High efficiency coalescers for gas

processing operations
High efficiency coalescers reduce running costs and shutdown time by
removing contaminants in feed streams to each gas processing step

THOMAS H WINES Pall Corporation

SAEID MOKHATAB Gas processing consultant

M
any different contam-
inants exist within
the boundaries of
gas processing operations.
Contaminants can enter a pro-
cess through poor inlet sep-
aration, can be created in the
process by corrosion of iron
pipelines/vessels, or can be
formed by reaction with impu-
rities and chemical additives.
They can also come from phase
changes such as condensation
from gases or cooling of hydro-
carbon liquids. Contaminants
can be in the form of solid par-
ticles, sticky gels, difficult to
break emulsions or fine liquid
aerosols. These contaminants,
even in trace quantities, will
negatively affect gas processing
plant operations where main-
tenance cycles are shorter than
they should be, operating costs
are higher than necessary, and
unscheduled shutdowns caus-
ing lost production are all too
common. As such, understand-
ing the nature of these contami-
nants can help in developing an
appropriate mitigation strategy.
Many in the industry have a
hard time selecting the appro-
priate separation technology
due to the amount of differ-
Solids are captured
while small drops
pass through
Figure 1 Coalescing mechanism
ent separation equipment and
varied rating systems used.
Selection of appropriate sepa-
ration equipment needs to be
balanced by separation per-
formance requirements versus
capital and operating expenses.
However, high efficiency liq-
uid-liquid and liquid-gas coa-
lescers, which provide excellent
contaminant removal, have
found widespread accept-
ance in gas processing plants
in recent years for a number of
applications.
Coalescer technology
Coalescers are designed espe-
Drops merge into
larger drops as
media pores widen
Large coalesced
drops fall due to
gravity
cially to separate either liquid
aerosols from a gas stream or to
break liquid-liquid emulsions.
They can be constructed from
fibres made of various materi-
als, including glass, metal, pol-
ymers and fluoropolymers. The
coalescer media can be config-
ured as pleated sheets or as a
depth type, but have in com-
mon a pore gradient that goes
from smaller to larger sizes in
the flow direction and an outer
coarse sleeve material to com-
plete the coalescing process.
A schematic of the coalesc-
ing mechanism showing the
growth or coalescence of drop-

