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CHAPTER 17
302
DISSOLUTION OF THE MATRIX AND ITS INGREDIENTS 303
CHa ÇOOH CHa COOH from rosin and low molecular weight alcohols,
""/ such as methyl and ethyl alcohols, are far softer
/"" /""
XAI I CHa
VIV~
I I I
V""(~i iHa
than rosin, while those formed from polyhydroxy
alcohols, such as glycol or diethylene glycol, are
usually harder and more brittle than rosin.
CHa \)( CRa /-CH It should be pointed out that these modified
CH=CR2 I rosins are mixtures, as is the parent substance.
CHa
d-pimaric acid levopimaric acid In addition, the esterification is never complete,
so that the product always contains some acid
CRa COOH materiaL. The following compounds are typical
V
/"" /""
rosin esters. The trade name of the material used
is given in each case. In these formulas RCOOH
Vl~ CHa is used to represent the resin acid.
I II I
CHa ""/-CH
Methyl Abietate (Abalyn)
i
RCOOCHa This material is 92-94%
CHa neutral and is liquid at
abietic acid room temperature.
d-pimaric acid and 36 per cent levopimaric acid, Glycol diabietate (Flexalyn)
the balance consisting entirely of those inter- RCOOCH2-CH200CR This material is 94.5%
mediary acids that are convertible into abietic neutral and softens at
acid. There is no evidence that any abietic acid 45-50° C.
exists as such in oleoresin. In commercial rosin the Glyceryl triabietate (Ester Gum)
isomerization process probably takes place to
CH2-CH-CH2 This material is 94%
some extent during the process of steam distila- I I I neutral, melts at about
o 0 0 100°C., and is
tion, and abietic acid may be present in amounts
depending upon the extent'of the heat treatment. o 0 0 britte.
C C C
quite
I)\A
/"" /""-0 R This material is 99% neu-
1""/1""),, 0 R
I II tral and is liquid at room
temperature.
I i-OR
eRa ",/i-OR
CR
IIi
Vl""/. "" CRa
CRaV-FR
/ "" CRa
CRa CRa
Tetrahydroxy-
abietic acid Maleic anhydride adduct of glyceryl triabietate
III
(Lewisol 33)
CR2-CR-CR2
The first step of the oxidation is the more rapid RA RA RA
and attacks the more sensitive of the two double
bonds. This oxidation increases the acidic proper- RA in this formula is:
ties of the rosin, making it dissolve more rapidly in o
I
alkaline solutions.
I
Hydrogenation of the double bonds reduces the CRa C=O
acid strength and decreases the solubilty of the ~/ This material
product in alkali. Staybelite resin is rosin hydro-
genated by the addition of one and one-half moles 0('ì
Vi""/"-, CHa
CR-CO is 97.5% neu-
tral; it softens
of hydrogen to each mole of abietic acid, and con- "" "- over the range
sists of about equal proportions of dihydro- and dIal II tR o 152-1680 C.
tetrahydroabietic acid: i /1
V CRa CR-CO
/ /
CRa COOH
CRa COOR
""/ A
/"" ii V Maleic anhydride adduct of diethylene glycol mono-
abietate (Neolyn 40)
CRa COOCR2-CR2-O-CR2-CR20R
""/
VIY TRa
CRa "")-TR
C/""
101
CRaV-TR
TRa AA
vl~ CRa CR-CO ""
..
This material
/1 //
is a viscous
liquid with an
Dihydroabietic Acid
CHa CRa
Tetrahydroabietic Acid
cRall1 tRa 'ò acid number
of 20-25.
