Page 1 of 15

Cleaner Technology implementation across all sectors

Project submitted to Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

in partial fulfillment of the

Course ‘Environmental Management’

Submitted by:

FT – MBA Div C Group 8

Jatin Nagpal (222)

Nimish Lahoti (257)

Shubhra Sanghi 229)

Supriya Guha (248)

Vinay Poddar (227)

Yudhajeet Banerjee
(206)
 Page 2 of 15

Table of Contents

• Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…... 3
o Cleaner Technologies- Scope and utilization in Industries
o Origin of Clean Technologies: Kyoto Protocol
• Implementation of Cleaner technology in the Energy Sector……………………………….. 5
o Renewable Energy
o Hybrid and Co-generation
o Energy efficiency
o Transportation
• Implementation of Cleaner technology in the Transportation Sector………………… 7
o Types of pollution
o Contribution of different sectors to air pollution in major cities in India
o Steps taken by the Government of India
• Implementation of Cleaner technology in the Agriculture Sector……………...…..….. 10
o Bio- Pesticides
o Micro-irrigation
o Aquaculture
• Implementation of Cleaner technology in the manufacturing Sector…………..….… 13
o Cement Industry
o Paper & Pulp
o Steel Industry
o Case Study: SAIL (Steel Authority Of India Ltd.)

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 3 of 15

INTRODUCTION

Cleaner Technologies- Scope and utilization in Industries

"If we did not take action to solve this crisis, it could indeed threaten the future of human civilization. That sounds shrill. It sounds
hard to accept. I believe it's deadly accurate. But again, we can solve it".

(Al Gore speaking about the environmental crisis on CNN, Larry King Live, June 13, 2006 found in Katovsky, 2007)

In 2006 the climate change was greatly acknowledged among politicians, in media and among the public. The economist Sir
Nicholas Stern published "The Economics of Climate Change – the Stern Review" for the British Government and the Nobel
peace prize winner, Al Gore (The Nobel Peace Prize, 2007) released his documentary "An inconvenient truth" in which he
described global warming and its effects.

As the global climate threat increases so does the interest of environmental innovations. Environmental Technology Action
Plan (ETAP) states; "Eco innovation is crucial to the economic competitiveness of Europe and our future wellbeing. Ecofriendly
technologies are good for business, reduce pressure on the environment and help create new jobs." Further on ETAP define
eco technologies as "those where their use is less environmentally harmful than relevant alternatives"

Clean Technology (CleanTech) is a growing industry. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
estimates the global market for CleanTech to be worth 6230 billion dollars in 2010. Competition in this industry is global and
companies from all over the world are facing strategic challenges and barriers when trying to gain and sustain market shares
in this growing world market.

The Terminology:

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 4 of 15

Clean technology includes the renewable energy (wind power, solar power, biomass, hydropower, and biofuels), information
technology, green transportation, electric motors, green chemistry, lighting, and many other appliances that are now more
energy efficient. It is a means to create electricity and fuels with a smaller environmental footprint. And it is the need to make
green buildings both more energy efficient and environmentally benign. Environmental finance is methods by which new
clean technology projects that have proven that they are "additional" or "beyond business as usual" can obtain financing
through the generation of carbon credits. A project that is developed with concern for climate change mitigation (such as a
Kyoto Clean Development Mechanism project) is also known as a carbon project.

Investments in clean technology have grown considerably since coming into the spotlight around 2000. According to the
United Nations Environment Program, wind, solar and biofuel companies received a record $148 billion in new funding in
2007 as rising oil prices and climate change policies encouraged investment in renewable energy. $50 billion of that funding
went to wind power. Overall, investment in clean-energy and energy-efficiency industries rose 60 percent from 2006 to 2007.
By 2018 it is forecast that the three main clean technology sectors, solar photovoltaics, wind power, and biofuels, will have
revenues of $325.1bn.

