An influence of selected conditions on the production
of energy in photovoltaic panels based on correlation
coefficients
Pytel Krzysztof, Hudy Wiktor, Noga Henryk, Kulinowski Wojciech
Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, ul. PodchorąĪych 2
30-084 Kraków, Poland
kpytel@up.krakow.pl, whudy@up.krakow.pl, hnoga@up.krakow.pl, wkulinowski@up.krakow.pl
Abstract— The aim of this study was to analyze of the
efficiency of electricity production from the photovoltaic located
in selected areas of the city of Krakow. Analysis was based on
data relating to atmospheric pollution and sun exposure in
selected areas. In order to take into account all the analyzed
models, the analysis used the library MATLAB / Simulink and
artificial neural networks. The scope of the work was limited to 3
types of solar panels. Based on the research, it was found, that
the photovoltaic panels draw up different amounts of energy
from solar radiation depending on not only the climate, but also
anthropogenic conditions.
Keywords— solar energy; urban air quality; correlation coefficient
I. INTRODUCTION
At the present time there are real technical possibilities for
solar energy equipment to achieve the efficiency competitive
with traditional sources of electricity. The most pragmatic and
realistic alternative requiring the shortest possible period of
time is the construction of solar panel in the form of automatic
driven and modern devices which could be equipped with
novel multi-junction concentrator type solar cells, could have
solar cell designed for low cost and high concentration
systems, and would be combination of silicon and perovskites.
This device shall be expected to contribute to electricity cost
reduction for widespread photovoltaic applications [1].
However, on the basis of the same solar module, it could be
possible to create super-high-efficiency (more than 60% [2,
3]) and low-cost solar cells that would gradually bring us
closer to the conception of low cost terrestrial concentrating
applications more perfected than the most popular crystalline
silicon solar modules. Key technologies for realizing
efficiency and low-cost solar cells are essential for terrestrial
applications aiming at developing innovational technologies
[4].
Solar energy is not a completely new idea, but it continues
to come forward as a substitute to fossil fuels. The best
possible selection of the number of solar modules at a
particular site is a vital economical problem. Cheaper and
mass produced crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells are
commonly used on a commercial scale. Their prices are
acceptable for investors implementing projects of large
photovoltaic installations. In 2014, Germany installed
978-1-4673-8606-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
35.5 [GW] and with a quarter of the world’s installed
photovoltaic capacity in that year, Germany was the world
leader. The next two countries are China (18.3 [GW]) and
Italy (17.6 [GW]) with 13 percent of total world’s installed in
2014 solar devices each other. Japan (13.6 [GW]), as well as
United States (12 [GW]) are the only countries that exceeded
10 [GW] of installed capacity [5].
Novel large-scale PV systems could produce electricity at
competitive prices. It could be possible thanks to the recent
advances in photovoltaic cell technology and properly chosen
localization of investment. Exposure to sunlight is taken into
account when implementing solar panels investments. This
strongly affects the economic aspect of capital expenditure
except for the availability of land. Simultaneously the energy
produced by photovoltaics is closely associated with operating
temperature of PV cells, and thus indirectly with the ambient
temperature, which is indicated by a temperature coefficients.
This is another parameter to be considered when designing
and implementing PV installations [6].
Nowadays, within the era of polluted air, another
parameter which is taken into account is the climate change
which may be anthropogenic and natural origin. It should be
included in the project PV system installation [7, 8]. The
climate is changing both in time and in individual locations. It
is a global problem that affects entire economies, society and
nature. Quantity and precipitation patterns are changing;
extreme weather conditions appear in addition to temperature
changes. All of these factors have an influence on energy
generation from PV systems. It is believed that these adverse