www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461 PTQ Q4 2017 1


Inlet
Pre-filters
Figure 2 Typical liquid-liquid coalescer layout in a horizontal configuration
lets as they pass through the
coalescer medium is shown in
Figure 1. In either liquid-liquid
coalescers or liquid-gas coa-
lescers, the same mechanism
prevails and the coalescing
medium is structured to have
small pores on the inlet that are
adjusted to larger size pores
near the outlet, to accommodate
growing drops. The coalescer
will also remove solids in the
first layer, but in many cases,
especially liquid systems, it is
more economical to have a sep-
arate vessel with pre-filters to
protect the coalescers. Cartridge
coalescers have the advantage
that they do not require the use
of chemicals or electricity to
achieve the separation.
High efficiency
liquid-liquid coalescers
Cartridge coalescers have vary-
ing performances according to
the type of coalescer cartridge
used. Due to disarming of glass
fibre coalescers in the presence
of surfactants, ‘conventional’
cartridge coalescers are usually
restricted to emulsions featur-
2 PTQ Q4 2017
Outlet
(purified hydrocarbon)
Coalescers
Water
drain
Aqueous sump
and level control
ing interfacial tensions (IFTs)
of not less than 20 dyne/cm
typically. Disarming involves
the coating of the glass fibre
media with surfactants that
change their surface properties
which leads to repelling small
incoming drops and failure
to coalesce.1
High efficiency coalescers are
particularly suited to handle
emulsions featuring low IFTs
(<20 dyne/cm) to very low IFTs
(<5 dyne/cm). High efficiency
coalescers are constructed with
specially formulated polymer
media with enhanced surface
properties that can influence
the adsorption of droplets and
the ultimate release of coa-
lesced droplets. Cartridge coa-
lescers can accommodate
relatively high (up to 5% typi-
cally) and fluctuating inlet dis-
persed phase concentrations.
These coalescer systems can
either be vertically or horizon-
tally configured. The horizontal
configuration (shown in Figure
2 as configured for removal
of water from a hydrocarbon
stream) is the most common
one. In this configuration, the
coalescer consists of a horizon-
tal coalescer cartridge stage fol-
lowed by a settling zone that
relies on the density difference
between the dispersed phase
and the bulk phase to separate
the coalesced droplets. The coa-
lescer cartridges are mounted
on a tube sheet (filter plate) and
supported by tie-rods.
The vertical configuration
uses the same coalescer stage,
while the separation stage is
achieved by another type of
separator cartridge with hydro-
phobic barrier capabilities to
allow a hydrocarbon stream
to go through while retaining
the coalesced aqueous drop-
lets. A vertical configuration
is not suitable for very IFT of
<3 dyne/cm due to the inher-
ently fragile nature of the coa-
lesced droplets that make the
separator cartridge become
ineffective.2
Although the solids content
in the bulk phase is usually in
the ppm range, it may repre-
sent a solids loading of several
kilograms per day when scaled
up to the full flow rate of the
installation, hence the impor-
tance of eliminating this solid
contamination to protect down-
stream equipment. Besides,
particle contamination tends to
increase the stability of the liq-
uid-liquid emulsion.
Cartridge coalescers, although
designed for the separation
of two liquid phases, have
the ability to act as particle fil-
ters due to the fine pore struc-
ture of the coalescer medium
and will plug over time. A fre-
quent replacement of coalescer
cartridges is not cost-effective
due to the costs of change-out,
maintenance and used car-
tridge disposal. So it is usually
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461
recommended that a separate
pre-filter is installed upstream
of the coalescer to remove par-
ticulate matter. The installa-
tion of a pre-filter extends the
service life of the coalescer sig-
nificantly and reduces partic-
ulate concentration to meet
solids specifications. The
removal rating of the pre-
filter should be selected accord-
ing to the pore size structure
of the coalescer medium, as
well as according to the size
distribution of the solid con-
taminants. The particulate pre-
filter increases the investment
cost of the cartridge coalescer
solution, but overall reduces
the running costs of the coa-
lescer assembly.
High efficiency liquid-gas
coalescers
High efficiency liquid-gas
coalescers are recent devel-
opments in the history of liq-
uid-gas separation units. Figure
3 depicts a vertical, high effi-
ciency liquid-gas coalescer
system. Inlet gas with liquid
aerosol contamination enters at
the bottom of the housing into
a first-stage knock-out section.
Here any slugs or large drop-
lets (>300 μm) are removed by
gravitational settling. The gas
then travels upward through
a tube sheet and flows radi-
ally from the inside of the
cartridges through the coa-
lescer medium to the annulus.
The inlet aerosol distribution
ranges from 0.2-50 μm and
after passing through the coa-
lescer medium it is transformed
into enlarged coalesced drop-
lets ranging from 500-5000 μm.
The advantage of flowing from
the inside to the outside of the
coalescer cartridge is that the
gas velocity can be more eas-
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461
on solids collecting on the media
and the surface treatment pro-
motes drainage, thereby extend-
ing service life. For special
Outlet
cases, such as gas coming from
underground storage, a pre-
filter would be recommended
Coalescers where high solids loadings exist.
Gas processing applications
Upper
Upper level
When pipeline transportation
liquid sump
control is not feasible, gas process-
Inlet
ing to the full extent will lead
to liquefied natural gas (LNG)
Lower level production. The different unit
Lower liquid
control operations along the way are
