MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Chapter 1 (Part 2)

EKT 345
1.3 Microwave Components
1. Directional Couplers
2. Detectors
3. Mixers
4. Quadrature hybrids
5. Circulators and isolators
6. Attenuators
7. Power dividers
8. Filters
9. Antennas
1.3.1 Directional Coupler

A component which allows two microwave circuits to be combined

into one integrated system in one direction, while being completely
isolated from each other in opposite direction.
 Cont’d…

http://www.asia.ru/en/ProductInfo/1140822.html
www.aptecelectronics.com
Cont’d…
Cont’d…

dual directional coupler

 Monitor forward and
reflected power at the
same time
 Obtaining data from a
device indicates the input
match
 1.3.2 Detectors

Reliable, trouble free system

heart of detector – diode

Obtain maximum power transferred

Filter – eliminate high frequency
ripple, allow dc at the output

www.anritsu.com
www.hitechtech.com
Cont’d…

Detector sensitivity curve

 RF power applied to the
detector’s input, another is the
DC output voltage.
 The DC voltage produced at the
output for a specific power
input – how much power
required to produce
certain voltage
Cont’d…

To control or to convert an RF signal to a DC

voltage for display purposes.

Others
 Monitoring an RF line
 Leveled power – swept measurement
 View signals at certain frequencies:
 Eg: above 100MHz
Cont’d…
Cont’d…
1.3.3 Mixers

The frequencies is not the

one needed – too low or
too high

To produce new
frequencies
Cont’d…

Configurations:
a. Single diode mixer
b. Balance diode mixer
c. Image rejection mixer
Cont’d…

Applications
 a receiver front end
 an up-converter in a transmitter
 a balanced modulator
 down convert signal for NF measurement
 1.3.4 Quadrature Hybrids

a directional coupler whose two outputs

equal in amplitude and separated from one
another by a constant 90º phase.

http://www.rfglobalnet.com/doc.mvc
http://www.webstore.com/T2OT6-Narda-Microwave-4035
Cont’d…

Applications
 Mixer
 Matched detector
 RF and DC combination
 Combining amplifiers
 SPDT pin switch
1.3.5 Circulators and
isolators

Both use the unique

properties of ferrites in a
magnetic field

Isolator passes signals in
one direction, attenuates
in the other

Circulator passes input
from each port to the next
around the circle, not to
any other port

Circulator illustration
 Cont’d…

www.saisum.com
www.made-in-china.com
Cont’d…

Circulator construction
 1.3.6 Attenuators

To less the value

To diminish the power of a
signal while keeping the
waveform of the signal intact.
An attenuator introduces a
known amount of loss when
functioning between two
resistive impedances: Input
Impedance, Zin and Output
Impedance, Zout

Fixed, variable and pin
attenuators

http://article.wn.com
Cont’d…

Fixed attenuators
 Use in reducing voltage and in
dissipating power
 Use in improving impedance
matching
 Temperature compensation
 Measuring gain/loss of a device
Cont’d…

Variable attenuators
 Continuously attenuators
 Piston, variable card, T, variable coupler, low-loss
cut-off, lossy wall
 step attenuators

pin attenuators
 Variable attenuator that provides either step or
continuous attenuation without the use of piston
etc – use pin diode
 Attenuation – this amount that by which the
input signal is decreased when the pin diodes are
fully biased (maximum current drawn)