climate changes are caused, among others, by atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases. The solution to this
problem is to reduce emissions of these gases, thereby limiting
the impact of the increase in global temperature [9].
The international response to climate change includes the
adoption of the United Nation Framework Convention on
Climate Change. The 2015 Paris Climate Conference aimed to
achieve a universal agreement on climate with the aim of
avoiding anthropogenic interference with the climate on the
Earth. Nearly the 200 countries decided on actions aimed at
improving the functioning of the global economy through
sustainable production and consumption.
401
 The carried out analyzes shows the influence of
anthropogenic and natural parameters affecting the energy
production by photovoltaics. Correlations between selected
factors were counted weather and on their basis the potential
losses in the amounts of produced energy are shown.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
II. USE OF SOLAR ENERGY
A utilization of wind and water energy started thousands of
years ago, but the use of solar energy followed it [10].
Initially, the energy of the sun was used by primitive
peoples for drying. Ancient civil engineering has evolved in
areas with high sun exposure, allowing to create good living
conditions, as well as to avoid moisture and to fully exploit the
potential of solar energy [11]. The inventions of the Greeks
was to construct focusing lens allowing kindling a fire in the
form of spherical glass vessel filled with water. It was
approximately 400 BC [12]. Archimedes constructed a war
machine, which is a system of mirrors that focus the sunlight.
In this way, we were able to burn a fleet of enemy ships near
Syracuse. It was about 212 BC, according to legend [13].
The Incas sent to the capital in Cusco information from a
distance of up to 3000 km through smoke signals. The source
of the smoke was bundle of cotton flamed in the fire of
concave mirrors. That was before the 16th century [14].
In 1769, Harace de Saussure placed 5 glass boxes one
inside the other, left on solar exposure and achieved a
temperature of 160°C in the inner box. He used his invention
for baking fruit and distilling water. In 1837, in South Africa,
John Herschel covered desert sand by two glass panes and
received 120°C under them. This simple solar oven was used
to prepare meals [15].
Augustin Mouchot built from 1866 solar motor supplying
a small steam engine. He applied a practical parabolic trough
solar collector in Algiers for powering water pumping system.
In 1883, John Ericsson presented steam engine with a
cylindrical solar concentrator. In 1906, Frank Shuman built a
large solar pump [16].
Solar energy acts as the main power source for devices within
artificial earth satellites [19].
Modern systems produced to use solar energy are
extremely different. Significant differences relate to both types
of energy produced and the type of material for the solar
module. Nowadays, there are several technology characterized
by varying levels of efficiency in the field of power generation
(Fig. 1). There are many different types of solar modules on
the market and many manufacturers of some of the most
common types.
Being systems for maximum efficiency, multijunction
(MJ) solar systems are preferred in space and are not used in
residential applications. Despite of a relatively low ca 20% or
less record efficiency in solar devices category, the relatively
cheap crystalline silicon and thin-film solar panels are used in
commercial or residential installations. Using solar energy is
often not taken into account the biggest problem, which is
currently the poor air quality. Air pollution started to play the
strongest effects in urban areas on ecosystems, health and
industry since the second half of the 20th century. Efficiency
and reliability of novel design photovoltaic systems should be
coupled to the additional major factors affecting energy
production that take into account some peculiarities
determined by considerable air pollution (Fig. 2) [7].
As a general rule, proper solar radiation is known, but
climatological and weather condition are not always taken into
account when using c-Si solar cells for terrestrial applications.
MJ
CIGS
CdTe
Amorphous silicon
Polysilicon
Monocrystalline silicon
0 10 20 30 40 50
Efficiency [%]
Fig. 1. Efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells

Over time, solar energy increasingly enters the human life.

Location dependent
Practical ways of enabling the direct conversion of sunlight
Partial shading
into electricity have been developed. Recent years have Location dependent
contributed to the development of a separate direction in the Snow
solar industry called "daylighting". Daylight lighting systems
Diodes and wiring
developed for more health, well-being and efficiency
associated with the construction of systems and management Soil and dirt
of natural light, which can contribute to significant energy Ageing
savings, especially in public buildings [17, 18]. max
Angle of incidence min
Solar radiation is used more intensively for a large power
Temperature
and engineering industry. Solar power plants with an electrical
capacity from a few kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts are 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
already in operation. A solar furnace is a formation that uses Range [%]
concentrated solar power to produce high temperatures,
usually to generate electricity, melt steel or nanomaterials. Fig. 2. Supplementary most important effects on the energy production of
photovoltaic systems

2016 17th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC) 402

 The strongest effects of poor air quality are observed in
urban areas, where economic and societal activities make air
pollutants in one form or another.
In order to estimate the relationship between climate and
anthropogenic factors and the energy reaching the earth's
surface on a plane set at an optimum angle to the sun's rays,
we studied the correlation between all measured parameters.
III. THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Analyses of the correlation between the experimental data
on the amount of light intensity have been carried out by
statistical test of correlation.
Analyses of the impact of specific climate factors on the
amount of possible to gain energy have been carried out for
photovoltaic panels.
Analyses of the amount of electricity generated from solar
radiation were conducted in MATLAB/Simulink. Analyses
were carrying out in two steps:
• measurements and collection of empirical data relating
to the climatic and anthropogenic factors affecting the
amount of solar energy that is possible to use;
• modeling of site specific PV system in
MATLAB/Simulink.
Measurements were conducted for chosen localization in
Krakow, for analysed factors (Fig. 3):
• light intensity, using a light meter;
• cloudiness [octane];
• pollutants: sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and nitrogen
dioxide, particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10;
• temperature [°C];
• wind direction [o];
• atmospheric pressure [Pa];
• relative humidity [%].
Potential monthly global irradiation on optimally inclined
plane (Hopt [Wh/m2/day]) and an average daytime temperature
(TD [°C]) (Fig. 4) were estimated [20]. Irradiance diminishes
when the sun is at a low angle and temperature decreasing, as
well. Nevertheless, every types of solar cell have a dissimilar
temperature coefficient (monocrystalline and polycrystalline
have -0.45% to -0.50% and amorphous based thin film have -
0.20% to -0.25%). The amount of electricity produced by solar
panels depends on the ambient and module temperature.
Different solar modules respond differently to the operating
temperature, but the efficiency of a solar panel decreases as it
increases in temperature.
One of the purposes of analysis was to determine the
correlation between the experimental data. A correlation is a
way of analysing data. This might be useful for finding
association between data and show a tendency towards
changes and it could be used to test the strength of the
association between climatic and anthropogenic factors.
2016 17th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC)
Correlation measures the level of relationship between the
variables numerical or qualitative factors, which can be
ordered. Correlation analysis in our case is used to determine
the relationship between two variables. The correlation
coefficient indicates the strength of the relationship and is
defined as a value in the range [-1...1]. The strength of
association is higher when the ratio is more different from 0
(both plus and minus). If the correlation coefficient is positive,
it means that:
• when the value of one variable is increasing the value of
the other variable is increasing;
• when the value of one variable is decreasing the value
of the other variable is decreasing.
In contrast, if the correlation coefficient is negative, it
means that:
• when the value of one variable is decreasing the value
of the other variable is increasing;
• when the value of one variable is increasing the value of
the other variable is decreasing.
The correlation coefficient of 1 indicates the strongest
positive correlation. The correlation coefficient of -1 indicates
the strongest negative correlation. The correlation coefficient
of 0 indicates that the variables are not together in any way
related.
A correlation coefficient is a coefficient that illustrates a
quantitative measure of some type of correlation and
dependence, meaning statistical relationships between two or
more observed data values.
Types of correlation coefficients include:
• Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient;
• Intraclass correlation;
• Rank correlation:
o Spearman's rank correlation coefficient;
o Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient;
o Goodman and Kruskal's gamma [21].
PM2.5 [g/m3] September
PM10 [g/m3] July
O3 (8h) [g/m3]
O3 [g/m3]
NO [g/m3]
NOx [g/m3]
NO2 [g/m3]
SO2 [g/m3]
Cloud cover [%]
Wind [km/h]
Temperature [C]
Illuminance [Lx]
1 10 100 1000
Fig. 3. A comparison of the measurements of average values of parameters
for chosen location in July and September
403
 PM 2.5 PM 10 O3 (8h) O3 NO NOx NO2 SO2 Cloudy Wind T E
[μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [%] [m/s] [C] [lx]

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
E 6000H
-0.1239 0.5239 0.5738 -0.3551 -0.3037 -0.2618 -0.1568 -0.8087 -0.1739 0.5820 -0.0441 1.000 opt
[lx]

TABLE I.
[Wh/m2/day]
T
0.1002 0.1598 -0.0200 0.1337 0.1870 0.2059 0.3885 -0.0635 0.2076 0.0270 1.000 -0.0441
[C]
Wind
0.2864 0.8240 0.8034 -0.4225 -0.3065 -0.2122 -0.2998 -0.4854 -0.0841 1.000 0.0270 0.5820
[m/s]
Cloudy
0.0021 0.0907 -0.0025 -0.0860 -0.1084 -0.1175 -0.2348 0.0223 1.000 -0.0841 0.2076 -0.1739
[%]
SO2

in chosen localization in Krakow

0.1417 -0.4018 -0.4748 0.3476 0.3121 0.2818 0.0675 1.000 0.0223 -0.4854 -0.0635 -0.8087
[μg/m3]
NO2
0.1259 -0.2437 -0.3337 0.3647 0.4354 0.4505 1.000 0.0675 -0.2348 -0.2998 0.3885 -0.1568
[μg/m3] Month
NOx
0.4740 -0.3957 -0.5246 0.8337 0.9737 1.000 0.4505 0.2818 -0.1175 -0.2122 0.2059 -0.2618
[μg/m3]
NO
0.4263 -0.4967 -0.6289 0.9357 1.000 0.9737 0.4354 0.3121 -0.1084 -0.3065 0.1870 -0.3037
[μg/m3]