Origin of Clean Technologies: Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC),
aimed at fighting global warming. The UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving
"stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system.”
The Protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol.
Under the Protocol, 37 industrialized countries (called "Annex I countries") commit themselves to a reduction of four
greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases
(hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments. Annex I
countries agreed to reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% from the 1990 level. Emission limits do not
include emissions by international aviation and shipping, but are in addition to the industrial gases, chlorofluorocarbons, or
CFCs, which are dealt with under the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.

Its origin is the increased consumer, regulatory and

industry interest in clean forms of energy generation due
to the rise in awareness of global warming, climate
change and the impact on the natural environment from
the burning of fossil fuels. It has further been popularized
by the Kyoto Protocol.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 5 of 15

CLEAN ENERGY

Clean energy technologies include renewable energy, hybrid and co-generation, and energy efficiency technologies for power
generation; alternative fuels; and advanced technologies for transportation. They produce power for a wide range of
applications using no fuel or less fuel than fossil-fuel-based technologies, produce no or fewer pollutants than conventional
technologies and can use renewable energy sources, which, unlike fossil fuels, are not depleted over time.

1. Renewable Energy

The renewable energy technologies considered here are biomass and biofuels, waste-to-energy, solar power, wind power,
geothermal, hydropower, and ocean power.

Biomass consists of plant and plant-derived material. Sources include agricultural residues such as rice hulls, straw, bagasse
from sugarcane production, wood chips, and coconut shells and energy crops such as sugarcane or switch grass. Biomass can
be used directly for energy production or processed into fuels.

Waste-to-energy technology converts energy from a waste source, such as a city’s municipal waste system, farms, and other
agricultural operations, or waste from commercial and industrial operations. Large-scale waste-to-energy systems can supply
heat or electricity in utility-based electric power plants or district heating systems. Small-scale systems can provide heating or
cooking fuel and electricity to individual farms, homes, and businesses.

Solar technologies convert light and heat from the sun into useful energy. Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into
electricity, and thermal systems collect and store solar heat for air and water heating applications.

Wind power technology converts energy in the wind into useful power; the primary market for wind power technology is for
wind turbines, which convert wind energy into electricity.

Geothermal power is generated using thermal energy from underground sources, including steam, hot water, and heat stored
in rock formations; various technologies are used to generate electricity. Hydropower is the conversion of energy embodied in
moving water into useful power. Today, hydropower supplies about 19 percent of the world’s electricity. Finally, ocean power
technology makes use of energy in the ocean by converting it into electricity. This technology is still in the development phase.

2. Hybrid and Co-generation

Hybrid and co-generation power systems take advantage of the benefits of multiple technologies in a single, integrated system
for power generation. Renewable-based hybrid power systems use combinations of wind turbines, PV panels, and small
hydropower generators to generate electricity. Hybrid power systems typically include a diesel or other fuel-based generator
(including biofuels) and may include batteries or other storage technology.

Co-generation systems, also called combined heat and power (CHP) systems, generate both electricity and useful heat.
Conventional fossil-fuel-based electric power plants generate heat as a byproduct that is emitted into the environment; co-
generation power plants collect this heat for use in thermal applications, thereby converting a higher percentage of the energy

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 6 of 15

in the fuel into useful power. The most efficient conventional power plants have a typical fuel to-electricity conversion factor
of about 50 percent, while cogeneration plants can achieve efficiencies of over 75 percent.

Examples of thermal loads that can be served by a co-generation plant are: district heating systems that provide heat for towns
and neighborhoods; industrial processes that require heat, such as paper mills; institutions such as prisons and hospitals; and
wastewater treatment plants.

3. Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency (EE) involves replacing existing technologies and processes with new ones that provide equivalent or better
service using less energy. EE results in energy savings at the time that the energy service is provided. Energy service providers
can also use load management to change the time that an energy service is delivered in order to reduce peak loads on an
energy distribution system. Demand-side management uses both load management and EE to save the amount of primary
energy required to deliver the energy service.

4. Transportation

Almost half a billion vehicles on the world’s roads contribute to half of the global oil consumption and generate about 20
percent of the world’s greenhouse gases, including carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and particulates.