/ CHa CR-CO
The reduced acids are much more resistant to air DISSOLUTION OF ROSIN
oxidation than the parent resin acids. IN SEA WATER
The double bonds can also be partially satu~
rated by the addition of various organic compounds. Various methods have been used_to study the
The maleic anhydride adduct and the dimer of dissolution of rosin and other acidic resins in sea
rosin (Poly-Pale resin) are examples. It is prob- water. Darsie (4) measured the rate of solution of
able that many other modifications of this sort rosin from a fiber in sterile sea water by the de-
could be made. The solubilty of such a modified crease of its diameter. The initial rate of solution
rosin, provided the acid group is not chemically calculated from his data was 250 ,ug.jcm.2jday. It
combined, wil depend upon whether the substi- gradually decreased with continued soaking until
tuted group increases or decreases the acid strength after about three days it became uniform at 54
of the molecule. ,ug.jcm.2jday. Studies of the weight loss (10) of
If the rosin molecule is esterified and the' small panels coated with rosin and various paint
double bonds are partially saturated as well, matrices in sterile sea water gave initial rates of
resins which are insoluble in alkaline solutions solution of from 100 to 500 ,ug.jcm.2jday, and
and resistant to air oxidation are obtained. Some steady-state rates after some time of 12 to 100
examples of these modifications are given below. ,ug.jcm.2jday.
DISSOLUTION OF THE MATRIX AND ITS INGREDIENTS 305
Calculation of rates of solution in this way from TABLE 2. Amount of Rosin Dissolved During Successive 24 Hour
Periods of Extraction in Running Sea Water from Rosin
measurements of change in weight or thickness Coated Panels 155 em.' in Area Rotated at 85 R.P.M.
may conceivably be falsified through the loss of The Effuent Sea Water was Continuously Extracted
with Chloroform
material from the rosin surface through other Drying
mechanisms than dissolution-abrasion, for ex- Time af V aliime af T atal Rasin Rasin
ample-and through gains in weight due to de- Panel Sea Water Dissalved Dissalved
days Extractian liters mg. jJg./cm.'
posits from the solvent or imbibition. To eliminate 14 firs t 14.0 62 400
this uncertainty, the dissolved rosin can be deter- 14 second 19.7 31 200
14 third 20.0 36 232
mined directly by recovering it from the filtered
sea water solution by acidification of the solution 93 firs t 20.0 173 1117
93 second 9.5 68 439
and extraction with an organic solvent. Using a
large volume of flowing solvent and a continuous ficial solutions in which both the solubilities and
extraction procedure, substantial amounts of the rates of solution of acidic resins are higher
rosin can be recovered. The amounts of rosin, than in sea water. The use of artificial solvents
dissolved in a 24-hour period from panels agitated also permits variation of composition to determine
in running sea water, recovered in this way are the effects of such variables as pH and salt con-
shown in Table 1. They range from 123 to 1,460 centration, and avoids some of the complications
of the mixture of ions occurring in sea water.
TABLE 1. Dissolution of Rosin in Running Sea Water from a Panel
155 em.' in Area Stirred at 85 R.P.M. for 24 Hours. The Effect of the Composition of the Aqueous
Effuent Sea Water was Continuously Extracted with
Chloroform Solvent on the Dissolution of Matrix In-
Drying Time Valitme af Sea Tatal Rasin Rasin gredients
af Panel Water Used Dissalved Dissalved
The important properties of the aqueous solvent
da.ys liters mg. jJg./cm.'
1 24.5
29.5 19
21 123 are its temperature and such chemical properties
2 135 as the pH and the amount and kind of dissolved
6 12.0
13.0 37
49 239
salts. In sea water the pH varies within the limits
7 316
14 14.0 62 400 of about 7.5 to 8.2, the higher values being more
93 20.0 173 1117
common. The buffering action of sea water is the
99 17.0 177 1140
102 20.7 226 1460 result of the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate
ions, together with a small amount of borate. The
,ug. per cm.2 dissolved in a 24-hour period, and thus sodium chloride content of sea water is 0.48 mole
agree in order of magnitude with the solution per liter; magnesium is present in about 0.05, and
rates measured by change in weight or thickness. calcium in about 0.01 mole per liter. As wil be
Following the discussion of steady-state leaching seen, all of these constituents have been found to
rates in Chapter 16, it is apparent from these data influence the solution rate of rosin.
