Noise in Analog Modulation

Chap 6
Noise in Analog Modulation
Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

Institute of Communications Engineering
g g
National Sun Yat-
Yat-sen University
1
Outline
◊ 6.1 Introduction
◊ 6.2 Receiver Model
◊ 63 N
6.3 Noise
i iin DSB-SC
DSB SC R
Receivers
i
◊ 6.4 Noise in AM Receivers
◊ 6.5 Noise in FM Receivers
2 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

Chap 6.1
Introduction

g g
National Sun Yat-
Yat-sen University
3
6.1 Introduction
◊ To undertake an analysis of noise in continuous-wave

(CM) modulation systems, we need a receiver model.
◊ The customary practice is to model the receiver noise

(channel noise) as additive, white, and Gaussian. These
simplifying assumptions enable us to obtain a basic
understanding of the way in which noise affects the
performance
f off th
the receiver.
i

Chap 6.2
Receiver Model

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National Sun Yat-
Yat-sen University
5
6.2 Receiver Model
◊ s(t) denotes the incoming modulated signal.

◊ w(t) denotes front-end receiver noise. The power spectral density of
the noise w(t) is denoted by N0/2, defined for both positive and
negative frequencies. N0 is the average noise power per unit
b d idth measuredd att the
bandwidth th front
f t endd off the
th receiver.
i
◊ The bandwidth of this band-pass filter is just wide enough to pass
the modulated signal without distortion.
distortion
◊ Assume the band-pass filter is ideal, having a bandwidth equal to the
transmission bandwidth BT of the modulated signal s(t) , and a mid
mid-
band frequency equal to the carrier frequency fc , fc >> BT .
6.2 Receiver Model
Idealized characteristic of band-pass filtered noise.

◊ The filtered noise n(t) may be treated as a narrow band noise
represented in the canonical form:
n ( t ) = nI ( t ) cos ( 2πf c t ) − nQ ( t ) sin ( 2πf c t ) ( 6.1)
where nI((t)) is the in-phase
p noise component
p and nQ((t)) is the
quadrature noise component, both measured with respect to the
carrier wave Accos(2πfct). 7 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)
6.2 Receiver Model
◊ The filtered signal x(t) available for demodulation is defined by

x (t ) = s (t ) + n (t ) ( 6.2 )
◊ The average noise power at the demodulator input is equal to the
total area under the curve of the power spectral density SN( f ):
N0
Pavg-noise = 2 × BT × = BT N 0
2
◊ Input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)I is defined as:
average power of the modulated signal s ( t )
( SNR ) I =
average power of the filtered noise n ( t )
◊ Output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)O is defined as:
average power of the demodulated message signal
( SNR )O =
average power of the noise measured at the receiver output

6.2 Receiver Model
◊ Channel signal-to-noise ratio
average power of the modulated signal
( SNR )C =
average power of noise in the message BW measured at the receiver input
◊ This ratio
Thi i may be
b viewed
i d as the
h signal-to-noise
i l i ratio
i that
h results
l
from baseband (direct) transmission of the message signal m(t)
without modulation,
modulation as demonstrated in the following figure:
◊ The message power at the low-pass filter input is adjusted to be the same
as the average power of the modulated signal
◊ The low-pass filter passes the message signal and rejects out-of-band
noise.
6.2 Receiver Model
◊ Figure of merit
◊ For the purpose of comparing different continuous-wave (CW) modulation
systems, we normalize the receiver performance by dividing the output
signal-to-noise
signal to noise ratio by the channel signal
signal-to-noise
to noise ratio.
◊ The higher the value of the figure of merit, the better will the noise
performance of the receiver be.
◊ The figure of merit may equal one, be less than one, or be greater than one,
depending on the type of modulation used.
( SNR )O
Figure of merit=
( SNR )C