sump illustrated in Figure 4 and these
(slug catcher)
tie into the application descrip-
tions below.
Figure 3 Vertical liquid-gas coalescer Coalescing technology has
been used in the natural gas
ily adjusted in the annulus by processing industry for decades
selecting the optimum hous- and some examples of specific
ing diameter to prevent re- applications include:
entrainment of coalesced
droplets.3 Compressor protection
The use of a surface treat- Reciprocating and centrifugal
ment on the entire coalescer can compressors can face challenges
greatly improve performance from gas contamination and one
by lowering the surface energy study found that at least 20% of
and improving drainage.4 In the reciprocating compressor
most cases, the vertical high failures were due to unwanted
efficiency liquid-gas coalescer solids and liquids in the inlet
does not require a separate streams.5 For reciprocating com-
pre-filter. Typical service life of pressors, the primary issue is a
standalone vertical liquid-gas build-up of contaminants in the
coalescers is 1-2 years. The liq- piston cylinder intake/exhaust
uids will have a washing effect area that can lead to sticking
Sour
feed
gas H2S and CO2 H2O Hg
Inlet
separation
Acid gas
removal
Dehydration Mercury
removal
NGL
recovery
Liquefaction
Off-gas
NGL LNG
Condensate
stabilisation
C5+
Figure 4 Overview of natural gas processing plant leading to LNG production
PTQ Q4 2017 3
 valves and partial bypass. For umns, with either trays or pack-
centrifugal compressors, con- ing to enhance mass transfer.
taminants can deposit on the Contaminants that come in
rotating blades, leading to with the inlet gas, including
imbalances and harmful vibra- hydrocarbon condensates, lube
tions. Severe cases can involve oils, well treating fluids, corro-
catastrophic failure and many sion inhibitors, hydrate inhib-
routine applications involve fre- itors, corrosion products, and
quent costly inspection/main- salt water, can lead to fouling,
tenance at less than six-month foaming and carry-over in the
intervals. Use of liquid-gas coa- contactor and regenerator col-
lescers can protect compressors umns. Liquid-gas coalescers
for a two-year maintenance-free can be used to protect these
period.6 contactors as well as to recover
any carry-over solvents on the
Hydrocarbon condensate outlet side.
and natural gas liquids (NGL)
treatment Molecular sieve protection
Natural gas condensates and For gas processing opera-
NGLs are a mixture of light tions that require cryogenic
end hydrocarbons that are usu- separations or extremely low
ally processed either as a flash moisture content, molecu-
evaporation to remove the lar sieves (zeolites) are com-
most volatile species and cre- monly used in both gas and
ate a stabilised condensate, or liquid hydrocarbon streams.
by a more involved process Free water in the inlet stream
to cryogenically separate the can adversely affect the molec-
components (methane, ethane, ular sieve’s performance, lead-
propane, butane) to extract ing to frequent regeneration
maximum value. In either case, cycles that can cause mechan-
aqueous contaminants need to ical damage to the molecular
be removed to protect the col- sieve material over time and
umns, molecular sieve driers in some cases becoming a bot-
and cold boxes that are used in tleneck to production. Liquid
the process. Condensate trav- hydrocarbons can lead to cok-
elling in gas pipelines will pick ing or fouling/blocking of
up salt water, corrosion inhib- active sites and reduced dry-
itors and hydrate inhibitors ing performance. The use of
(glycol or methanol). These liquid-gas and liquid-liquid
conditions lead to the forma- coalescers has been demon-
tion of stable emulsions and strated to significantly improve
the need for liquid-liquid molecular sieve operations.7
coalescers.
Mercury removal unit
Acid gas removal/dehydration protection
Contactors used to treat natural Mercury (Hg) can be pres-
gas for removal of acid gases ent in both natural gas and
(CO2 and H2S) with alkanol hydrocarbon condensate liq-
amines or for removal of water uid streams, poses a health
vapour with triethylene gly- threat to humans, and can
col involve the mixing of these cause damage to alumi-
liquid solvents with gas in col- num brazed heat exchangers.
4 PTQ Q4 2017
Removal of mercury is typi-
cally performed either by a sul-
phur impregnated activated
carbon bed or a metal based
catalyst/adsorbent. Both meth-
ods are not regenerable and
it is advantageous to pro-
tect mercury removal beds by
use of coalescer technology.
Free water in both liquid and
gas systems can lead to pre-
mature service life in mer-
cury removal beds by coating
active sites and causes the bed
materials to clump together,
making replacement diffi-
cult. Typically, a vacuum suc-
tion hose can be used, but after
clumping the spent bed mate-
rial will require shovelling and
scraping out of the vessel by a
maintenance worker in a full
hazmat suit, increasing costs
and worker safety issues.
Low NOx burner protection
Burners are used for many gas
processes, including amine and
glycol regeneration, molecular
sieve regeneration and many
fractionation separations. They
are also used in many refin-
ery operations and in ethylene
production. The latest genera-
tion of burner designs has been
developed to meet stringent
environmental concerns for low
and ultra-low NOx emissions.
The effect on the mechanical
design of the burners has been
to make the orifices smaller
and more prone to contaminant
fouling.
Fouling of burner nozzles can
become a costly task with mul-
tiple banks of burners requir-
ing burner tip replacement or
cleaning, sometimes on a daily
basis. Furthermore, if the flame
patterns are affected by fouling,
this can cause damage to con-
vective surfaces and poor fur-
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461
 Contamination levels in condensate at outlet of existing separators

