Temperature Measurement 293 (iii) According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, the amount of radiant energy per unit area is propor- tional to (a) absolute temperature (b) square of absolute temperature (©) fourth power of absolute temperature _(d) cube of absolute temperature (iv) Bimetallic strips made of two different materials bend during a rise in temperature on account of (a) differences in coefficient of linear expansion (b) differences in the elastic properties (©) differences in the thermal conductivities () none of the above (v) The principle of working of the constant volume thermometer is based on (a) Boyle’s law (b) Charle’s law (©) Gay-Lussac’s law (@ equation of state (vi) The NTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive variable resistance semiconductor and its resistance as compared to metallic conductors (a) increases linearly with temperature (b) decreases linearly with temperature (©) decreases exponentially with temperature (d) increases exponentially with the temperature (vii) The units of Stefan-Boltzmann constant as (a) Wiem?-K (b) W/em?-K* (©) W/em?-K? (a) W2/em-K* (viii) ‘The Stefan-Boltzmann law is applicable for heat transfer by (@) conduction and radiation combined (b) convection and radiation combined (©) conduction, convection and radiation combined (d) radiation alone (©) convection alone (ix) Optical pyrometer is used to measure (a) light intensity (b) low temperatures (©) high temperatures (@) light intensity and high temperatures (x) At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and celcius scales coincide (@ 0 (b) 20 © 40 (@ -40 (xi) Boiling point of water which is used as one of the fixed point in the International Practical ‘Temperature Scale in K is given by (a) 100 (b) 212 (© 273.15 (@ 373.15 (xii) The approximate range up to which an ordinary mercury-in-glass thermometer can be used is (@) 0 to 100°C (b) -20 to 340°C = (c) -5010 560°C (4) -100 to 500°C (xiii) The primary transducer element in a pressure thermometer is (@) Bourdon tube (b) capillary tube (©) bulb (@) bulb together with capillary tube and Bourdon tube (xiv) A thermocouple arrangement is to be used to measure a high temperature of 1400°C. Point out the pair of thermocouple that would be most suitable for this application. (@) chromel-constantan (Type E) (b) iron-constantan (Type J)294 Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis (©) chromel-alumel (Type K) (d) copper-constantan (Type T) (e) Platinum-13% rhodium/platinum (Type R) (xv) The instrument which measures the temperature of the source without direct contact is: (a) bimetallic cut-out (b) vapour pressure thermometer (©) pyrometer (@) thin-film thermometer (xvi) The sensing element of the industrial pressure thermometer is usually made of: (a) brass (b) platinum (c) steel (d) constantan (xvii) Thermistor are (a) IC clips whose voltage output is directly proportional to temperature (b) semiconductors which generally have negative coefficient of resistance (©) non-contact type of temperature sensors (@) thin-film metallic sensors. The disappearing filament type of optical pyrometer works on the principle of (a) comparison of monochromatic component brightness of light from a radiating body with respect to a heated filament (b) focussing the total radiations on a thermal sensor in the visible as well as in the infrared range (©) measuring photon flux density on the surface of the hot body (@) scanning the infrared radiations from the surface of the hot body (xix) Which of the following thermocouples has the lowest measuring range (a) iron-constantan (b) chromel-alumel (©) copper-constantan (@) chromel-constantan (xx) Which property of quartz crystal changes with the change in temperature (a) capacitance (b) inductance (©) resistance (d) resonant frequency (xxi) Which of the following temperature sensors has excellent linear characteristics? (a) RTD (6) Thermocouple (c) Radiation pyrometer (@) Silicon-based IC chip 12.2 Indicate whether the following statements are true or false. If false, rewrite the correct statement. (i) Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms. i) Bimetallic