Chap 6.3
Noise in DSB
DSB--SC Receiver

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National Sun Yat-
Yat-sen University
11
6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
◊ The model of a DSB-SC receiver using a coherent detector
Figure
g 6.4
◊ The amplitude of the locally generated sinusoidal wave is

assumed to be unity
unity.
◊ For the demodulation scheme to operate satisfactorily, it is
necessary
ecessa y tthat
at tthee local
oca osc
oscillator
ato be synchronized
sy c o ed both
bot in phase
p ase
and in frequency with the oscillator generating the carrier wave in
the transmitter. We assume that this synchronization has been
achieved.
6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
◊ The DSB-SC component of the modulated signal s(t) is expressed
as
s ( t ) = CAc cos ( 2π f ct ) m ( t ) ( 6.4 )
where C is the system dependent scaling factor
factor. The purpose of
which is to ensure that the signal component s(t) is measured in
the same units as the additive noise component n(t).
◊ m(t) is the sample function of a stationary process of zero mean,
whose power spectral density SM( f ) is limited to a maximum
frequency W, i.e. W is the message bandwidth.
◊ The average power P of the message signal is the total area under
th curve off power spectral
the t l density
d it
W
P = ∫ S M ( f ) df
−W

6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
◊ In Example 5.12: Mixing of a Random Process with a Sinusoidal
Process
Y ( f ) = X ( t ) cos ( 2π f c t + Θ )
1
RY (τ ) = RX (τ ) cos ( 2π f cτ )
2
1
SY ( f ) = ⎡⎣ S X ( f − f c ) + S X ( f + f c ) ⎤⎦
4
◊ Therefore, the average power of the DSB-SC modulated signal
component s(t) is given by: C 2 Ac2 P
2
◊ The average power of the noise in the message BW is WN0
◊ The channel signal-to-noise ratio of the DSB-SC modulation
system is: C 2 Ac2 P
(SNR )C ,DSB =
2WN 0
6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
◊ Next, we wish to determine the output signal-to-noise ratio.
◊ Usingg the narrowband representation
p of the filtered noise n(t),
( ), the
total signal at the coherent detector input may be expressed as:
x (t ) = s (t ) + n (t )
= CAc cos ( 2π f c t ) m ( t ) + nI ( t ) cos ( 2π f c t ) − nQ ( t ) sin ( 2π f c t ) ( 6.7 )
◊ The output of the product-modulator
product modulator component of the coherent
detector is:
υ ( t ) = x ( t ) cos ( 2π f c t ) cos(α+β) + cos(α−β) = 2cos(α)cos (β)
1 1 sin(α+β) + sin(α−β) = 2sin(α)cos(β)
= CAc m ( t ) + nI ( t )
2 2
1 1
+ ⎡⎣CAc m ( t ) + nI ( t ) ⎤⎦ cos ( 4π f c t ) − Ac nQ ( t ) sin ( 4π f c t )
2 2
low-pass
p filter,, BW=W
1 1
y ( t ) = CAc m ( t ) + nI ( t ) ( 6.8 )
2 2
6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
◊ Equation (6.8) indicates the following:
◊ The
Th message signal
i l m(t)(t) andd in-phase
i h noise
i componentt nI(t) off
the filtered noise n(t) appear additively at the receiver output.
◊ The quadrature component nQ(t) of the noise n(t) is completely
rejected by the coherent detector.
◊ We note that these two results are independent of the input signal-
to-noise ratio.
◊ Thus, coherent detection distinguishes itself from other
demodulation techniques in the important property: the output
message component is unmutilated and the noise component
always appears additively with the message, irrespective of the
input signal-to-noise ratio.

6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
1 1
◊ The receiver output signal : y ( t ) = CAc m ( t ) + nI ( t ) (6.8)
2 2
◊ The average power of message component may be expressed as
C 2 Ac2 P
Pavg =
4
◊ Th average power off the
The th noise
i att the
th receiver
i output
t t is
i
2
⎛1⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟ 2WN 0 = WN 0
⎝2⎠ 2
◊ In the case of DSB-SC modulation, the band-pass filter in Figure 6.4 has a
band-width
band width BT equal to 2W in order to accommodate the upper and lower
sidebands of the modulated signal s(t). Therefore, the average power of the
filtered noise n(t) is 2WN0.
◊ F
From P
Property
t 5 off S
Sectt 55.11,
11 th
the average power off th
the (low-pass)
(l ) nI(t) iis
the same as that of the (band-pass) filtered noise n(t).
6.3 Noise in DSB-
DSB-SC Receiver
◊ The output signal-noise ratio for DSB-SC

C 2 Ac2 P 4
(SNR )O ,DSB-SC =
WN 0 2
C 2 Ac2 P
= ( 6.9 )
2WN 0
◊ We obtain the figure of merit
(SNR )O
=1 ( 6.10 )
(SNR )C DSB-SC