Plant Type of Flow rate TSS, Nature *Free water, Condensate visual Chloride,
location separator Am3/h, BPD mg/l of solids ppmw appearance mg/l
Plant A – Middle East Gravity separator 165 (24 900) 6 FeS, CaSO4 1800-4800 Hazy 240-310
Plant B – Middle East Glass fibre coalescer 62 (9360) 16 FeS 75 Slightly hazy Not measured
Plant C – North Africa Knock-out drum with mesh pad 70 (10 570) 3 FeS, CaSO4, SiO2 400-500 Hazy 5470
Plant D – North Africa Gravity separator 25 (3770) 12 Iron oxides 2000-7000 Hazy 25 000-32 000

* Free water content evaluated from water volume separated by pilot coalescer

Table 1

nace performance. The use of
liquid-gas coalescers to pro-
tect low NOx burners has been
successfully demonstrated,8
leading to greatly reduced
maintenance and consistent fur-
nace performance.
Gas pipeline transmission
Sales gas transmission will
involve the use of multiple
metering/compressor stations
along the way for long dis-
tance pipelines. Here, liquid
hydrocarbons and water can
condense from the natural gas
stream and, along with trace
acid gases (CO2 and H2S), lead
to the formation of black pow-
der (corrosion products). The
black powder and liquids can
lead to fouling in metering and
compression stations and affect
the ability to accurately meas-
ure flow rate. The use of gas
particle filters and liquid-gas
coalescers has been demon-
strated to effectively protect gas
pipeline metering/compression
stations.9
Field experience
Hydrocarbon condensate
treating
Water carry-over from separa-
tors and the subsequent ingress
of water, salts and solids in
downstream equipment are
quite common. The reasons for
carry-over include the presence
of condensate/water emulsions
that existing separators are una- export line. Plant C had severe
ble to remove effectively, either fouling issues in the stabiliser,
due to intrinsic performance which required regular shut-
limitations or sometimes due down for water wash every 3-4
to plant capacity increase that months. Plant D experienced
has made the existing separa- fouling of the reboiler and
tor under-sized. The water car- deposits on the column’s trays,
ry-over issue can be evaluated causing distortions.
through a field survey using the The condensate was tested
described field pilot methods. downstream of existing separa-
Four different plants in the tors which consisted of gravity
Middle East and North Africa settlers, knock-out drums with
region were facing various pro- mesh pads and glass fibre car-
duction issues in the stabilisers tridge coalescers (see Table 1).
and entered troubleshooting Results of tests downstream
programmes which included of the pilot high efficiency Pall
surveys for the evaluation of PhaseSep polymeric coalescer
the condensate contamina- are also reported (see Table 2).
tion.10 More specific production
issues were reported as follows. Crew Energy’s Septimus gas
Plant A experienced issues with plant, Canada
heat exchanger plugging and This plant is located in British
reduced capacity of the stabi- Columbia and was built in 2009.
liser, as well as corrosion issues It was designed for a gas flow
in the export tanks and pipe- rate of 50 MMSCFD and cur-
line. Plant B experienced too rently produces and processes
frequent replacements of the approximately 38 MMSCFD of
molecular sieve driers used for gas and 100 m3/day (630 b/d)
final condensate dehydration of condensate.10 The liquefied
and off-specification products, petroleum gas (LPG) and con-
causing corrosion issues in the densate are recovered through
Performance of Pall pilot scale coalescer
Plant location *Free water, ppmv Condensate visual appearance
Plant A – Middle East <16 Clear and bright
Plant B – Middle East <12 Clear and bright
Plant C – North Africa Not measured Clear and bright
Plant D – North Africa Not measured Clear and bright
*Measured by Aqua-Glo method at outlet of pilot coalescer
Table 2

