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Page 3.133 – 3.135

A reheat cycle operating between 30 and 0.04 bar has a super heat and reheat temperature
of 4500C. The first expansion takes place till the steam is dry saturated and then reheat is given.
Neglecting feed pump work determine the ideal cycle efficiency.
Given data
p1 = 30 bar; p4 = 0.04 bar; T1 = 4500C, T3 = 4500C; x2 = 1
To find
cycle
Solution
From steam tables at 30 bar and 4500C
h1 = 3344.35 kJ/kg; s1 = 7.08 kJ/kgK
At 0.04 bar
hf4 = 121.4 kJ/kg; hfg4 = 2433.1 kJ/kg; sf4 = 0.423 kJ/kgK; sfg4 = 8.053 kJ/kgK
1 - 2 isentropic process
s1- s2 = 7.087kJ/kgK; s2 = sg  dry saturated steam; p2 = psat at sg
(From ) steam table0 p2 = 2.3 bar
At 2.3 bar
h2 = 2712.6 kJ/kg
at 2.3 bar and 4500C
h3 = 3381.46 kJ/kg s3 = 8.3061 kJ/kgK
3 – 4  isentropic processes
s3 = s4 = 8.3061 kJ/kgK; s4 = sf4 + x4 x sfg4 = 0.423 x 8.053; x4 = 0.98
h4= hf4 + x4 x hfg4 = 121.4 + 0.98 x 2433.1 = 2505.84 kJ/kg
the cycle efficiency,
  
h  h  h3  h4
 1 2

h1  h5   h3  h2 

3344 .35  2712 .6  3381 .46  2505 .84   100
3344 .35  121 .4  3381 .46  2712 .6
  0.3873  38.73%
Result
The cycle efficiency = 38.73%.
Page 3.26 to 2.7
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Find the specific volume and enthalpy of steam at 9 bar when the condition or steam is
(a) wet with dryness fraction 0.98 (b) dry saturated and (c) super heated, the temperature of
steam 2400C.
Given data
p = 9 bar; (i) x = 0.95 (ii) x = 1 (iii) Superheated Tsup = 2400C
Solution
From steam table at 9 bar
Ts = 175.40C; vg = 0.21501 m3/kg; hf = 742.6 kJ/kg; hfg = 2029.5 kJ/kg; hg = 2772.1 kJ/kg
(a) Wet steam, x = 0.95
vwet = xvg = 0.95 x 0.21501 = 0.204 m3/kg; hwet = hf + xhfg = 742.6 + 0.95 x 2029.5
(b) Dry Steam
vg = 0.21501 m3/kg; hg = 2772.1 kJ/kg
(c) Super heated steam Tsup = 2400C
 Tsup 
  0.21501  
240 
vsup  v g  
3
  vsup  0.294 m / kg
 s 
T  175 .4 
Corresponding to p = 9 bar and T = 2400C from the super heated enthalpy table.
hsup = 2923.29kJ/kg

Results
(a) Wet Steam v = 0.204 m3/kg; h = 2.670.625 kJ/kg
(b) Dry Saturated v = 0.21501 m3/kg; h = 2772.1 kJ/kg
(c) Super heated v = 0.294 m3/kg; h = 2923.29 kJ/kg
Page 3.34 to 3.37
A closed vessel of 0.2 m3 contains steam at 1 MPa and temperature 2500C. If the vessel
is cooled so that pressure falls to 350 kPa. Determine the final temperature, heat transfer, and
change of entropy during the process.
Given data
V1 = 0.2 m3; p1 = 1MPa = 10 bar; T1 = 2500C; p2 = 350 kPa = 3.5 bar
To find
T2, Q and S
Solution
From steam tables at 10 bar, Ts = 179.90C
Since T1 > Ts, the state would be in the superheated region.
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From steam tables (in super heated region)

At 10 bar and 2500C; vsup = 0.2328 m3/kg
From steam tables at 3.5 bar
vf2 = 0.001079 m3/kg; vg2 = 0.52397 m3/kg; T2 = 139.90C
Mass of the steam, m
V1 0.2
m    0.8591 kg
vsup 0.2328