Chap 6.4
Noise in AM Receivers

g g
National Sun Yat-
Yat-sen University
19
6.4 Noise in AM Receivers
◊ A full AM signal is given by
s ( t ) = Ac ⎡⎣1 + ka m ( t ) ⎦⎤ cos ( 2πf c t ) ( 6.11)

where Accos(2πfct) is the carrier wave, m(t) is the message signal
and bandwidth is W, ka is a constant that determines the
percentage modulation.
◊ We would like to perform noise analysis for an AM system using
an envelope
l detector.
d

◊ We perform the noise analysis of the AM receiver by first
determining the channel signal-to-noise
signal to noise ratio,ratio and then the output
signal-to-noise ratio.
◊ We can easily obtain average power of the AM signal
s ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2πf c t ) + Ac ka m ( t ) cos ( 2πf c t )
1 2 1 2 2
Ps =Ac + Ac ka P
2 2
◊ The average power of noise in the message bandwdith is WN0 (the
same as the DSB-SC system)
◊ The channel signal
signal-to-noise
to noise ratio for AM is therefore:
Ac2 (1 + ka2 P )
(SNR )C ,AM =
2WN 0
◊ The filtered signal x(t) applied to the envelope detector in the
receiver is ggiven by: y
x (t ) = s (t ) + n (t )
= ⎡⎣ Ac + Ac ka m ( t ) + n1 ( t ) ⎤⎦ cos ( 2πf c t ) − nQ ( t ) sin ( 2πf c t ) 6 13)
( 6.13
y ( t ) = envelope of x ( t )
{ }
12
= ⎡⎣ Ac + Ac ka m ( t ) + nI ( t ) ⎤⎦ + n ( t ) ( 6.14 )
2 2
Q
Assume average
g carrier power
p >> average
g noise power
p
y (t ) Ac + Ac ka m ( t ) + nI ( t ) ( 6.15)
◊ The dc term or constant term Ac may be removed simply by means
of a blocking capacitor.
◊ If we ignore the dc term Ac, we find that the remainder has a form
similar to the output of a DSB-SC receiver using coherent detection.
1 1
y ( t ) = CAc m ( t ) + nI ( t ) ( 6.8)
22 2 2 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)
◊ The output signal-to-noise ratio of an AM using an envelope

detector is approximately
Ac2 ka2 P
(SNR )O ,AM ( 6.16 )
2WN 0
◊ Eq. (16) is valid only if the following two conditions are satisfied
◊ The average noise power is small compared to the average carrier power at
the envelope detector input.
◊ The amplitude sensitive ka is adjusted for a percentage modulation less
th or equall to
than t 100 percent.t (| ka m(t)|<=1)
)|< 1)

◊ Comparison of figure of merit ( AM, DSB-SC, SSB )
(SNR )O ka2 P (SNR )O (SNR )O

≤1 = =1
(SNR )C AM using
Envelope Detector
1 + ka P
2
(SNR )C DSB-SC (SNR )C SSB
◊ The figure
g of merit of a DSB-SC receiver or that of an SSB
receiver using coherent detection is always unity.
◊ The corresponding figure of merit of an AM receiver using
envelope detection is always less than unity.
◊ In other words,, the noise pperformance of an AM receiver is
always inferior to that a DSB-SC receiver. This is due to the
wastage of transmitter power, which results from transmitting the
carrier
i as a component off AM wave.
◊ Example 6.1 Single-Tone Modulation
◊ Consider a sinusoidal wave of frequency fm and amplitude Am
as the modulating wave, as shown by
m(t) = Amcos(2πfmt)
◊ The corresponding AM wave is
s(t) = Ac [1+ μcos(2πfmt)] cos(2πfct)

modulation factor : μ = kaAm
◊ The average power of the modulation wave m(t) is (assuming a

load resistor of 1ohm)
1
P = Am2
2

◊ We obtain the figure of merit

1 2 2
(SNR )O ka Am 2
μ
= 2 = ( 6.18
6 18 )
(SNR )C AM
1 2 2 2 + μ2
1 + ka Am
2
◊ When μ = 1 (100% modulation using envelope detection), we get
a figure of merit = 1/3.
◊ This means that, other factors being equal, an AM system (using
envelope detection) must transmit three times as much average
power as a suppressed-carrier
d i system (using
( i coherent
h detection)
d i ) in
i
order to achieve the same quality of noise performance.