Transportation technologies can help address these issues through the use of alternative fuels and advanced technologies.
Alternative fuels for transportation include biodiesel, ethanol, natural gas, and propane. Advanced vehicle technologies include
electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, which offer air pollution improvements over average fossil fuel vehicles. Finally,
mobile idle reduction systems and diesel engine retrofits can reduce the emissions of heavy-duty vehicles.

Potential Installed Capacity as of March 2007 Target of 11th Five-Year Plan

(MW) (MW) (MW)
Small hydro 15,000 1,976 1,400

Wind 45,000 7,092 10,500

Solid Biomass 19,500 569 500

Bagasse CHP 3500 615 1200

Waste-to-Energy 1700 43 400

Solar 3 50

Distributed RE Power 950

Systems
Total 84,700 10,298 15000

Table 1 - India’s Renewable Energy Potential and Targets

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 7 of 15

CLEAN TRANSPORTATION

Vehicular pollution is one of the biggest causes of air pollution in major cities around the world. The reason behind this is that
most of the vehicles run on internal combustion engines which are highly inefficient i.e. ver
very
y polluting. To add to increase in
pollution, vehicles also end up using a high percentage of fossil fuels. The pollution from vehicles can be classified under the
following headings:

Primary pollution:: Emissions that are released directly into the atmosp
atmosphere
here from the tailpipes of vehicles

Secondary pollution:: Chemical reactions between pollutants after they have been released into the air.

Tertiary pollution:: Production processes of vehicles (manufacturing), emissions associated with oil refining and
distribution
ribution of the fuel also cause pollution.

The awareness about vehicular pollution increased with the increase in the no. of children suffering from asthma and other
breathing related diseases. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) predicts that by 2010, more than 93 million
people will live in areas that violate health standards for ozone (urban smog), and more than 55 million Americans will suffer
suffe
from unhealthy levels of fine-particle
particle pollution, which is especially harmful to children and senio
seniorr citizens.
This led to practices like car pool and chartered bus services becoming popular. The research conducted by the Ministry of
Environment & Forests, Government of India brought to light the fact that air pollution in major cities across India was
contributed not by industries but actually by vehicles.
Contribution of different sectors to air pollution in major cities in India

8%
20% Domestic
72% Industrial
Vehicular

In order to reduce the pollution caused by vehicles the Government of India took the following steps:

• CNG in Delhi - All

ll buses (both public & private buses), auto rickshaws and taxis ply on Compressed Natural Gas (cleaner
fuel than petrol and diesel)
• Public transport: Metro & buses - Metro project has been initiated in Mumbai and the total fleet of buses have been
increased
ed in major cities across India. The government is trying to put in place a good public transport system in order to
decrease both vehicular pollution as well as to tackle traffic jams in the cities.
• Scrapping of old cars - Old cars will be scrapped as the
they
y are fuel inefficient and also tend to pollute the air far more than
the newer models
• Pollution Under Certificate - In order to reduce the pollution emission, the following steps should be taken
1. Change the engine oil and oil filter

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 8 of 15

2. Change the Air Filter

3. Replace spark plugs and distributor wires
4. Use good fuel
5. Clean the fuel injectors
In order to ensure that the car owners abide by these steps, all cars are supposed to get a PUC every three months. Thus so far
the practices and government initiatives have been mentioned. Thus so far the green aspect has been understood. However;
clean technology too has a major role to play in reducing vehicular pollution. This can broadly be divided into two categories:
• Efficiency of the vehicle
• Fuel used
Efficiency of the vehicle: The automakers of the world are trying to come up with new cars which are more efficient i.e. those
which can run for longer distance for the same litre of petrol. The total output (mileage) is given as a ratio of range units per a
unit amount of input fuel. This ratio is based on a car's total properties, including its engine properties, its body drag, weight,
and rolling resistance, and as such may vary substantially from the profile of the engine alone. The factors will now be
explained one by one:

• Design - How much mileage a car can give depends a lot on the basic design of the automobile. Volkswagen’s Diesel
Hybrid L1 concept is the most efficient car. It uses only 1 liter of fuel for every 100 km ( 285 MPG). Proper aerodynamics
were key to the low fuel consumption. The car has an unusually narrow, bullet-shaped body, an aircraft-like canopy,
enclosed rear wheels, special flat carbon-fibre front wheel covers, and an aerodynamic underpan.
• Hybrid vehicle - Hybrid vehicle designs use smaller combustion engines as electric generators to produce greater range
per unit fuel than directly powering the wheels with an engine would, and (proportionally) less fuel emissions (CO2 grams)
than a conventional (combustion engine) vehicle of similar size and capacity. Energy otherwise wasted in stopping is
converted to electricity and stored in batteries which are then used to drive the small electric motors.
• Driving method - There is also a growing movement of drivers who practice ways to increase their mileage and save fuel
through driving techniques. They are often referred to as hypermilers. Hypermilers have broken records of fuel efficiency,
averaging 109 miles per gallon driving a Prius.

Fuel Used: Today more and more alternate fuels are coming up which ensure efficiency, conservation of fossil fuels and
reduction of pollution all at ones. The following chart shows the Share of Alternative Fuel:

The most common alternate fuels are as follows:

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - A fossil-fuel derivative composed of 95 percent propane and 5 percent butanes. It
produces lower CO emissions, but NOx emissions may be higher.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 9 of 15

• Natural Gas - A fuel that can be in compressed (CNG) or liquefied (LNG). The CNG form, more common in the
transportation sector, is stored in high-pressure cylinders.
• Ethanol - Grain alcohol made from corn, sugarcane, or woody biomass. Ethanol blends may reduce CO emissions, but their
effect on ozone is negligible.
• Hydrogen - There are two types of engines that burn hydrogen. One is an internal combustion engine, the other is a fuel
cell. A vehicle operating on a fuel cell, which generates electricity by harnessing the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to
make water, produces no CO or VOC emissions and extremely low NOxemissions.
• Solar energy – A solar vehicle derives energy from solar panels on the surface of the vehicle or using a solar
jacket in electric bicycles. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the sun's energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are
not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at present, however; indirectly solar-charged vehicles are
widespread and solar boats are available commercially.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 10 of 15

CLEAN AGRICULTURE

Agriculture presents various avenues for the application of cleaner technologies. These include Pesticides, Land
Management, Weed Management, Soil Management, Micro-irrigation among the others.

We look in to the below areas in details

• Bio- Pesticides

• Micro-irrigation

• Aquaculture

A. Bio-pesticides

Over the next three decades, production of foodgrains in India has to increase at least 2 million tonnes a year to meet
the food demand of the growing population. In the past, agricultural production increased through area expansion and
increasing use of high yielding seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation water. Now, prospects of raising
agricultural production through area expansion and application of existing technologies appear to be severely constrained.
Land frontiers are closing down, and there is little, if any, scope to bring additional land under cultivation. Green revolution
technologies have now been widely adopted, and the process of diminishing returns to additional input usage has set in.

Also, agricultural production continues to be constrained by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, insect
pests, diseases and weeds cause considerable damage to potential agricultural production. Evidences indicate that pests cause
25 percent loss in rice, 5-10 percent in wheat, 30 percent in pulses, 35 percent in oilseeds, 20 percent in sugarcane and 50
percent in cotton. This is inspite of the aggressive use of chemical pesticides as part of the Green revolution.

This has led to the emergence of the Integrated Pest Management Process with focus on the use of Bio Pesticides.

The IPM Process

1. Do a little background reading on common insect pests of the plants you want to grow. Field scout and monitor with traps
to identify pests (not all insects are pests!). Learn the pest's life cycle so that treatment can be chosen and timed to be
most effective.

2. Establish a level of acceptable damage (not all pests are of economic importance).

3. Monitor the pest situation regularly. Only when monitoring has indicated that the pest will cause unacceptable damage
should treatment be considered.

4. If the pest population is high enough to cause unacceptable damage, use any and all available means of IPM, but start with
those least damaging to pest predators and the environment. For example:

• Cultural Control: Reduce the pest's food, water, shelter, growing room and other needs. Enhance the environment for
the pest's predators, parasitoids and pathogens (cover crops can be used to attract pest predators). Select plants that are more
resistant to pests.