www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461 PTQ Q4 2017 5

 restore the heat transfer. This
maintenance operation was
forcing the plant to shut down
the liquid processing facili-
ties for 12 hours, causing a net
loss of production of 50 m3 (315
bbl). The plant evaluated that
the combined loss of produc-
tion and the maintenance costs
for cleaning the reboiler repre-
Figure 5 Salt deposits in deethaniser reboiler top tube sheet before (left) and sented an overall annual cost of
after (right) cleaning Courtesy of Crew Energy Inc up to $725 000.
Pall Corporation was con-
a conventional refrigeration pro- Quickly after start-up, the sulted to perform on-site pilot
cess (complete with a deetha- plant encountered a continuous trials to quantify the water
niser). The LPG and condensate carry-over of water that caused levels in the condensate and
are split in the debutaniser salt deposits inside the deetha- to demonstrate the effective-
and both products are sent to niser column and the reboiler, ness of the coalescer technol-
on-site storage for future sale. resulting in excessive plant ogy in eliminating water down
After the inlet separator, the upsets and loss of product qual- to a specification of 15 ppmv
condensate flows to the con- ity due to reduced heat transfer or below. Field trials showed
densate pumps then onto the from the deethaniser reboiler. great variability in the inlet free
surge vessel prior to entering The fouled and clean reboiler water content, ranging from 28
the deethaniser. The deetha- section is depicted in Figure 5. ppmv to 1190 ppmv over the
niser receives raw condensate The plant had to go for a test period, with an average
from the inlet separator as well monthly based maintenance free water content of 127 ppmv.
as hydrocarbon liquids from the programme to clean the inter- The coalescer produced a clear
low temperature separator in nals of the deethaniser and the and bright looking condensate,
the refrigeration skid. reboiler of the salt deposits and with free water content rang-

Liquid
particle filter

Carbon
bed
Cooler
Treated gas
Acid gas
Liquid
particle filter
Liquid/gas Reflux
coalescer drum

Cooler
Lean amine
pump
Mobile filter
skid Reflux amine
pump
Amine Lean/rich heat Amine
Sour Liquid/gas contactor exchanger regenerator
feed gas coalescer
Light
hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon

Liquid Liquid/liquid Heat

particle filter coalescer exchanger
Flash drum

Figure 6 Simplified amine washing process with contaminant separation equipment

6 PTQ Q4 2017 www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461

ing between 2-9 ppmv, while
the separated brine had a hazy
yellowish appearance. The IFT
measured between the non-vol-
atile fraction of the dehydrated
condensate and the brine col-
lected from the coalescer out-
lets exhibited a low value of
9.5 dyne/cm at the operating
temperature.
Based on the successful
results and field data collected
from trials, Pall supplied a
coalescer system comprised
of duty standby 8in diame-
ter horizontally configured
20 micron absolute rated pre-
filter vessels, followed by a
single 12in diameter horizon-
tally configured coalescer ves-
sel equipped with two 40in Pall
PhaseSep coalescer cartridges.
The coalescer system was put
online in December 2010. After
four months of operation of the
coalescer system, the plant did
not report any salt carry-over
issue.
Acid gas removal
Acid gases are typically
removed from natural gas by
an alkanol amine solvent that
is thermally regenerated. The
acid gas and base solvent form
a fairly weak bond and separate
upon heating. The amine sol-
vent is then able to be reused.
A simplified process diagram is
shown in Figure 6 with call-outs
for coalescers and filters to treat
contaminants.
In Figure 6, liquid-gas coa-
lescers are used at the inlet to
the amine contactor to pre-
vent foaming, and at the con-
tactor outlet to recover any
carry-over amine. Liquid-
liquid coalescers are used on
the rich amine after the flash
tank to remove any hydro-
carbons in the amine solvent
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461
4
Hydrocarbon, g/L
3 MEA
2 TEG
1
0
S M
Figure 7 Results of Pall Scientific & Laboratory Services field trials for
hydrocarbons in different amines
and to protect the regenerator
from fouling or flashing over
hydrocarbons to the sulphur
plant. Particulate filters are
used to protect the rich amine
liquid-liquid coalescer and up-
and downstream of the lean
side carbon bed. Mobile filter
skids can also be brought in to
control upsets and more rap-
idly reduce solids in the amine
circuit.
Amine best practices are to
limit the total suspended solids
to <1 ppm and keep the hydro-
carbon levels as close to zero
as possible through use of high
efficiency coalescers and 10
micron absolute filtration.
Field test data from Pall’s
Scientific & Laboratory Services
group for hydrocarbon levels in
amines measured at 24 sites is
given in Figure 7, showing the
need for improved separations.
Marsulex, Montreal, Canada
Marsulex (part of Suncor) oper-
ates an amine unit in Montreal
tied to several refineries.11
Concerns over the rich amine
flash drum’s capability were
raised when a plant capacity
expansion would reduce the
Selexol (S)
Ucarsol
MDEA (M)
DEA
S M S M S M S M S M S M S M
residence time from a 22-min-
ute average down to poten-
tially only nine minutes. The
amine is used to treat several
amine contactors that are a
source of liquid hydrocarbon
and solid contaminant ingres-
sion. Liquid hydrocarbons
can flash in the amine regen-
erator and cause problems in
the sulphur plant. In order to
alleviate these concerns, Pall
ran a pilot coalescer study on
the rich amine with PhaseSep
liquid-liquid coalescers and 10
micron absolute pre-filters.
The results from the pilot test
showed that there were 86-193
ppmw hydrocarbons and an
average of 5 ppmw of solids
upstream on the test unit. The
Pall unit was able to reduce the
liquid hydrocarbons down to
near saturation level and the
solids down to an average of
<1 ppmw. A photograph of the
amine at the inlet to the test pre-
filter, the inlet to the coalescer
and after the coalescer is shown
in Figure 8.
A commercial full flow
PhaseSep liquid-liquid coa-
lescer was installed along
with a duplex pre-filter sys-
PTQ Q4 2017 7

