Mass Transfer Operation-1

CL 205
(2-1-0-6)

Date: 16/02/2016
 Steady state co-current process
G2 L2
GS LS
G1 x1 + L1 y1 = G 2 y2 + L 2 x2
y2 x2
Y2 X2 Operating line
G S Y1 + L S X1 = G S Y2 + LS X 2
Slope= - LS /GS
P
G S (Y1 − Y2 ) = L S (X 2 − X1 ) (X1,Y1)
G L
GS LS M
x G S Y1 + L S X1 = G S Y + L S X (X,Y) Equilibrium
y N’’ curve
Y X Q
G S (Y1 − Y ) = L S (X − X1 ) (X2,Y2) YA=f(XA)

Solute transform from

Y F

G L R Driving force line

Ye Slope= - kX/kY
M’
G1 L1
GS LS Equilibrium
What is the entrance (P) N’
y1 X1 point (Xe, Ye)
Y1 X1 and exit (Q) driving
force? X Xe
 steady state counter current process
G2, GS L2, LS
Driving force line
y2, Y2 x2 , X 2
Slope= - kX/kY
Equilibrium
G S Y1 + LS X 2 = G S Y2 + LS X1 Q curve
Operating line (X1,Y1) yAi=f(xA)
G S (Y1 − Y2 ) = L S (X1 − X 2 ) (transfer from
G L)
G, GS
Slope= LS /GS
y, Y
Y Driving
force
M
L, LS (X,Y) line
x, X G S Y1 + L S X = G S Y + L S X1 Slope= - kX/kY

G S (Y1 − Y ) = L S (X1 − X )
M’ Operating line
P (transfer from L G)
(X2,Y2) Slope= LS /GS

G1, GS L1, LS
y1, Y1 x1 , X 1 X
 Stages /equilibrium stages
• A stage is defined as any device or combination
of devices in which two insoluble phases are
brought into contact, where mass transfer
occurs between the phases tending to bring
them to equilibrium
In equilibrium
• An equilibrium, ideal, or theoretical stage is one
where the time of contact between phases is
sufficient for the effluent indeed to be in
equilibrium.

Leaving streams are

in In equilibrium
 Stages efficiency
GS LS
• A stage efficiency is defined as the fractional approach (Y*2) or Y2 X2 or (X*2)
to equilibrium which a real sage produce.

• Stage efficiency = actual solute transfer / solute transfer if

equilibrium were attained GS LS
Y1 X1
L G
(cocurrent)
Y2 − Y1
Murphree stage efficiency , (EMG ) = *
Y2 − Y1 GS LS
(Y*2) or Y2 X2
X1 − X 2
Murphreestage efficiency (EML ) =
X1 − X 2*
GS LS
Y1 X1 (X*1)
Y2 − Y1 X 2 − X1 Leaving streams are
EMG = * EML =
Y2 − Y1 X 2 − X1* in equilibrium
L G
(counter current)
 Cascade
• A group of stages interconnected so that the various streams
flow from one to the other is called a cascade

Stage 1

To increase the extent of mass transfer over

and above that which is possible with a single
stage

Stage 2

Stage 3
 Cascade : cross flow, countercurrent
Cross flow cascade

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Countercurrent cascade

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

 Cross flow cascade (Solute transfer L G)
GS1 GS2 GS2
y1 y2 y3 Each stage represented
Y1 Y2 Y3 by a circle
LS LS LS LS
x0 1 x1 2 x2 3
x3 each stage flow
X0 GS1 X1 X2 X3
GS2 GS3 is cocurrent
y0 y0 y0
Y0 Solute transfer from
Y0 Y0
L G
For ideal stages
Equilibrium
Y Equilibrium curve Operating line
curve Stage 1 Stage 1
Y1 Slope= Y Slope=
Y2 - LS /GS1 - LS /GS1
Y1
Slope= Y2 Slope=
Y3
- LS /GS2 - LS /GS2
Y3
Slope= Slope=
Y0 - LS /GS3 - LS /GS3
Y0

X3 X2 X1
X X0
X X3 X2 X1 X0
 Cross flow cascade (SoluteL transfer G L)
LS1 LS2 S3
X1 X2 X3 Each stage represented
GS GS by a circle
GS GS
Y1 Y2
Y0 1 2 3 Y3
each stage flow
LS1 LS2 LS3 is cocurrent
X0 X0 X0
Operating line:
Solute transfer from
Stage 1
G L
Slope= Equilibrium
Y0
- LS1 /GS curve

Y1 Slope=
Y - LS2 /GS For ideal stages
Y2
Slope=
Y3 - LS3 /GS

X0 X3 X2 X1 X
 Countercurrent cascade (solute transfer L G) GN+1
G1 y2 y3 yn Yn+1 yN Gs
Gs Y2 Y3 Yn Yn+1 YN yN+1
y1 YN+1
Y1 1 2 n n+1 N
LN
L0 x2 Ls
Ls X2 xN
x0 x1 xn XN
X0 X1 Xn
Operating line
Equilibrium
N number of equilibrium stages Stage 1:
curve
Q
Flow in Each stage is cocurrent Y1 T Slope=
1 - LS /GS
Cascade as a whole has the
characteristics of the counter Y Operating line
current process Y2 F P Stage 2:
2 B
Solute transfer from Slope=
Y3 - LS /GS
L G C E
L S (X 0 − X1 ) = G S (Y1 − Y2 ) Stage 1: Operating line
L S (X1 − X 2 ) = G S (Y2 − Y3 ) Stage 2: Cascade:
N Slope=
YN+1
L S (X 0 − X N ) = G S (Y1 − YN +1 ) Overall,P S + LS /GS
entire cascade XN X2 X1 X0 X
 Countercurrent cascade (solute transfer G L) GN+1
G1 y2 y3 yn Yn+1 yN Gs
Gs Y2 Y3 Yn Yn+1 YN yN+1
y1 YN+1
Y1 1 2 n n+1 N
LN
L0 x2 Ls
Ls X2 xN
x0 x1 xn XN
X0 X1 Xn
(XN ,YN+1 ) Equilibrium
N number of equilibrium stages
Overall curve
Flow in Each stage is cocurrent Cascade
Cascade as a whole has the Operating 1
characteristics of the counter Y line
current process Y2
Solute transfer from 2
G L Y3
L S (X 0 − X1 ) = G S (Y1 − Y2 ) Stage 1: 3
L S (X1 − X 2 ) = G S (Y2 − Y3 ) Stage 2:
YN+1(X0 ,Y1 )
L S (X 0 − X N ) = G S (Y1 − YN +1 ) Overall,
P
entire cascade XN X