Type of correlation adopted to analysis:

O3
0.3112 -0.6028 -0.7278 1.000 0.9357 0.8337 0.3647 0.3476 -0.0860 -0.4225 0.1337 -0.3551
[μg/m3]
TD

O3 (8h)
Hopt

0.0665 0.9046 1.000 -0.7278 -0.6289 -0.5246 -0.3337 -0.4748 -0.0025 0.8034 -0.0200 0.5738
[μg/m3]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PM 10
3
8

-2

0.1328 1.000 0.9046 -0.6028 -0.4967 -0.3957 -0.2437 -0.4018 0.0907 0.8240 0.1598 0.5239
13
18
23

[μg/m3]
TD28[°C]

PM 2.5
PEARSON PRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

1.000 0.1328 0.0665 0.3112 0.4263 0.4740 0.1259 0.1417 0.0021 0.2864 0.1002 -0.1239
[μg/m3]
Fig. 4. Potential monthly global irradiation and average daytime temperature

PM 2.5 PM 10 O3 (8h) O3 NO NOx NO2 SO2 Cloudy Wind T E

[μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [μg/m3] [%] [m/s] [C] [lx]
E
-0.1207 0.4952 0.5633 -0.4223 -0.3274 -0.2965 -0.1413 -0.8559 -0.1635 0.5611 -0.0973 1.000
[lx]
T
0.0871 0.1412 -0.0447 0.1737 0.2275 0.2434 0.2944 -0.0701 0.1770 0.0104 1.000 -0.0973
[C]
TABLE II.

Wind
decreases.

0.3393 0.8046 0.7930 -0.5013 -0.3066 -0.2013 -0.3153 -0.4967 -0.1080 1.000 0.0104 0.5611
[m/s]
Cloudy
|r|=1 - full correlation

-0.0541 0.0799 -0.0064 -0.0293 -0.0028 -0.0669 -0.1818 0.0185 1.000 -0.1080 0.1770 -0.1635
[%]
increases, Y too;

|r|=0 - lack of correlation

2016 17th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC)

SO2
0.0663 -0.4255 -0.4905 0.3900 0.2791 0.2581 0.1180 1.000 0.0185 -0.4967 -0.0701 -0.8559
[μg/m3]
0.5<|r|”0.7 - high correlation
0.0<|r|”0.1 - faint correlation
0.1<|r|”0.3 - weak correlation

NO2
0.1173 -0.2443 -0.3151 0.4430 0.4881 0.5001 1.000 0.1180 -0.1818 -0.3153 0.2944 -0.1413
0.3<|r|”0.5 - average correlation

[μg/m3]
0.7<|r|”0.9 - very high correlation
0.9<|r|<1.0 - almost full correlation

NOx
0.3380 -0.3991 -0.5015 0.7851 0.9768 1.000 0.5001 0.2581 -0.0669 -0.2013 0.2434 -0.2965
[μg/m3]
NO
0.2530 -0.4999 -0.6166 0.8607 1.000 0.9768 0.4881 0.2791 -0.0028 -0.3066 0.2275 -0.3274
increases and sometimes decreases;

[μg/m3]
O3
0.1649 -0.6865 -0.8097 1.000 0.8607 0.7851 0.4430 0.3900 -0.0293 -0.5013 0.1737 -0.4223
[μg/m3]
O3 (8h)
0.0939 0.8984 1.000 -0.8097 -0.6166 -0.5015 -0.3151 -0.4905 -0.0064 0.7930 -0.0447 0.5633
[μg/m3]
Classification adopted to analysis (by J.Guilford):

PM 10
0.1366 1.000 0.8984 -0.6865 -0.4999 -0.3991 -0.2443 -0.4255 0.0799 0.8046 0.1412 0.4952
SPEARMAN'S RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

[μg/m3]

404
PM 2.5
1.000 0.1366 0.0939 0.1649 0.2530 0.3380 0.1173 0.0663 -0.0541 0.3393 0.0871 -0.1207
[μg/m3]
• r>0 - a positive correlation, when the value of X