that the rate of dissolution of rosin in sea water Effect of pH of the solvent: The solubilities of
would be ample to provide for continuous libera- TABLE 3. The Solubilities of WW Rosin and Abietic Acid'
tion of the toxic from an antifouling paint with a in Aqueous Alkaline Solutions
rosin matrix. Equilibratian
The rosin samples used in this experiment were Time Salubility Lag
Final pH haurs jJg./cc. Salubility
aged after application to the panels for various Rosin
periods of time before the test, and the amount 6.9 18 29 1.46
7.1 41 52 1. 72
dissolved increases with the increasing age of the 7.25 72 52 1. 72
paneL. This effect wil be discussed at greater 7.3
7.4
45
19
67
62
1.83
1. 79
length below. 7.5 65 66 1.82
The decrease in the rate of solution of rosin from 7.6 45 88 1.94
8.1 18 439 2.64
a panel after the first day or so in sea water is also 8.80 2.3 1494 3.17
shown by direct recovery. Table 2 presents results Abietic Acid
7.80 48 56 1. 75
obtained during 3 successive 24-hour periods of 8.10 72 514 2.71
eXtraction of a panel dried for 14 days, and two 8.33 24 382 2.58
8.60 72 2040 3.31
extractions from a panel dried for 93 days. 8.68 2212 3.34
The method of direct recovery by continuous 9.17 24 3578 3.55
extraction is so time-consuming that most studies . The abietic acid was prepared from rosin by acid isomerization by Steele's
method (12). Material with a rotation of -4Soin alcohol was used. The optical
of dissolution rates have been carried out in arti- rotation of pure abietic acid is -102° in alcohoL.
306 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION
WW rosin and abietic acid have been estimated by however. These solutions' may hydrolyze some
equilibrating an excess of the powdered material neutral resinous salts. Copper resinate, for ex-
with distiled water made alkaline with sodium ample, has a negligible solubility in sea water, but
hydroxide, and recovering the dissolved resin is readily dissolved by an alkaline glycine buffer
from the filtered aliquot of the solution by acidifi- solution of pH 10.5, with accompanying hydroly-
cation and extraction with ether (11, 13). The sis. The solubilities of such compounds in strongly
results obtained are given in Table 3, and the alkaline solutions do not, therefore, necessarily
logarithm of the solubility is plotted in Figure 1 enable one to predict their solubilties in sea
water. A further complication arises since the
4.0' salts normally present in sea water modify the
· Rosi
o Abietic Acid
solubility of the resins. This effect wil be dis-
cussed below.
Effect of sodium chloride content of the solvent:
The influence of sodium chloride on the solu-
bility of WW rosin has been investigated by
)0 3.0 employing as solvents sodium chloride solutions
i-
:J of various concentrations. A maximum solubility
m was found at a sodium chloride concentration of
;:
.. about 0.034 M.
°(J The influence of sodium chloride on the rate of
(!
° solution of a resin mixture has been studied by
.. 2.0 measuring the amounts of resin dissolved from
Navy standard cold plastic paint matrix1 by buffer
o
at pH 9.0 containing various amounts of
solutions
the sea water permits the formation of insoluble 'TABLE 5. The Dissolution of WW Rosin in Borate Buffer Solutions
to which Calcium and Magnesium Were Added,
salts on the surface of a solid phase of resin, with and in Sea Water
a resulting decrease in dissolution. Furthermore, Cancentratian af Added
the amount of rosin dissolved from a plane surface fans Tatal
Dissalved
of rosin by a borate buffer is diminished byaddi- Co. males/l. M g males/l. Final Rasin After
tion of small quantities of calcium and magnesium
to the solvent. An experiment which ilustrates Borate
Solutions
o \0
XI03 XI03
1. 25 0
pH
7.73
7.72
24 haurs
393
380
this effect is given in Table 5. 2.25 0 7.73 364
Barnes (2) has determined the calcium content 5.0 0
10.2 0
7.73 334
7.72 317
of varnish films after 80 days' exposure in the sea.