Figure 8 Amine samples using 10 micron absolute pre-filtration and PhaseSep
liquid-liquid coalescer
tem using Pall Ultipleat High
Flow 10 micron absolute filters.
Since the system started up, the
amine has changed colour from
a hazy green-grey to a light
clear straw, indicating clean,
healthy amine.
Most important is that the
overall stability of the amine
and sulphur plant process has
improved and the coalescer unit
has been able to handle epi-
sodic liquid hydrocarbon spikes
while maintaining circuit stabil-
ity. Operating costs have also
been reduced with longer times
between cleaning of lean/rich
heat exchangers and $100 000
per year as minimum savings.
The amount of hydrocarbon liq-
uid recovered has also increased
by 25% and this stream is used
to feed the steam boilers, offset-
ting additional fuel costs.
Conclusion
Contamination issues are com-
mon in many gas process-
ing operations and can cause
severe problems with equip-
ment fouling, leading to addi-
tional expenses in maintenance,
equipment repair, reduced
production capacity and even
8 PTQ Q4 2017
unscheduled shutdowns unless
mitigated. Many of the exist-
ing separation devices in use
are not adequate to remove
the finer contaminant sizes
and there is a real need to
improve separation processes.
The actual case histories and
field contaminant surveys in
this article demonstrate that
Pall high efficiency liquid-
liquid coalescers and high effi-
ciency liquid-gas coalescers are
practical and economical solu-
tions to control difficult con-
tamination in the major gas
processing applications.
Aqua-Glo is a registered mark of
Gammon Technical Product Inc.
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Improve hydrocarbon condensate
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Thomas H Wines is a Director of Product
Management with Pall Corporation’s
Energy Group in Port Washington,
New York. With 28 years of filtration,
separation, and purification experience
serving the refinery, gas processing, and
chemical industries, he is a specialist
in the fields of liquid/gas and liquid/
liquid coalescing and has authored
44 technical publications and given
numerous presentations. He holds a PhD
in chemical engineering from Columbia
University and is a member of AIChE.
Saeid Mokhatab is a world-class expert
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461
in the natural gas industry who has been
actively involved in several large-scale gas
field development projects, concentrating
on design, precommissioning and
start-up of processing plants. He has
presented on gas processing technologies
worldwide and authored or co-authored
www.digitalrefining.com/article/1001461
nearly 300 technical publications. He
has held technical advisory positions for LINKS
leading professional journals, societies,
and conferences in gas processing, and More articles from the following
received a number of international categories:
awards in recognition of his work in the Filtration and Separation
natural gas industry.
PTQ Q4 2017 9