• Beneficial Insects: Regular releases of predators and/or parasites (as a prevention and control measure) are part of
"conventional" farming IPM.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 11 of 15

• Biological Pesticides: These insecticides are living or are toxins produced by living organisms (some of which are
microbials such as bacteria and protozoa). They are safe for the environment, have little or no effect on beneficial insects, and
are in most cases pest specific.

• Botanical Insecticides: These natural pesticides derived from plants provide a powerful "knock down" to a large
number of pests. They leave no residues and breakdown quickly in the environment but can harm beneficial insects as well as
pests.

Advantages over Chemical Pesticides

• Eco friendly

• Risk of Resistance development absent

• Cheaper than chemical pesticides

Scope & Essentials for Implementation

Currently in India, only 1% of 143 mn hectares of crops area is confined to IPM and bio-pesticides share only 2
percent of the agrochemical market in India. Thus the scope remain huge and following steps may be required from the
regulatory authorities

• Enforcement of pesticide regulations will help improve adoption of IPM

• Economic incentives will encourage farmers switching over to IPM

• Development of market for pesticide-free products is a necessary

• Improve Awareness

B. Micro irrigation

Definition - The technology involves irrigating crops at the root zone as per the crop requirement comprising of the drip and
sprinkler systems, thus greatly enhances water use efficiency. It can also be used for fertilizer application as well.

Urgency for Micro-irrigation - In India, currently, only 17.92 lakh hectares (1.2% of the crop land) is under micro irrigation.
Given India’s dependence on monsoons and its cyclical nature, the emphasis and awareness for micro-irrigation
methodologies is of immense importance.

Industry - Jain Irrigation has pioneered in this area and many new players are contributing. The industry is valued in India at
Rs 17 bn with very high growth prospects

Road Ahead - The Union Government plans to add 28.5 lakh hectares by providing subsidies to the tune of Rs 8032 crore.

C. Aquaculture

Definition - Aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic populations under controlled conditions

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 12 of 15

Need and Market Share: Despite well-publicized concerns about some harmful effects of aquaculture, the technique may,
when practiced well, be no more damaging to biodiversity than other food production systems. Moreover, it may be the only
way to supply growing demand for seafood as the human population increases. The contribution of Aquaculture to world
fisheries production has increased from 32% in 2004 to 50% currently and is growing at annual rate of 8% per annum.

Concerns: It creates biological imbalance by creating a void in those lifecycle where these cultivated aquatic populations are
involved. It also leads to chemical pollution and may not be sustainable in the long run.

Remedy - Sustainable Process Cycle – Clean Technology & Salmon Farming - It is an industrial production that is dependent
on sustainable ecological balanced production process. An optimal process reduces the use of chemicals. Organic waste from
these processes would be used as a resource for new products.

Road Ahead for India: India’s National Fisheries Development Board is spending Rs 620 crore to help farmers adopt
technologies for sustainable fish farming & fish seed production using aquaculture.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 13 of 15

CLEAN MANUFACTURING

Cement Industry

Indian cement industry is the most energy-efficient in the world. The market share of blended cement (which is less energy
and emissions intensive than ordinary Portland cement) is high in India, the percentage of blending material in cement is still
lower than what is possible. The manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement or OPC – cement obtained by grinding clinker with
about 5% gypsum – is more emissions intensive than making blend cement. The figure shows an overall 20.5% blending
material used by the cement industry.

Average Cement Composition

Source: Green Rating Project, 2009, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi

The greenhouse gas inventory for the cement sector comprises process emissions from the calcinations of limestone,
emissions from fuels used in the kiln and emissions due to electricity generated or purchased for grinding operations.

Specific greenhouse gas emissions from cement manufacturing in India have reduced from 0.86 MT CO2/MT cement in 1991 to
0.66 MT CO2/MT cement. Some major companies have entered CDM framework with optimal utilization of clinker, waste heat
recovery, alternative fuels, wind energy and increasing fly ash blend being major projects. Specific energy consumption has
also shown a downward trend from 3.58 GJ/MT clinker and 120 KWH/ MT cement to 3.03 GJ/MT and 82 kWH/MT cement.