The high-rosin varnishes contained larger amounts o o 7.82 417
1.25 0.7 7.82 370
of calcium than did low-rosin varnishes. In a 2.5 1.3 7.81 331
5.0 2.7 7.78 316
TABLE 4. Effect of Sodium Chloride Concentration on the Rate of
10.2 5.3 7.71 278
Solution of 143 Matrix from Panels 155 em,' in Area Immersed Cantent af Co. and M g
in One Liter of Borate Buffer Solution of pH 9.0 fans Tatal
Cancentratian af Ether Saluble Material Dissalved
(mg./l.) after Camales/l. Mgmales/l. Final Rasin After
N aCt in Buffe; XI03 XI03 pH 24 haitrs
males/liter 4 haurs 26 haurs 50 Iiaurs Sea Water 10.2 5.3 7.64 184
o 94 . 138 144 10.2 5.3 7.63 176
0.24 44 765 784
0.48 386 635 617
0.96 196 410 398 content, and the presence of ions, which may
either form insoluble resinates or exert a solvent
rosin-ester gum series, the amount of calcium was action on the resin, wil influence the results ob-
directly correlated with the concentration of rosin. tained in studies of the solubility and rate of solu-
The retarding action of the calcium and mag~ tion of matrix materials. It should be pointed out
nesium ions is apparently due to the formation of that the pH of the solvent has an opposite effect
the insoluble salts of calcium and magnesium on the dissolution of the matrix to that described
abietate on the surface of the rosin. These salts in Chapter 15 on the solution of the toxic. In
may be recovered from the surface by soaking in paints which maintain their adequate leaching
dilute hydrochloric acid. Apparently they slowly rate by virtue of a soluble matrix, variations in
cover the rosin surface and hinder the dissolving the pH of the sea water may therefore be expected
action of the alkali. to have a complicated effect. In estuarine waters,
The data in Table 5 show that sea water dis- where the pH is frequently lower than in normal
solves less rosin than does a borate buffer contain- sea water, the rate of solution of the matrix wil
ing an equivalent amount of calcium and mag- decrease. In spite of the increase in the solution
nesium. The boric acid content of the buffer rate of the toxic, the net leaching rate of the
solution used, 0.05 M, is about one hundred paint may be expected to be lower, since, according
times that normally present in sea water. The to Equation (4) of Chapter 16, it is the intrinsic
addition of boric acid to sea water, up to the solution rate of the matrix which primarily deter-
amount used in these buffers, results in an increase mines the toxic leaching rate of this type of paint.
in the amount of rosin dissolved, showing that It is clear that the principles controlling the
boric acid itself has a solvent action onthe rosin. dissolution of acid resins can be studied in alkaline
The results of an experiment, which ilustrates buffer solutions which accelerate their rate of
this effect, are given in Table 6. The addition of dissolution. This conclusion is the foundation of
only 0.01 M boric acid increases the amount of the two accelerated paint tests described II
rosin dissolved to nearly the same value obtained
for the buffer solution containing 0.05 M borate, TABLE 6. Effect of Additions of Boric Acid to Sea Water on the
Amount of Rosin DissolvedJrom Panels Coated with WW
sodium chloride, and the appropriate amounts of Rosin. (Panels 8 Months Old, Stirred 8 Hours)
calcium and magnesium (Table 5). Further addi- H3B03 Added
tions of borate result in no increase in the amount males/l. XI03 Final pH DissaZved Rasin
of rosin dissolved, owing presumably to the o 7.64 169
10 7.45 243
progressive decrease in the pH of the solution. 19 7.33 250
To summarize the important characteristics of 29 7.20 236
39 7.14 219
the solvent, it is apparent that pH, the salt 50 7.08 231
308 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTION
TABLE 7. Amount of Resin Dissolved from 3"X4" Panels Rotatea frequently present. The amounts of material
in a Glycinate Buffer Solution (pH= 10.6) for Six Hours
Dissalved Material
which may be dissolved from fims of some of the
Resin Tested Acid Number jJg./cm.' rosin derivatives described in the introduction
Neolyn 20 10-15 70 of this chapter are given in Table 7. A strongly
40 80
Lewisol 33
Estergum 10 110 alkaline buffer is necessary. in order to obtain
Neolyn 40 20-25 120 measurable amounts of dissolved materials from
Pentalyn M 25 130
Hercolyn 8 250 these substances, which are all partially neutral-
Rosin 165 ? 8000 ized. The amounts dissolved are very small com-
pared with the value for rosin, which is a minimum
Chapter 16. The experiments described in the figure, since all of the rosin was dissolved from
remainder of this chapter have been conducted part of the panel in this strongly alkaline solution.
mainly in alkaline buffer solutions. Simple admixture of neutral resinous materials
to rosin lowers the acid number. The resulting
Effect of the Composition and History of the mixtures also have lower solution rates than rosin.
