Modulation of Digital Data

Digital Signal Analog Signal

 Modulation of Digital Data

1. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
2. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
3. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
4. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
5. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
6. Bit/Baud Comparison
7. Modems
Digital-to-analog modulation

Types of digital-to-analog modulation

Aspects to digital-to Analog
conversion

Bit Rate / Baud Rate

 Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is

the number of signal units per second. Baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.
 Bit rate is important in computer efficiency
 Baud rate is important in data transmission.
 Baud rate determines the bandwidth required to
send signal
 Baud rate = bit rate / # bits per signal unit
Modulation
Techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)

 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a form of

modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.

 The amplitude of an analog carrier signal

varies w.r.t modulating signal, keeping
frequency and phase constant.

 The level of amplitude can be used to

represent binary logic 0s and 1s.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)

Baseband
Data

ASK modulated
signal

A cos ω ct 0 0 A cos ω ct

 We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF

switch.

 In the modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by

the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying
operation and hence the name given.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)

•The strength of the carrier signal is

varied to represent binary 1 and 0.
•Frequency and phase remains the
same.
•Highly susceptible to noise
interference.
 Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)

PRO’s of ASK:
 It is Simple and Easy to implement.

 Transmission and Receiving of such signals using

components becomes easy.

CON’s of ASK:
 Inefficient Modulation Techniques.

 Sensitive to noise.

 Susceptible to sudden gain changes.

 They are used mainly for radio frequency.

 Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)

 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) is a form of

modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the frequency of a carrier wave.

 The frequency of an analog carrier signal

varies w.r.t modulating signal, keeping
amplitude and phase constant.

 Frequency of the carrier is varied to

represent digital data (binary 0/1)

Peak amplitude and phase remain constant.

 Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)

Baseband
Data

FSK modulated
signal
f1 f0 f0 f1
where f0 = A cos(ω c-∆ ω )t and f1 = A cos(ω c+∆ ω )t

 We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF

switch.

 In the modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by

the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying
operation and hence the name given.
 Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)

 Frequency of the signal during each bit duration is

constant, and its value depends on the bit (0 or 1);
both peak amplitude and phase remain constant.
 FSK avoids most of the problems from noise.
 Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)

PRO’s of FSK:
 It is Easy to implement.

 It has better noise immunity than ASK.

 It is not too sensitive to varying attenuation on the

channel.
 Simple implementation possible for low bit-rates.
 Frequency Shift Keying
(FSK)

CON’s of FSK:
 The high bandwidth requirement is the major

disadvantage.
 The FSK is not preferred for the high speed modems

because with increase in speed, the bit rate increases.

 Therefore FSK is extensively used in low speed

modems having bit rates below 1200 bits/sec.

 They are used mainly for high radio frequency

(3 to 30MHz).
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a form of

modulation that represents digital data as
variations in the phase of a carrier wave.

 The phase of an analog carrier signal varies

w.r.t modulating signal, keeping amplitude
and frequency constant.

 Phase of the carrier is varied to represent

digital data (binary 0/1)

Peak amplitude and Frequency remain

constant.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Baseband
Data

Binary PSK modulated

signal
s1 s0 s0 s1

where s0 = -A cos ω ct and s1 = A cos ω ct

 We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF

switch.

 In the modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by

the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying
operation and hence the name given.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) demonstrates better

performance than ASK and FSK.

 If we start with a phase of 00 to represent binary 0, then we

can change the phase to 1800 to send binary 1.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

 The phase of the signal during each bit duration is constant, and
its value depends on the bit (0 or 1).

 Two different phases (00 and 1800 ) are used. Constellation or

phase-state diagram shows the relationships by illustrating only the
phases.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

PRO’s of PSK:
 It is much more robust than ASK

 It not vulnerable to noise, which changes amplitude of

the signal.

CON’s of PSK:
 Minimum bandwidth required for PSK transmission is

the same as that required for ASK transmission.

 Maximum bit rate in PSK transmission is much greater

than that of ASK.