Chap 6.5
Noise in FM Receivers

g g
National Sun Yat-
Yat-sen University
27
6.5 Noise in FM Receivers
◊ The receiver model is given by:
◊ The noise w(t) is modeled as white Gaussian noise of zero mean and
power spectral density N0/2./2
◊ The received FM signal s(t) has a carrier frequency fc and transmission
bandwidth BT, such that only a negligible amount of power lies outside
the frequency band fc ± BT /2 for positive frequencies.
◊ The band-pass filter has a mid-band frequency fc and bandwidth BT and
th f
therefore passes the
th FM signal
i l essentially
ti ll without
ith t distortion.
di t ti
◊ Ordinary, BT is small compared with the mid-band frequency fc so that
we may use the narrowband representation for n(t), the filtered version
of receiver noise w(t), in terms of its in-phase and quadrature
components. 28 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)
◊ In an FM system, the message information is transmitted by
variations
i i off the
h instantaneous
i frequency
f off a sinusoidal
i id l carrier
i
wave, and its amplitude is maintained constant.
◊ A variations
Any i ti off the
th carrier
i amplitude
lit d att the
th receiver
i input
i t mustt
result from noise or interference.
◊ The limiter is used to remove amplitude variations by clipping

the modulated wave at the filter output almost to the zero axis.
◊ The resulting rectangular wave is rounded off by another
bandpass filter that is an integral part of the limiter, thereby

suppressing harmonics of the carrier frequency.
◊ The filter output is again sinusoidal, with an amplitude that is
practically
ti ll independent
i d d t off the
th carrier
i amplitude
lit d att the
th receiver
i
input.
◊ The discriminator consists of two components:
◊ A slope network or differentiator with a purely imaginary transfer function
that varies linearly with frequency. It produces a hybrid-modulated wave in
which both amplitude
p and frequency
q y varyy in accordance with the message
g
signal.
◊ An envelope detector that recovers the amplitude variation and thus
reproduces the message signal.
signal
◊ The slope network and envelope detector are usually implemented as
integral parts of a single physical unit.
◊ The post-detection filter, labeled “baseband low-pass filter,” has a
bandwidth that is just large enough to accommodate the highest
f
frequency component off the
h message signal.
i l
◊ This filter removes the out-of-band components of the noise at
th discriminator
the di i i t output t t andd thereby
th b keeps
k the
th effect
ff t off the
th
output noise to a minimum.
◊ The filtered noise at the band-pass filter output is defined as:
n ( t ) = nI ( t ) cos ( 2π f c t ) − nQ ( t ) sin ( 2π f c t )
n ( t ) = r ( t ) cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t +ψ ( t ) ⎤⎦ ( 6.21)

r ( t ) = ⎡⎣ n ( t ) + n ( t ) ⎤⎦ ∼ Rayleigh distribution ( 6.22 )
2 2 12
I Q
⎡ nQ ( t ) ⎤
ψ ( t ) = tan ⎢−1
⎥ ∼ U ( 0,2π ) ( 6.23)
⎣ nI ( t ) ⎦
◊ The incoming FM signal s(t) is given by
s ( t ) = Ac cos 2πf c t + 2πk f ∫ m (τ ) dτ ⎤
⎡ t
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ( 6.24 )
t
φ ( t ) = 2πk f ∫ m (τ ) dτ ( 6.25)
0
s ( t ) = Ac cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t + φ ( t ) ⎦⎤ ( 6.26 )