Matrix Film on its Dissolution As examples of this effect, the amount dissolved
Since the resins dissolve by the formation of from panels coated with mixtures of two of the
soluble salts, only those resins whose molecules above neutral resins with rosin are given in
have free acid groups can be dissolved by the Table 8.
slightly alkaline sea water: In molecules having two The decrease in the rate of solution caused by
or more acid groups, the acid number2 can be these two compounds is not the same; the Neolyn
modified by partial neutralization or esterification. 20 mixtures dissolve more slowly than the Hercolyn
Abietic acid, the main constituent of rosin, how-
ever, has only one free acid group. Any decrease TABLE 9. Rates of Solution of Staybelite, WW Rosin and
Oxidized WW Rosin. Borate Buffer pH 9.0
in its acid number by partial neutralization conse- A mount Dissalved in 1 H aur
quently represents a mixture of neutral a~d un- Material jJg./cm.'
changed materiaL. The strength of the acid also Staybelite 290
WW Rosin 630
influences the rate of solution of the resinous "Oxidized" Rosin 3840
material, stronger acids dissolving more rapidly.
Any modification of the abietic acid molecule mixtures of the same percentage composition and
which increases the dissociation constant of the acid numbers. The factors which control the rate
acid group results in increased rate of dissolution, of solution of rosin from such mixtures include
and vice versa. the hardness of the neutral resin and the physical
Effect of the acid number of rosin and its modifica- character of the mixture-e.g., the number of
tions: Since the neutralization of the acid group of solid phases present. These problems wil be
rosin completely neutralizes the molecule, the discussed at greater length below.
products of such reactions are virtually insoluble Effect of the modification of the double bonds of
in sea water. The reactions, however, are rarely rosin: As pointed out in the beginning of this
complete, and some unmodified rosin acid is chapter the double bonds of the rosin molecule
o
600 .
FIGURE 4. The dissolution of rosin from panels in borate buffer (pH 9.0)
after various periods' of drying in air.
500
the rosin fim is stored under nitrogen to exclude
0:
o:i:: air oxidation. The data in Table 10 show that the
amount of rosin dissolved from the panel increases
400 to nearly the same extent after 20 days in nitrogen
z and in air. The nitrogen used was not specially
o
Wu treated to remove traces of oxygen, which may
have been present. Pure colorless abietic acid, even
::~ 300
o C' though sealed in a vacuum, wil begin to turn
(/
(/
~ yellow after several days. It seems probable that
Cl atmospheric oxygen dissolved in the dried layer
Z of rosin is the oxidizing agent.
(/
o
a:
The oxidation of a fim of rosin on a panel
extends beyond the surface layer, and may pene-
trate deeply into the fim. The amounts of rosin
dissolved from panels aged for various times in
air may be used to show the amount of the affected
o 57
TABLE 10. Effect of Aging in Nitrogen on the Amount of Rosin
80 Dissolved from a Panel by Borate Buffer in One Hour
Panel Age (days) Dissalved Rasin (mg.)
FIGUR 3. Amount of rosin dissolved by borate buffer (pH 9.0) from 20 (air-dried) 450
panels dried in air for various periods of time. 20 (N2-dried) 380
310 MARINE FOULING AND ITS PREVENTIOj\
TABLE 11. Formation of Copper Resinafe During Storage for 1 Oxidation of the rosin in a paint may also be
Month in Mixtures of Cuprous Oxide and Rosin Dissolved in
Equal Parts of Coal Tar Naphtha and Petroleum Spirits expected to take place to some extent during
Campasitian af Mixture Capper Resinate storage. As discussed above, this could result in
an increase in the solution rate of the soluble
% af Rasin
% Rasin % Cu.O % af Mixture Cambined resin, though it has been impossible to assess this
84 16 1. 7 1.8 effect quantitatively.