thermonmeter is unsuitable if the temperature changes are rapid. (iii) Vapour pressure thermometers have uniformly divided scales. (iv) Response and sensitivity of a thermocouple is improved by using heavy gauge wire (i.e. bigger diameter wire). (¥) One of the important points of optical pyrometers is that temperature readings may be made very quickly. (vi) Conductors and semiconductor materials produce similar types of temperature effect with respect to resistance change. (vii) To obtain accurate results using the liquid-in-glass thermometer, it should be calibrated under the conditions in which it has to be used. (viii) The parallel arrangement of a group of thermocouples is called a thermopile. (ix) Cable compensation arrangement of Siemen’s type is a must while employing thermistor in temperature measurement. (x) The platinum resistance thermometer is used as a standard for establishing Internal Temperature scale from -182.93 to 961.93°C.‘Tem rature Measurement 295 12.3 Fill in the blanks in the following: (i) The sensing element of the RTD for measuring temperature below 600°C is usually made of (ii) Thermistors are ____ which generally have negative coefficient of resistance. (iii) ‘The most suitable thermometer to measure the temperature of the wire of an incandescent bulb is (iv) Type T thermocouple refers to a thermocouple made of (v) The base type thermocouple that can measure a temperature of 1000°C ii (vi) The most suitable devices for measuring the time-varying temperatures are: (a) (b) __, and (¢) (vii) The temperature measuring instrument with a least count of the order of 0.001°C is The volume of the bulb of a pressure thermometer is 10 times the combined volume of the capillary and Bourden tubes. If the ambient temperature falls by 20°C from the calibration temperature then, the error in temperature would be (ix) The most convenient temperature sensor employed in the intensive care units of the hospitals wi (x) The primary fixed point, triple point of water gives a temperature of 124 The radius of curvature of the bimetallic thermometer is given by 3+ m?) + (1+ mn) (m? + 1 mn) 6(a,~a,)(T ~Ty)(1+m?) r= where 1 is the combined thickness of the bonded strip (¢ +) ‘m is the ratio of thickness of low to high expansion materials, 9/4, nis the ratio of modulii of elasticity of low to high expansion materials, E/E, Gy, is lower coefficient of thermal expansion 0h is higher coefficient of thermal expansion T is operating temperature Ty is the initial bonding temperature A bimetal strip was made of strips of nickel-chrome alloy and Invar bonded together at 20°C. Each material had a thickness of 2 mm and the composite element was fixed at one end with the other end kept free. The length of the cantilever was 50 mm, Determine the radius of curvature of the strip subjected to 100°C. Take the following data of the material properties: for Invar a = 1.7 x 108°C!, Ey = 1.5 x 10° N/mm? for nickel-chrome alloy = 12.5 x 10°C, 12.5 A chromel-alumel thermocouple is assumed to have nearly linear operating range up to 100°C with emf (reference temperature 0°C) 45.14 mV at this temperature. The thermocouple is exposed to a temperature of 840°C. The potentiometer is used as the cold junction and its temperature is estimated to be 25°C. Calculate the emf indicated on the potentiometer. 12.6 Radiant energy measurement was made from a hot outer surface of a furnace. The amount of energy emitted was 20.5 + 0.5 kW/m? and the surface emissivity was estimated as 0.85 + 0.1. Determine the surface temperature of the furnace and estimate the uncertainty. 12.7 For a certain NTC thermistor chip, the values of resistance for ice point steam point are 10,000 and 250 Q, respectively. Determine the value of the constant for the thermistor material. .2 x 10° Nimm?296 Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis 12.8 It is required to design a resistance thermometer using a nickel wire of 0.02 mm diameter. The thermometer resistance at 0°C is to be 100 ©. How long the wire should be? Take for nickel value of resistivity r as 8.7 x 10-° Q-cm at 0°C and the temperature coefficient of resistance 0.0068°C'. Determine also value of resistance at steam point. 