between
the dam and power station such
as a mountain.
SURGE TANK
Surge tanks are tanks connected

To the water conductor system. It
Serves the purpose of reducing
Water hammering in pipes which
Can cause damage to pipes. The
Sudden surges of water in pen-
Stock is taken by the surge tank,
And when the water requirements
Increase, it supplies the collected
Water thereby regulating water
Flow and pressure inside the
penstock
TWO TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES
1. IMPULSE TYPE
use for high-heads and low volume.
change the velocity of a water jet.
It is driven by high velocity jets of water or steam from

a nozzle directed on to vanes or buckets attached to
the wheel.
MAIN TYPES OF IMPULSE TURBINE
A. Pelton Type
has one or more free jets

discharging water into an aerated
space and impinging on the
buckets of a runner. Draft tubes
are not required for impulse
turbine since the runner must be
located above the maximum
tailwater to permit operation at
atmospheric pressure.
B. Turgo Type
runner is a cast wheel whose shape

generally resembles a fan blade
that is closed on the outer edges.
The water stream is applied on one
side, goes across the blades and
exits on the other side.
2. REACTION TYPE
use for low-heads and high volume.
it develops torque by reacting to the

pressure or weight of a fluid.
the nozzles that discharge the working

fluid are attached to the rotor.
MAIN TYPES OF REACTION TURBINE
A. Propeller Type
- it has a runner with three or six blades in which the

water contacts all of the blades constantly. Through
the pipe, the pressure is constant, if it isn’t, the run-
ner would be out of balance. The pitch of the blades
may be fixed or adjustable.
- major components are, the runner, scroll case,

wicket gates, and a draft tube.
RUNNER
SCROLL CASE
WICKET GATES
DRAFT TUBES
(1). BULB TURBINE
The turbine and generator are a sealed unit placed

directly in the water stream.
.
(2). STRAFLO
The generator is attached to the perimeter of the

turbine.
(3). TUBE TURBINE
The penstock bends just before or after the runner,

allowing a straight line connection to the generator.
(4). BULB TURBINE
Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable,

allowing for a wider range of operation.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Elimination of the cost of fuel.
2. Longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation.
3. Operating labor cost is usually low.
4. No green house gas (CO2) emission during power generation.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. This projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic eco-

systems both upstream and downstream of the plant site.
2. It needs to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are

planned.
3. Changes the amount of river flow will correlate with the

amount of energy produced by a dam.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. This projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic eco-

systems both upstream and downstream of the plant site.
2. It needs to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are

planned.
3. Changes the amount of river flow will correlate with the

amount of energy produced by a dam.

Hydroelectric Power Plant

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POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

- it involves the storage of a hydraulic fluid, normally water,

- hydroelectric units have been installed in capacities

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT SCHEMES

Classifications According to the Method of Controlling the

1. Run-of-the-river plants – having small amounts of water

- using pondage or steam flow as it occurs, more power can

2. Storage plants – having the ability to store water and thus

- associated with a large water reservoir. This permits

3. Pump storage plants – in which the direction of rotation of

– where energy is generated during periods of high system

Selection of Plant Capacity, Energy, and Other Design Features

The generating capacity of a hydraulic plant is a function of

PUMP STORAGE PLANT

ENERGY CONVERSION IN A HYDRO ELECTRIC

A spillway as the name suggests

Penstock are pipes which carry

A tunnel serves the same purpose

Surge tanks are tanks connected

TWO TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES

use for high-heads and low volume.

change the velocity of a water jet.

It is driven by high velocity jets of water or steam from

MAIN TYPES OF IMPULSE TURBINE

has one or more free jets

runner is a cast wheel whose shape

use for low-heads and high volume.

it develops torque by reacting to the

the nozzles that discharge the working

MAIN TYPES OF REACTION TURBINE

- it has a runner with three or six blades in which the

- major components are, the runner, scroll case,

(1). BULB TURBINE

The turbine and generator are a sealed unit placed

The generator is attached to the perimeter of the

(3). TUBE TURBINE

The penstock bends just before or after the runner,

(4). BULB TURBINE

Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable,

1. Elimination of the cost of fuel.

2. Longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation.

3. Operating labor cost is usually low.

4. No green house gas (CO2) emission during power generation.

1. This projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic eco-

2. It needs to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are

3. Changes the amount of river flow will correlate with the

1. This projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic eco-

2. It needs to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are

3. Changes the amount of river flow will correlate with the

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