68 32 8.8 12.8
50 50 7.5 13.5 Solution rates of different grades of rosin: As
33 67 17.3 47.1 mentioned previously, rosin is graded by color,
which in turn depends upon the amounts of various
materiaL. The data given in Figure 4 show that impurities present. These various grades of rosin,
however, h¡ive nearly the same acid number and
both the initial rate of solution from the panel
and the total amount of material dissolving during consequently their rates of solution in sea water
the first hour in the solvent, increase rapidly with or alkaline buffers are similar. The data given in
the age of the rosin fim. This result can mean Table 12 show that FF rosin is the only one
either that the oxidation process proceeds from
among those studied with a solution rate substan-
the outer surface inwards and that the increase
tially lower than WW rosin. It appears, therefore,
that the specification of the clear rosin grades is
in solubility is a measure of the advancing front
of oxidized rosin, or that the oxidation is proceed-
unnecessary for use in antifouling paints.
ing uniformly throughout the film and that the DISSOLUTION OF RESIN MIXTURES
increased solubility reflects the increasing propor- IN ALKALINE BUFFERS
tion of the more soluble oxidation product.
The' previous discussion has largely been con-
Effect of storage of paint before use: Various
reactions and changes may take place in a paint cerned with rosin alone. In actual practice, of
between the time of its manufacture and its use. TABLE 13. Ether Soluble 1iaterial Dissolved by Sodium Glyci-
In antifouling paints containing acid resins and a nate (0.025M) Solution in Six Hours from Panels Coated
with Mixtures of Rosin and Various Neutral Materials
heavy metal salt as the toxic pigment, the forma-
Tatal Amaunt Dissalved (pg./cm.')
tion of metallc resinate~ wil occur. This re¡iction
results in the removal of soluble matrix and pig-
Neutral Material days
Age ------
10%
% N eutral Material
20% 30% 40% 50%
ment ingredients and in the formation of the Vinylite 7 3900 2540 735 280
insoluble resinate. The data in Table 11 show that Copper Resinate 1-3 2700 3720 4580 3270 3450
Cumarone Indene 1 2030 885 280
almost 50 per cent of the total rosin originally Pentalyn G 1-2 2550 280 65 39 6
present may be combined in this way during one Poly-Pale Ester 2-3 2660 2720 1150 0 0
Calcium Resinate 7 3990 3530 3120 3420* 2250*
month's storage when large amounts of cuprous 1ig Resinate 7 4150 2140 2440
oxide are present. Barnes (2) also found that the 1ip; & Ca Resinate 7 3670 1920* 2300* 2220* 2160*
Nenlyn 20 7 7730 2380 580 580 465
amount of copper reacting with the vehicle depends
upon the copper content of the paint and is
Hercolyn 7 7120 5690 4900 3340 2640
,
:~~
TABLE 14. Dissolution of Rosin Vinylite Mixtures of Various Thicknesses in Glycinate Buffer (pH 10.6). The Panels were Dried for
One Week before the Test, and Rotated at 85 R.P.M. in 1.35 Liters of Solution
Ave. Film Tatal Dissalved (pg./cm.') Film
Weight Dissalved
Compasitian No.. af Caats mg./cm.' 10 min. 30 min. 1 hr. 2 Iirs. 4 hrs. 6 Iirs. %
10% Vinylite 1 10.0 1040 1710 2300 2880 3480 3900 39
90% Rosin 2 17.7 1060 1430 1910 2560 3210 3660 21
4 32.0 '900 1120 1630 2960 3380 4110 13
is increased. The magnitude of the effect at any Vinylite content of the mixtures was increased,
given concentration of neutral material, however, the amount of dissolved ether soluble material
varies widely. The solution rates of those mixtures decreased. For each composition, essentially the
in two phases which w.ere visible on the panel re- same amount of ether soluble material-i.e., rosin
main high despite considerable additions of neutral acid-was dissolved, regardless of whether one or
materiaL. The liquid Hercolyn also permits high more coats of the mixture were applied. As a
solution rates even when it is present in consider- result the percentage of the original film which
able amounts. It is possible that this is the result dissolved decreased as the thickness of the film
of an abilty of Hercolyn to flow off the panel as it was increased. The rate of solution fell off as the
is uncovered by the dissolving rosin. extraction proceeded into the mixture, but the
Barnes (2) shows that the amount of rosin thickness of the film did not influence the course
dissolved in the sea is _directly related to the of extraction over the period of this experiment.
