DHCP:Dynamic Host configuration Protocol

------
DHCP allows you to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks, and other co
nfiguration information to client computers on the local network.
When a DHCP server is available, computers that are configured to obtain an IP a
ddress automatically request and receive their IP configuration from that DHCP s
erver upon booting.
When a DHCP server is unavailable, such clients automatically adopt an alternate
configuration or an Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) address.
Implementing a basic DHCP server requires installing the server; authorizing the
server; configuring scopes, exclusions, reservations, and options; activating t
he scopes; and finally, verifying the configuration.
Advantages of DHCP Server:
---------------------------------
One main advantage of using DHCP is that DHCP servers greatly reduce the time re
quired to configure and reconfigure computers on your network.
DHCP simplifies administration not only by supplying clients with IP addresses,
but also (optionally) with the addresses of the default gateway, DNS servers, WI
NS servers, and other servers useful to the client.
Another advantage of DHCP is that by assigning IP addresses automatically, it al
lows you to avoid configuration errors resulting from entering IP
address information manually at every host.For example, DHCP helps prevent addre
ss conflicts caused when the same IP address is mistakenly assigned to two hosts
.
Installing the DHCP Server Service:
----------------------------------------
To set up a DHCP server, you must first install the DHCP Server role.
This role is not installed by the Windows Server Setup Wizard by default and can
be added either through the Windows Components Wizard or through the Manage You
r Server window.
To install a DHCP server through the Manage Your Server window, from the Start m
enu select Manage Your Server, click Add Or Remove A Role, and then select the D
HCP Server role. Click Next to begin the installation process.
To launch the Windows Components Wizard, open Control Panel and double-click Add
Or Remove Programs. Then, in the Add Or Remove Programs window, click Add/ Remo
ve Windows Components.The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) component,
like the DNS component, is a subcomponent of the Networking Services component i
n the Windows Components Wizard
Note: You must be logged on as a admin to install DHCP and Assign a Static Ip to
the computer you install DHCP.
------
Authorizing the server:
---------------------------
DHCP servers must be authorized if they are to be integrated in Active Directory
networks.
Only domain controllers and domain member servers participate in Active Director
y, and only these server types can become authorized.
When your network includes Active Directory domains, the first DHCP server you i
nstall on the network must be an authorized DHCP server.
When the DHCP Server service is installed on a domain controller, you can perfor
m the authorization procedure simply by right-clicking the server node in the DH
CP console and selecting Authorize.
You can use the following procedure, however, to authorize DHCP servers hosted o
n both domain controllers and member servers.
To authorize a DHCP server in Active Directory, complete the following steps:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------
1. Open the DHCP console.
2. In the console tree, select DHCP.
3. From the Action menu, select Manage Authorized Servers. The Manage Authorized
Servers dialog box opens.
4. Click Authorize.
5. When prompted, type the name or IP address of the DHCP server to be authorize
d, and then click OK.
6. When the Confirm Authorization dialog box appears, click OK again. Click Clos
e in the Managed Authorized Servers dialog box to return to the DHCP console.
Configuring Scopes:
-----------------------
A DHCP scope is a pool of IP addresses within a logical subnet, such as 192.168.
0.11 through 192.168.0.254, that the DHCP server can assign to clients.
Scopes provide the essential means for the server to manage distribution and ass
ignment of IP addresses and of any related configuration parameters to clients o
n the network.
An IP address within a defined scope that is offered to a DHCP client is known a
s a lease.
An IP address within a defined scope that is offered to a DHCP client is known a
s a lease. When a lease is made to a client, the lease is active. Each lease has
a specified duration, and the client must periodically renew the lease if the c
lient is going to continue to use the address. The default lease duration value
is eight days.
Leases can be renewed for a variety a reasons. First, a client automatically att
empts to renew its lease after 50 percent of the client lease time elapses.
A client also attempts to renew a lease upon restarting. When a DHCP client shut
s down and restarts, it typically obtains a fresh lease for the same IP address
it had prior to the shutdown.
Finally, leases are refreshed when you execute the Ipconfig /renew command from
a DHCP client computer.
Note:When a DHCP server uses a given scope to assign addresses to clients on the
local network, the server itself needs to be assigned an address that is compat
ible with that scope. For example, if a scope distributes addresses within the 1
92.168.1.0/24 range to the local network segment, the DHCP server interface faci
ng that segment must be assigned a static address within the same 192.168.1.0/24
range.
Creating Scopes:
-------------------
You create scopes in DHCP by using the New Scope Wizard, which you can launch by
right-clicking the DHCP server node in the DHCP console and then selecting New
Scope from the Action menu.
The pages of the New Scope Wizard listed next allow you to configure the corresp
onding
scope features:
Scope Name page: This page allows you to assign a name for the scope.
IP Address Range page: This page allows you to specify the starting and ending
IP addresses that define the range of the scope, along with the subnet mask you
want to assign to the distributed addresses.