◊ The noisy signal at the band-pass filter output is:
x ( t ) = s ( t ) + n ( t ) = Ac cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t + φ ( t ) ⎤⎦ + r ( t ) cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t +ψ ( t ) ⎤⎦
⎧⎪ r ( t ) sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦ ⎫⎪
θ ( t ) = φ ( t ) + tan ⎨ −1
⎬
A
⎪⎩ c + r ( ) ⎣ ( ) ( )⎦ ⎪⎭
t cos ⎡ψ t − φ t ⎤
◊ The envelope of x(t) is of no interest to us, because any envelope
variations at the band-pass
band pass output are removed by the limiter. limiter
◊ Our motivation is to determine the error in the instantaneous
frequency of the carrier wave caused by the presence of the filtered
noise n(t).
◊ With the discriminator assumed ideal, its output is proportional to
θ’(t)/2
( ) π where θ’(t)
( ) is the derivative of θ(t)
( ) with respect
p to time.
◊ We need to make certain simplifying approximations so that our
y may
analysis y yield
y useful results.
⎧⎪ r ( t ) sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦ ⎫⎪
θ ( t ) = φ ( t ) + tan ⎨ −1
⎬
⎪⎩ Ac + r ( t ) cos ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎦⎤ ⎪⎭
(1) when CNR 1, A r ( t )
r (t )
c
θ (t ) φ (t ) + sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦ r ( t ) sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦

Ac A + r ( t ) cos ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦
c
t r (t ) r ( t ) sin ⎣⎡ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎦⎤
θ ( t ) 2π k f ∫ m ( t )dt + sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦ ∼
Ac
0 Ac
( 2) x 1, tan −1 ( x ) ≈ x
1 dθ ( t )
υ (t ) = k f m ( t ) + nd ( t ) (6.31)
2π dt
ψ ( t ) ∼ U ( 0,2π ) ⇒ Assume ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ∼ U ( 0,2π )
1 d
{ }
If such an assumption were true, then the noise
nd ( t ) = r ( t ) sin
i ⎡⎣ ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎦⎤ at the discriminator output would be indep. of
2π Ac dt the modulating signal and would depend only
on the characteristics of the carrier and
{ }
narrowband noise. This assumption is justified
1 d
nd ( t ) r ( t ) sin ⎡⎣ ψ ( t ) ⎤⎦ provided that the carrier-to-noise ratio is high.
2π Ac dt
1 dnQ ( t ) nQ(t) : quadrature component
nd ( t )
2π Ac dt
◊ This means that the additive noise nd(t) appearing at the

discriminator output is determined effectively by the carrier
amplitude Ac and the quadrature component nQ(t) of the
narrowband noise n(t).

◊ The output signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the ratio of the
g output
average p signal
g power
p to the average
g output
p noise ppower.
◊ From Eq. (6.31), the message component in the discriminator

output, andd therefore
h f the
h low-pass
l fil output, is
filter i kf m(t).
()
◊ The average output signal power is equal to kf 2P, where P is the
average power off th
the message signal
i l m(t).
(t)
◊ To determine the average output noise power, we note that the

noise nd(t) at the discriminator output is proportional to the time
derivative of the quadrature noise component nQ(t).
◊ The differentiation of a function respect to time corresponds to
multiplication of its Fourier transform by j2πf. We may obtain the
noise
i nd(t)
( ) bby passing
i nQ(t)
( ) though
h h a li
linear filter
fil with
i h a transfer
f
j 2π f jf
function: = .
2π Ac Ac 35 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)
d
f2 (1) x ( t ) ⎯⎯
→ j 2π fX ( f )
S N d ( f ) = 2 S NQ ( f ) dt
Ac
( 2 ) SY ( f ) = H ( f ) S X ( f )
2
⎧ N0 f 2 BT
⎪ 2 , f ≤ X(t)
() Y(t)
()
S Nd ( f ) = ⎨ Ac 2 H( f )
⎪ 0, otherwise
⎩
⎧ N0 f 2
⎪ 2 , f ≤W
S NO ( f ) = ⎨ Ac
⎪ 0,
⎩ 0 otherwise
◊ For wide-band FM, we usually find that W is

smaller
ll than
h BT /2,
/2 where
h BT is i the
h transmission
i i
bandwidth of the FM signal. This means that
out-of-band components of noise no(t) will be
rejected.
◊ In FM system, increasing the carrier power has a noise-quieting
effect. N0 W 2 2 N 0W 3 2
Average power of output noise = 2 ∫ f df = 2
∝ 2
Ac −W 3 Ac Ac
k 2f P 3 Ac2 k 2f P
◊ We obtain ( SNR )O ,FM = 3 2
= 3 ( 6.40 )
2 N 0W 3 Ac 2 N 0W
◊ The average power in the modulated signal s(t) is A2c /2, and the
average noise power in the message bandwidth is WNo. The channel
signal to noise ratio (SNR)C,FM is
Ac2
(SNR )C ,FM = ( 6.41)
2WN 0
2WN
◊ Figure of merit for frequency modulation:
(SNR )O 3k 2f P
= ( 6.42
6 42 )
(SNR )C FM W 2