amount of rosin in the mixture. Below about 30 For each neutral material studied, a maximum
per cent rosin, little or no loss of rosin occurred. permissible concentration wil be found. If the
Analyses of the residue on the panel indicated neutral material is added in concentrations greater
that measurable amounts of rosin acids remained than this critical value, only very little rosin can
in the binder skeleton. In a rosin-Bedesol mix- be dissolved, and the rate of solution from the
ture which originally contained 75 per cent TABLE 15. Amount of Rosin Dissolved in Glycinate Buffer in Six
rosin, the concentration of rosin left after 40 Hours from Mixtures Containing 20% Neutral Materials
days soaking in the sea was somewhat greater (pH = 10.6)
rosin than do the softer ones. In other' words, Steel Inst., 587-600, December, 1947.
3. BROWN, G., E. E. BURNAM, and J. MoRRsc. U. S. Patent
plasticizers may be added to paint films in rela- 65639, June 11, 1867.
tively high concentrations without exerting too 4. DARSIE, M. L. The Role of Marine Bacteria in the Decom-
detrimental an effect on the solubility of the position of Hot Plastic Paints. Annual Report 1942-1943
from Naval Biological Lab., San Diego, Calif., to Bureau of
matrix. Tougheners, on the other hand, must be Ships, 146-154, 1943.
added judiciously in small quantities in order to 5. FERRY, J. D., B. H. KETCHUM, G. T. SCOTT, B. MOTT, and
avoid making the matrix insoluble. B. REYNOLDS. Dissolution of the Matrix as a Mechanism
for Steady-State Leaching. Paper 3, Seventh Report from
the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to the Bureau
Signifcance of Matrix Solubility of Ships, April 20, 1944.
To be effective an antifouling paint must con- 6. FIESER, L. F. Chemistry of Natural Products Related to
Phenanthrene. Reinhold Publishing Co., N. Y., 1937.
tain a toxic which is slightly soluble in sea water, 7. FLECK, E. E., and S. PALKlN. Content of I-Pimaric Acid in
compounded in a matrix in such a way that it Pine Oleoresin. Improved Methods for its Determination.
can be released at an adequate, uniform rate. If Ind. Eng. Chern., Analytical Ed., 14, 146-147, 1942.
8. GARNER, H. A. Modern Research on Antifouling Paints.
the matrix is insoluble, enough toxic must be Scientific section, Circular #157, Paint Manufacturers Asso-
incorporated to give continuous contact between ciation of the U. S., Washington, 1922.
the toxic particles. If, however, the matrix is 9. Mare Island Navy Yard (Arthur E. Burns, Jr.). Investigation
soluble in sea water, less of the toxic is required, of Matrix Erosion of Antifouling Paints. Interim Report
#4, September 17, 1943. (Unpublished)
and the solution of the matrix controls the toxic 10. POWERS, 'P. O. Rosin. Chapter 7 in Mattiello, Protective and
leaching rate. These mechanisms of release of Decorative Coatings, VoL. 1. John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
toxic are discussed in detail in Chapter 16. New York, 1941.
11. SANERMANN, WILHELM. The Analysis of (natural) resins and
The present state of knowledge of matrix essential oils. Seifensieder Zeitung, 64, p. 402, 1937.
ingredients permits qualitative predictions of the 12. STEELE, L. L. Abietic Acid and Certain Metal Abietates. J.
solubility in sea water of many matrix mixtures. Amer. Chern. Soc., 44,1333-1341,1922.
In general, therefore, the type of paint in which 13. TODD, D. The Solubility and Rate of Solution of Rosin and
Derivatives of Rosin in Aqueous Solutions. Paper 8,
they would be satisfactory can be decided in Seventh Report from the Woods Hole Oceanographic In-
advance. However, the solution rates to be stitution to the Bureau of Ships, April 20, 1944.