Add Exclusions page: This page allows you to specify the IP addresses within the
defined range that you do not want to lease to DHCP clients.
Lease Duration page: This page allows you to define the lease duration values.Th
ese lease durations are then assigned to DHCP clients.
Configure DHCP Options page: This page allows you to determine whether to config
ure DHCP options for the scope through subsequent pages in the New Scope Wizard
or later (after the wizard has completed) through the DHCP console.
Router (Default Gateway) page (optional) :This page allows you to specify which
default gateway (and alternates) should be assigned to DHCP clients.
Domain Name And DNS Servers page (optional): This page allows you to specify bot
h the parent domain to be assigned to client computers and the
addresses of DNS servers to be assigned to the client.
WINS Servers page (optional) This page allows you to specify the addresses of WI
NS servers to be assigned to the client. Clients use WINS servers to convert
NetBIOS names to IP addresses.
Activate Scope page (optional) :This page allows you to determine whether the sc
ope should be activated after the wizard has completed.
IP Address Range:
--------------------
When defining the IP address range of a scope, you should use the consecutive ad
dresses that make up the subnet for which you are enabling the DHCP service.
If there are any computers whose addresses are assigned statically we will have
to exclude this from the defined range any addresses of statically confgured com
puters
Example : One common method for handling the need for both static and dynamicall
y assignedaddresses within an address range is to reserve the first 10 addresses
within any subnet for statically addressed servers and to begin the DHCP scope
with the eleventh
address.
For example, in the subnet 192.168.1.0, you can keep the addresses 192.168.1.1 t
hrough 192.168.1.10 for your statically addressed servers, such as your
DHCP server, your DNS server, your WINS server, and other servers with addresses
that should not change. You can then define the addresses 192.168.1.11 through
192.168.1.254 as the range for the subnet s DHCP scope. (In another common impleme
ntation, the first 20 addresses are reserved for statically addressed servers.)
Exclusion Ranges:
--------------------
An exclusion range is a set of one or more IP addresses, included within the ran
ge of a defined scope, that you do not want to lease to DHCP clients.
Exclusion ranges assure that the server does not offer these addresses to DHCP c
lients on your network any addresses in these ranges.
You can also use exclusion ranges at the edges of ranges. For example, you can d
efine a scope s range as 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.254 and then define an excl
usion range of 192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.10 to accommodate the servers withi
n the subnet that have IP addresses that are configured manually (statically).
Using the 80/20 Rule for Servers and Scopes:
-----------------------------------------------------
To provide fault tolerance for the DHCP service within a given subnet, you might
want to configure two DHCP servers to assign addresses for the same subnet. Wit
h two DHCP servers deployed, if one server is unavailable, the other server can
take its place and continue to lease new addresses or renew existing clients.
For balancing DHCP server use in this case, a good practice is to use the 80/20
rule to divide the scope addresses between the two DHCP servers. If Server 1 is
configured to make available most (approximately 80 percent) of the addresses, S
erver 2 can be configured to make the other addresses (approximately 20 percent)
available to clients.
Eg: For example, in a typical subnet with the address 192.168.1.0, the first 10
addresses are reserved for static addresses, and the IP address range for the DH
CP scope defined on the subnet is 192.168.1.11 through 192.168.1.254.
To comply with the 80/20 rule, both Server 1 and Server 2 define the same range
for the scope, but the exclusions configured on each server differ.
On Server 1, the exclusion range is configured as the final 20 percent of the sc
ope, or 192.168.1.205 through 192.168.1.254; this range allows the
server to lease addresses to the first 80 percent of the scope s range. On Server
2, the exclusion range for the scope is configured as the first 80 percent of th
e scope, or 192.168.1.11 through 192.168.1.204. This range allows Server 2 to le
ase addresses to the final 20 percent of the scope s range.
Creating Reservations:
---------------------------
You use a reservation to create a permanent address lease assignment by the DHCP
server.
Reservations assure that a specified hardware device on the subnet can always us
e the same IP address.
For example, if you have defined the range 192.168.1.11 through 192.168.1.254 as
your DHCP scope, you can then reserve the IP address 192.168.1.100 within that
scope for the network adapter whose hardware address is 00-b0-d0-01-18-86.
Every time the computer hosting this adapter boots, the server recognizes the ad
apter s Media Access Control (MAC) hardware address and leases the same
address 192.168.1.100.
To configure a reservation, you must type appropriate values into the Reservatio
n Name, IP Address, and MAC Address text boxes.
Reservations cannot be used interchangeably with manual (static) configurations.

Assigning DHCP Options:

-----------------------------
DHCP options provide clients with additional configuration data, such as specifi
c server addresses, along with an address lease.
For example, when the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) p
roperties of a client computer have been configured to obtain a DNS server addre
ss automatically, that computer is relying on DHCP options configured at the DHC
P server to acquire a DNS server address (or set of addresses).
You can configure options at the reservation level, scope level, or server level
. Options set at the reservation level override all others, and scope-level opti
ons override serverlevel options.