Volume of vapour at final stage, V2

Vg2 = m x vg2 = 0.859 x 0.524; Vg2 = 0.45 m3
Since the vessel is closed, the cooling process is undergone by constant volume.
Therefore, V1 = V2.
The vapour must be wet in its final stage because Vg2 > V1
The dryness fraction, x
V1 0.2
x   0.444
Vg 0.45
2
The final temperature of steam is equal to the saturation temperature at 3.5 bar
T2 = 139.90C
Final enthalpy of wet steam h2 = hf2 + xhgf2
From steam table at 3.5 bar,
hf2 = 584.3 kJ/kg; hg2 = 2147.3 kJ/kg; h2 = 5843 + 0.444 x 2147.3; h2 = 1537.7 kJ/kg
From super heated steam table at 10 bar and 2500C
h1 = 2943 kJ/kg
Heat transfer, Q = m (h1 – h2); = 0.859 (2943 – 1537.7); = 1207.15 kJ
From S.T at 10 bar and 2500C
s1 = 6.926 kJ/kg K
from S.T at 3.5 bar
sf2 = 1.727 kJ/kg K; sfg2 = 5.212 kJ/kg K
Final entropy, s2 = sf2 + xsfg2; s2 = 1.727 + 0.444 x 5.212; s2 = 4.041 kJ/kg K
Change in Entropy
s = m (s2 – s1) = 0.859 (4.041 – 6.926); = -2.48kJ/kg K
Result
Final temperature, T2 = 129.90C
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Heat transfer, Q = 1207.15 kJ/kg

Change in entropy, s = -2.48 kJ/kg K
Page 3.44 – 3.45
One kg of steam at a pressure of 700 kPa and 0.6 dry is heated at constant pressure until it
becomes dry saturated. Determine change in internal energy and work done.
Given data
m = 1 kg; p = 700kPa = 7 bar; x1 = 0.6
Process : Constant pressure process
X2 = 1
To find :
U and W
O solution:
From Steam Table at 7 bar
hf1 = 697.1 kJ/kg ; hfg1 = 2064.9 kJ/kg ; hfg1 = 2762 kJ/kg ;
3
vfg1 = 0.27288m /kg ; v1 = mx1 vg1; = 1 x 0.6 x 0.27288; = 0.164 m3
h1 = m(hf1 + x1hfg1); = 1(697.1 +0.6 x 2064.9) = 1936.04 kJ
Since the final condition of steam is dry and also pressure remains same at 7 bar
v2 = vg1 = 0.27288 m3/kg; v2 = mvg1 = 1 x 0.27288 = 0.27288 m3
h2 = mhg1 = 1 x 2762 = 2762 kJ/kg
Change in internal energy,
U = u2 - u1
= (h2-h1) – (p2V2-p1v1)
= (h2-h1) – p1(v2-v1) [ p1 = p2]
= (2762 – 1936.04) – 700 (0.273-0.164)
= 749.66 kJ Ans.
Work done, W
= 700 (0.273 – 0.164)
= 76.3 kJ Ans.
Result
Change in internal energy. u = 749.66 kJ
Work done, W = 76.3 KJ
Page 3.49 – 3. 50
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A steam at 10 bar and 0.85 dry expands according the law of pV4.2 = C to final pressure of 1
bar. Find the final volume and final enthalpy.
Given data
p1 = 10 bar; x1 = 0.85; p2 = 1 bar
Expansion according to pV4.2 = C
To find
Final volume and final enthalpy
Solution
From Steam Table at 10 bar
vg1 = 0.1943 m3/kg
Since the initial condition of steam is wet, initial volume
v1 = x vg1
= 0.85 x 0.1943
v1 = 0.1653 m3/kg
From polytrophic relation,
1/
 p1  12
P1v112= p2v212 [ p1v1n = p2v2n1; v2  v2    = 0.1653x(10)1/12
 
p2 

v2 = 1.1262 m3/kg
From Steam Table at 1 bar
hf2 = 417.5 kJ/kg ; hfg2 = 2256.9 kJ/kg ; vfg2 = 1.6938m3/kg ;
Sincev2 < vg2 , the condition of steam is wet. For wet steam
v 1.1262
v2 = x2 vg2; x  2   0.66 ;
2 v 1.6938
g2
h2 = hf2 +x2 hfg2; h2 = 417.5 + 0.66 (2256.9)
h2 = 1907.054 kJ/kg

Result
(i) Final volume = 1.1262 m3/kg
(ii) Final enthalpy = 1907.054 kJ/Kg
Page 3.66– 3.67
150 kg/sec of steam 25 bar and 3000C expands is entropically in a steam turbine to 0.33bar.
Determine the power output of the turbine.
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Given data
m = 150 kg/sec; p1 = 25 bar; T1 = 3000C; p2 = 0.33 bar
To find
Power output, W = ?
Solution
Corresponding to 25 bar & 3000C, read
h1 = 3010.4 kg/kg; s1 = 6.648 kJ/kgK
For isentropic process
s1 = s2; s2 = 6.648 kJ/kg K; s2 = sf2 + x2 sfg2
Corresponding to 0.33 bar, read sf and sfg
6.648 = 0.971 + x2 x 6.766; x2 = 0.84;
h2 = hf2 + x2 hfg2
= 298.6 + 0.84 x 2330.6
= 2256.304 kJ/kg
Turbine work, W = m (h1-h2)
= 150 (3010.4 – 2256.304)
= 113113.3 kW
= 113.11 MW Ans.
Result:
The power output of the turbine, W=113.11 MW.