About 96% of India’s cement production utilizes the more efficient dry kiln processes which is the highest amongst any other
country. Most Indian plants use multi stage pre heaters and pre-calciner kilns which help to reduce energy consumption levels.
A new product, eco-cement has been developed which takes up CO2 from atmosphere to set and harden and hence helps
reduce CO2 emissions.

The use of alternative fuels and raw materials needs sorting of regulatory and logistical issues which allow only one type of
blending material (fly ash or slag) and the percentage blending is fixed. This sector can also recover waste heat from the

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 14 of 15

clinker cooler and convert it into electricity, but installing waste heat recovery boilers is currently very expensive. However
the industry is slowly adopting the process and is finding it viable for large scale industries.

PAPER AND PULP

The Indian paper industry performs poorly with respect to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. There is
around 70% energy saving potential in the industry.The sector will always lag behind global best performance in energy and
emissions intensities. This is because of its inability to profitably scale down best practices. Indian mills are small and are
likely to remain so in future. Inconsistency in the nature and quality of raw materials, and the fact that Indian mills are multi-
product in nature, pose further limitations. A major constraint in the sector’s energy performance is the small size of its mills.
This makes technology upgrade unfavorable, thus distancing it from international best practices.

A major difference between the Indian paper industry and the global industry lies in the source of raw material for pulp
production, which is highlighted in the pie charts above. This contrasts the difference of the sources and shows the efficiency
of global sources which uses only 5.3% non wood fibres.

In a paper mill, CO2 emissions are primarily from fuel consumption for electricity and steam generation and from calcination of
limestone in the limekiln used for chemical recovery. Ignoring carbon sequestration in forestry, the CO2 emissions intensity of
the Indian paper industry is 3.5 times the OECD average. The low proportion of energy sourced from renewable sources, the
high proportion of energy sourced from coal and high primary energy consumption are the reasons for the high energy
emissions of Indian paper mills.

A broad roadmap for the Indian pulp and paper industry to reduce its energy consumption and carbon footprint must include
the following:

• The sector can reduce its emissions by increasing the share of internally generated biomass energy.
• Use of wastepaper and market pulp as raw material for paper production and increase in its consistency promises
reduction in energy required for drying.
• Electricity consumption can be reduced by adopting efficient, large paper machines and installing variable speed
motors, pumps and drives.
• Pith utilization in bagasse-based plants can help industry to reduce its dependence on coal.
• Gasification of black liquor and other biomass wastes to syngas will enable both efficiency and flexibility of energy
use.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy

 Page 15 of 15

STEEL INDUSTRY

The per capita steel consumption in India is one-fourth of the global average. Massive growth in infrastructure and in the
housing sector, as projected by the government agencies, will lead to very high growth in the demand of steel products in the
future. The table shows the CO2 emissions for various manufacturing process routes.

Steel sector has reduced its energy consumption at about 2.5% annually in the last two decades. The Vishakapatnam plant of
RINL which utilizes the efficient coke dry quenching technology is the largest plant in India to use 100% continuous casting.

Case Study : SAIL (Steel Authority Of India Ltd.)

The following initiatives were taken by SAIL to reduce its waste and energy emissions:

• Burners were modified to improve combustion efficiency of iron ore sinter which is fed into blast furnace. It has
resulted in saving of carbon emissions to the tune of 72000 tonnes per year.
• Single conversion Single absorption sulphuric acid plant was replaced with the double conversion double
absorption plant which has brought down SO2 emissions from 10-12kg/ton to nearly 1.71 kg/ton of acid
produced.
• Replacement of open-hearth furnaces by basic oxygen furnaces brought energy conservation and pollution
prevention.
• The waste slag formation (in blast furnace) is used as an important raw material for the cement industry.
• Fly ash of chimney is used to make bricks used in construction work within plants of SAIL.
• Use of coke in blast furnaces was reduced by use of coal injection, which reduced emissions.

Environmental Management NMIMS University Dr. Bala Krishnamoorthy