• r <0 - negative correlation, when X increases, Y

• r=0 - no correlation, when X increases, Y sometimes
 Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient it could be
indicate that the light intensity depending on:
• a very high dependence of SO2;
• a high dependency of O3 (8h);
• a high dependency of wind speed;
• a high dependency of PM10;
• an average dependency of O3;
• an average dependency of NO.
According to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient it
could be indicate that the light intensity depending on:
• a very high dependence of SO2;
• a high dependency of O3 (8h);
Fig. 5. A comparison of the Pearson product - moment correlation
coefficient. The correlation the light intensity and NO (ins. A), O3 (ins. B), • a high dependency of wind speed;
O3(8h) (ins. C), PM10 (ins. D), SO2 (ins. E) and wind speed (ins. F)
• an average dependency of PM10;
• an average dependency of O3;
• an average dependency of NO.
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which chosen
variables are related. It could be presented visually by drawing
a scatter gram. Graphs of the association to which two
variables are related were made. A positive correlation would
be the light intensity and NO, O3. A negative correlation
would be the light intensity and O3 (8h), PM10, SO2 and wind
speed. There are some almost zero correlations between two
variables. There is no relationship between the light intensity
and the amount cloud cover.
We used Kolmogorov Smirnov test for measured data to
compare results (Table III). Verifications, if the variables have
the same distribution on the level of significance of 0.05 were
Fig. 6. A comparison of the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The
correlation the light intensity and NO (ins. A), O3 (ins. B), O3(8h) (ins. C), performed. In all analysed cases, Ȝ<ȜĮ=0.05 , that is the
PM10 (ins. D), SO2 (ins. E) and wind speed (ins. F) distribution type of variables are the same.
Both the climate and anthropogenic factors influence on
TABLE III. THE RESULTS OF KOLMOGOROV SMIRNOV TEST FOR SOME
MEASURED DATA amount of energy produced by solar modules. PV installations
located in the chosen setting were modelled in
Variables Dmax Ȝ ȜĮ=0.05 MATLAB/Simulink tools [8].
E 0.085717 0.47725 1.36 An impact of climatic and anthropogenic conditions on the
wind 0.011352 0.06321 1.36
amount of energy generated showed sensitivity to changes in
reverse saturation current, serial resistance, conversion
SO2 0.030090 0.16754 1.36 efficiency, and temperature [22]. Power output varies
NO 0.101710 0.56629 1.36 according to the intensity of solar radiation. PV cells have a
higher efficiency at low temperatures. Output power decreases
O3 0.048671 0.27099 1.36 with increasing temperature, but getting a low temperature of
O3(8h) 0.043202 0.24054 1.36 PV is difficult for the implementation at high ambient
temperature.
PM10 0.016843 0.09378 1.36
Among the analyzed devices, the module made of
monocrystalline silicon is more efficient for large differences
In general, the value the greater than 0.5 can be designate in operating temperature than module made of policrystalline
as a sufficient dependence between variables. Dependencies silicon and thin-film solar panels. Simultaneously, the module
between variables were marked in shades of gray (Tables 1 made of monocrystalline silicon is more efficient in winter at
and 2). Analyzes of the most interesting correlations were the increased proportion of a scattered radiation and lower
carried out depending on the light intensity. According to the ambient temperatures.

2016 17th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC) 405


Fig. 7. Power output at different temperatures for Monocrystalline Solar
Panels SunPower X21-345
Fig. 8. Power output at different temperatures for Polycrystalline Solar
Panels Phono Solar PS330P-24/T
Fig. 9. Power output at different temperatures for MiaSolé MS155GG-02
The characteristics of relative module efficiency at
different average measured temperatures were performed
(Figs. 7-9). The maximum power point moves to different
voltages, and changes in temperature cause the curve to shift
upwards (if colder) or downwards (if warmer). Simulations
were performed for the actual meteorological and
anthropogenic conditions. Temperature and humidity
contributing to reduce the amount of solar radiation. Humidity
and temperature affect cloudiness. Based on the results of
analyzes we showed a significant effect of temperature on the
amount of generated by the PV panels energy [22].
IV. SUMMARY
The performances of chosen solar cells have been
analyzed. The reduction of sunlight is caused by the height of
the Sun above horizon. It depends on the season. According to
the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient it could be
2016 17th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC)
indicate that the light intensity in summer months highly
depending on SO2 and O3 (8h), less on wind speed and PM10
concentrations on the maximum light intensity. According to
the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient it could be indicate
that the light intensity in summer months highly depending on
SO2, less on O3 (8h) and wind speed concentrations on the
maximum light intensity. The impact of the particle pollutions
on the amount of energy obtained is visible in the winter. The
simulation results allow determining the amount of energy
acquired at the influence of temperatures. The results let
evaluation of the behaviour of photovoltaic systems in the set
of climatic and anthropological conditions.
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