◊ Ex 6.2 Single-Tone Modulation
◊ A sinusoidal wave of frequency fm as the modulating signal, and

assume a peak frequency deviation ∆f . The FM signal is define by
⎡ Δf ⎤
s ( t ) = Ac cos ⎢ 2πf c t + sin ( 2πf mt ) ⎥
⎣ fm ⎦
◊ Therefore, we may write
t Δf
2πk f ∫ m (τ ) dτ = ( sin 2πf mt )
0 fm
◊ Differentiating both sides with respect to time and solving for m(t)
Δf
m (t ) = cos ( 2πf mt )
kf
◊ The average power of message signal m(t)
(Δf ) 2
P=
2k 2f
◊ We get output signal-to-noise ratio
3 Ac2 ( Δf )
2
3 Ac2β 2
(SNR )O ,FM = 3
=
4 N 0W 4 N 0W
◊ Where β = ∆f /W is the modulation index and we get the figure of
merit
i (SNR )O 2
3 ⎛ Δf ⎞ 3 2
= ⎜ ⎟ = β ( 6.43)
(SNR )C FM 2 ⎝ W ⎠ 2
◊ It is important to note that the modulation index β = ∆f /W is
determined
de e ed by thee bandwidth
ba dw d W oof thee postdetection
pos de ec o low-pass
ow pass
filter and is related to the sinusoidal message frequency fm.
◊ For an AM system operating with a sinusoidal modulating signal

and 100 percent modulation, we have
(SNR )O 1
=
(SNR )C AM 3
◊ It is of particular interest to compare the noise performance of
AM and FM systems.
(SNR )O 3 ⎛ Δf
2
⎞ 3 2 (SNR )O 1
= ⎜ ⎟ = β ←⎯⎯⎯
→
compare
=
(SNR )C
FM 2⎝ W ⎠ 2 (SNR )C AM 3
3 2 1
when β > FM has better performance
2 3 2
β> = 0.471
3
◊ Define β = 0.5
0 5 as the transition between
bet een narro
narrowband
band FM and
wide-band FM.

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Chap 6

Noise in Analog Modulation

Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

2 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

◊ To undertake an analysis of noise in continuous-wave

◊ The customary practice is to model the receiver noise

4 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

◊ s(t) denotes the incoming modulated signal.

Idealized characteristic of band-pass filtered noise.

◊ The filtered signal x(t) available for demodulation is defined by

8 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

10 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

◊ The amplitude of the locally generated sinusoidal wave is

13 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

16 Yu-sing Lin (林育星)

◊ The output signal-noise ratio for DSB-SC

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Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

◊ A full AM signal is given by

s ( t ) = Ac ⎡⎣1 + ka m ( t ) ⎦⎤ cos ( 2πf c t ) ( 6.11)

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◊ The output signal-to-noise ratio of an AM using an envelope

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◊ Comparison of figure of merit ( AM, DSB-SC, SSB )

(SNR )O ka2 P (SNR )O (SNR )O

s(t) = Ac [1+ μcos(2πfmt)] cos(2πfct)

◊ The average power of the modulation wave m(t) is (assuming a

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◊ We obtain the figure of merit

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Wireless Information Transmission System Lab.

◊ The limiter is used to remove amplitude variations by clipping

bandpass filter that is an integral part of the limiter, thereby

n ( t ) = r ( t ) cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t +ψ ( t ) ⎤⎦ ( 6.21)

s ( t ) = Ac cos ⎡⎣ 2πf c t + φ ( t ) ⎦⎤ ( 6.26 )

θ (t ) φ (t ) + sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦ r ( t ) sin ⎡⎣ψ ( t ) − φ ( t ) ⎤⎦

◊ This means that the additive noise nd(t) appearing at the

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◊ From Eq. (6.31), the message component in the discriminator

◊ To determine the average output noise power, we note that the

◊ For wide-band FM, we usually find that W is

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◊ Ex 6.2 Single-Tone Modulation

◊ A sinusoidal wave of frequency fm as the modulating signal, and

◊ For an AM system operating with a sinusoidal modulating signal

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