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Printed in Great Britain Pergamon Press plc
Geological Research Institute, East China Bureau of Petroleum Geology, Yangzhou, Jiangsu,
People's Republic of China
Abstract--A marine Paleozoic CO 2 gas field with of CO2-CHa, CO 2 rich, and other types of gas reservoirs, located
in the Yangtze paraplatform, is taken for a case study. By studying the geochemical and thermodynamic nature
of these reservoirs on the basis of their geologic settings and origins, the phases and thermodynamic equilibrium
conditions have been determined. The results have been used in gas prospecting, resulting in new technical designs
for gas-well testing, and providing theoretical bases for the establishment of new geochemical-thermodynamic
prospecting techniques.
345
346 QIAN FUWEI
Table 2. Characteristics of stable carbon isotopic composition in The compressibility coeffÉcients for CO2 and the
different reservoirs
CO2-CH4 gas mixture was determined by plotting data
Lithology from P.V.T. testing and using the above equation. The
of gas 6 t3Cco,°/oo Sampling
Horizon reservoirs (P.D.B.) condition dynamic equilibrium of CO2 phases was also determined
by plotting. It is concluded that the critical values of
P~q Limestone -3.30 Moving gases in
testing process temperature, pressure and specific volume are 31.1°C
D~ w Sandstone - 3.00 Moving gases in (abs.), 75.28 atm. (abs), and 0.002 m 3kg -m, respectively.
testing process When the conditions of CO2 in the gas well surpass the
Sj Sandstone --5.50 Moving gases in
testing process critical points, the CO2 cannot be liquidized, and remains
in the gas phase. In order to have normal production, it
is therefore necessary to keep the temperature above
and the results shown in Table 3 and Fig. 2. These results
indicate that marine Paleozoic CO2 gas reservoirs are (a)
mainly of an inorganic complex origin; (b) composed of
pyrolysis gas sources related to marine carbonate rocks
and deep gas sources related to magma activities; and (c) B. 9nO*(
associated with hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons 24
EQUILIBRIUM C ~)*C
nn
In the dynamic equilibrium system for COz-HzO a 10*C
13..
phases under various temperatures and pressures, the 0
¢,1
,12
~J
CO2 phase undergoes complicated changes, while the (.9
change in the water phase is relatively simple.
Based on the thermodynamic nature of CO2 gas the -12
gas equation is
PV=0.0815 z M
-24
where
Table 3. 6 ~3r
~C02 ranges for different origins
3 ~3C%o Primitic carbon Origin of CO 2
< -30 Organic carbon (1) Coalification products of organism
(2) Not enough micro-organisms of CH 4 bacteria
- 30 to - 22 Terrestrial organism Burning of plants and coals
- 7 Young magma Activities of basic magma (?)
2 to + 2
- Marine Pyrolysis of marine limestone
- 10 to + 10 Organic origin Micro-organisms associated with enough CH4
(After Stahl 1971).
Geochemical thermodynamic nature of CO2-CH 4 347
31.1°C (abs.). If the temperature is lower than 31°C, the associated with the above local abnormal features, gas
pressure must be lowered, to gasify the CO2. Hence, a reservoirs were discovered. Thus, a new prospecting
key problem was resolved. technique--monostage controlled flowing process was
Testing reveals that thermodynamic indices, such as developed and the multistage controlled flowing process
compressibility coefficient, change regularly. The data was improved during the CO2 gas well testing to avoid
provided important indices for evaluating CO2 gas formation of an ice block inside and outside the gas pipe.
resources and calculating gas reserves under both static The advantages of this method include the ability to
and flow state conditions. The study of geochemical maintain stable pressures, to gasify the CO2 under a
and thermodynamic natures of the gas reservoir stable temperature and a lower pressure, to make the gas
therefore provides a theoretical basis for geochemical- flow in monophase (gas phase) with a low friction factor
thermodynamic prospecting methods. and to eliminate the ice block problem inside and outside
the pipes. It is favourable to take readings of
temperature, pressure and amounts of gas, water and oil
GEOCHEMICAL-THERMODYNAMIC accurately and they can be used in various gas wells of
PROSPECTING METHOD different production capacities.
During the early survey stage, a quantitative method
A new prospecting method based on the application is now available for evaluating the CO2 gas reserves
of geochemical thermodynamics has been developed. based on the high content of CO: and CO2-CH4 gas
Geochemical-thermodynamic surveys accompanied by reservoirs. The application of a CO2 phase plot of a gas
geologic surveys have been conducted. Maps such as the reservoir and a plot of CO2 compressibility coefficient
composite abnormal geochemical map, the geothermal will make the calculation more practical and accurate.
gradient contours map, and maps of magma and fault
distribution were plotted. Based on these maps, abnor-
mal zones such as abnormal hydrocarbon zone and CONCLUSIONS
abnormal CO,, and rare gases zones, associated with
abnormal geothermal zones, were found. With the development of prospecting, the information
By means of the study of abnormal geochemi- for both static and flow states of gas reservoirs can be
cal-thermodynamic zones, the exploration design was obtained. Geologic, geochemical and thermodynamic
determined. In the overthrust-nappe zone, adjacent to indices can be used to establish mathematical and
the deep fault side, within the NE-trending high geochemical-thermodynamic discriminating models for
block-anticline zone, the geochemical abnormality was finding natural gas reservoirs more rapidly and
found to coincide with the abnormal higher geothermal effectively.
gradient zone, and this zone has now become a major Acknowledgement--The author is especially grateful to the co-
area for exploration. By selecting the best local traps operation of Gao Huanzhangin this study.