Lesson: Part of Speech

1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Adjective
4. Verb
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction

1. Noun
- The noun is a word which denotes a person, any living being, a place, a thing and an
idea.
- The words taught by the parents to their kids are mostly nouns
SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
I. Most noun of singular form change to plural forms by adding the letter ‘s’
E.g.
Mother – Mothers
Girl – Girls
Pen – Pens
Book – Books
Hands – Hands
Peak – Peaks
School – Schools
Road – Roads
Car – Cars
Cycle – Cycles

II. Nouns ending in s, sh, es, qz get the plural forms by adding ‘es’ at the end of the
words.
E.g.
Bus – Buses
Bush – Bushes
Branch – Branches
Box – Boxes

III. i) City – Cities

ii) Boy – Boys
Both the words end in the letter ‘y’ but in the plural forms different rules are
applied
In the first words the preceding to ‘y’ is consonant. In the second word the letter
preceding to ‘y’ is vowel. As such different rules are applied. Two more examples
based on the above said rules are
a) Body – Bodies
b) Toy – Toys
 IV. Now let us examine some popular words ending with the letter ‘o’
i). Radio – Radios
ii). Studios – Studios
iii). Dynamos – Dynamos
iv). Piano – Pianos
The preceding letters to ‘o’ in the first two words are vowels: based on this ‘s’ is
added to make plurals.
In the 3rd and 4th words no such vowel precedes ‘o’ these are exceptions.
The following are some of the popular words ending with ‘o’
i) Potato – Potatoes
ii) Echo – Echoes
iii) Tomato – Tomatoes
In the following words are rather typical and they do not fall under any of the rules
detailed above.
Son in law – Son in laws
Brother in law – Brother in laws
Mouse – Mice
Foot – Feet
Man – Men
Tooth – Teeth
Cattle – Cattle
Sheep – Sheep

Types of Noun
1. Common Noun
2. Proper Noun
3. Abstract Noun
4. Collective Noun
5. Compound Noun
6. Countable Noun
7. Uncountable Noun
8. Verbal Nouns or Gerund
1. Common Noun
- A word of Noun, which denotes in common to every person or everything of the same
kind or class is defined as common noun.
i. Asia is a continent
– Continent is a word applicable to any other Continent
ii. London is the capital of England
– Capital is applicable to any other capital. So capital is a common noun
2. Proper Noun
- A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing. A word of proper noun
is always written with a capital letter as the first letter of the word.
i. Asia is a continent
– Asia is a proper noun. Asia represent a particular continent
 ii. London is the capital of England
– These words are applicable only to a particular city and a country respectively.
So London and England are proper noun.
3. Abstract Noun
- An abstract noun is a noun which usually denotes a quality, actions or state without
reference to the object to which pertains.
E.g.
Kindness
Hatred
Honesty
Bravery
Laughter
Childhood
Youth
Music
Obedience
Growth
4. Collective Noun
- A word denoting a number of person or things taken together but spoken of as one is a
Collective noun.
E.g.
I. Every Nation maintain its own ARMY.
ii. My uncle in the village owns a HERD of sheep.
Iii. During Sundays we see a big CROWD on the Malibu bay.
- Army means a number of soldiers.
- Herd means a number of sheep.
- Crowd means a number of people.
So these words in CAPITAL LETTERS are called collective Nouns.
5. Compound Noun
- Two or more nouns combine to form a single noun and functions as a single noun. Such
a noun is called a compound noun.
E.g.
- The Bus Driver drives carefully.
- A school teacher resides in our apartment
- Mango fruit juice is very tasty.
The bus conductor is cordial to the passengers.
6. Countable Noun
- Countable nouns are the names of people, objects etc., that we can count.
- We can count what or whom the said words denote.
E.g.
Book, Friend, Brother, teacher, Doctor, Cow, Tree, Mango
7. Uncountable Noun
- Is a noun that cannot usually be preceded by the word a or an and does not usually exist
in a plural forms
 E.g.
They lived in poverty.
Our luggage went missing.
We are waiting for vital information.
8. Verbal Nouns or Gerund
- Is so called because, although formed from a verb, it functions as a noun, acting as the
subject of the sentence.
E.g.
Smoking is bad for your health.
Swimming is his favorite sport.