12.9 A thermistor has a resistance of 12 kQ + 7% at 25°C and 1.05 kQ + 5% at 100°C. Determine (a) constant B and percentage uncertainty in B, and (b) resistance and percentage uncertainty in resistance at 50°C. 12.10 A radiation pyrometer indicated the temperature of a furnace as 975°C, assuming a surface emis- sivity of 0.85. Subsequently, it was found that accurate value of emissivity was 0.78. Determine the error in the temperature measurement of the furnace. 12.11 An RTD has a resistance of 600 © and carries a current of $ mA. The surface area of its bulb is 6 cm? and it is immersed in stagnant air where in the convective heat transfer coefficient h = 10 Jm?—°C-s, Determine (a) the self-heating error in air, and (b) the self-heating error in water (when h = 1000 J/m?-°C-s) 12.12 A mercury-in-steel bulb thermometer employs Bourden pressure gauge that has a range of 0 — 10 MPa, for a pointer movement of 300°. The dial of the pressure gauge is calibrated to read 0° at 0°C and 300° at 400°C. Determine (a) the sensitivity of the device in rad/*C, (b) if the bulb volume is eight times as large as the volume of capillary and Bourden tube, then what is the error if the ambient temperature rises by 24°C above that during calibration? (©) if the bulb is raised by half a metre higher (relative to the Bourdon gauge), what is the apparent change in the temperature indicated by the thermometer? 12.13 A thermistor has Ry = 2500 Q at Ty = 298 K. If B = 4150 K, determine the resistance of the thermistor at the following temperatures -100, -50, 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300°C. 12.14 Determine the error caused due to self-heating of a platinum RTD sensor of Ry = 100 Q placed in ‘one of the arms of a balanced Wheatstone bridge with excitation voltage of 6V. The self-heating factor of the sensor is F,, = 0.05°C/mW. Answers 121 @ @) (ii) (@) (iv) (@) (v) (@) (wi) (©) (vii) (b) (ix) (c) (x) @) (xi) @ (xii) (b) (xiv) (©) (xv) (©) (xvi) (c) (xvii) (b) (xix) (©) (xx) @) (xxi) @ 12.2 (i) True (ii) True (iii) False, vapour pressure thermometer have non-linear scales of the type log p = (a ~ b/T) (iv) False, the sensitivity does not change, however, the response depends on the size of the thermocouple bead. It does not depend on the connecting wires. (v) False, manual null balancing may take some time. (vi) False, conductor have positive temperature coefficient, whereas thermistors generally have negative temperature coefficient i) True (viii) False, series arrangement is called thermopileTemperature Measurement 297 (ix) False, cable compensation is not employed in thermistor circuit (x) True 12.3 (i) nickel (ii) semiconductor materials Gi) optical pyrometer (iv) copper-constantan (v) chromel-alumel (vi) (@) thermistor (b) thermcouple(c) solid state thermometer quartz thermometer 2c (ix) thermistor (x) 273.16 K 124 r=3.92m 12.5 emf = 33.44 mV = 168.2 12.11 2.5°C, 0.025 °C 12.12 0.0131 rad/*C, 3 °C, 2.67 °C 12.13 5.86 x 10°, 2.69 x 10°, 8.94 x 103, 851.5, 152.02, 40.81, 14.5, 6.24, 3.13. 2. 12.14 4.5°C292 Instrumentation, Measurement and Analysis, 2 (@) Filament too dark. (0) Filament too bright —_(c) Equal brightness. Problem 12.4 The power radiated from a hot piece of metal was measured by the radiation pyrometer and the tem- perature was determined as 820°C assuming a surface emissivity of 0.75. Later it was found that the accurate value of emissivity was 0.69. Find the error in the temperature determination. Solution From the Stefan-Boltzmann law, we get ‘Actual temperature = 843°C Hence, the error in temperature determination = 843 ~ 820 = 23°C 12.1 Indicate which of the following statements is correct in the following: (i The basis for measuring the thermodynamic property, the temperature, is given by (a) zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) first law of thermodynamics (©) second law of thermodynamics (@) third law of thermodynamics. (ii) A thermostatic cut-out works on the principle of (@) thermal expansion of fluids (b) variation of resistance with temperature (©) expansion due to air pressure (@ thermal expansion of metals