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SAMPLE RESOURCES
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Electrical safety
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Learning outcomes
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IC8.1 Outline the basic principles of electricity
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IC8.2 Outline the dangers of electricity
IC8.3 Outline the issues relevant to the installation, use,
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inspection and maintenance of electrical systems
IC8.4 Outline the main principles for safe working in the
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vicinity of high voltage systems
IC8.5 Outline the main hazards, risks and controls associated
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with the use of portable electrical equipment
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Contents
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IC8.1 Basic principles of electricity
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IC8.2 Dangers of electricity
IC8.3 Installation, use and inspection of electrical systems
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IC8.4 Safe working in the vicinity of high voltage systems
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IC8.5 Portable electrical equipment
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Contents
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IC8.1 Basic principles of electricity
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IC8.2 Dangers of electricity
IC8.3 Installation, use and inspection of electrical systems
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IC8.4 Safe working in the vicinity of high voltage systems
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IC8.5 Portable electrical equipment
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Basic principles of electricity
• Difference between low and high voltage
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• Potential difference, current, resistance, impedance, OHM’S
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law
• Basic electrical circuitry
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• Earthing principles
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Basic principles of electricity
• Electricity is a facility that we have all come to take for
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granted, whether for lighting, heating, as a source of motive
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power or as the driving force behind the computer
• Used properly it can be of great benefit to us, but misused it
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can be very dangerous and often fatal
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• Electricity is used in most industries, offices and homes and
our modern society could now not easily function without it
• The normal senses of sight, hearing and smell will not detect
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electricity
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voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living
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things
• The Electrotechnical Commission and its national
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counterparts Institute of Engineering Technology, Institute
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of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and Verband der
Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik) define
high voltage as above 1,000V for alternating current, and
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above 1,500V for direct current - and distinguish it from low
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Electrical distribution voltages
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Potential difference, current, resistance,
impedance, Ohm’s law
Potential difference
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• The flow of electrons through a conductor is known as
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current
• The electric current flows due to differences in electrical
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‘pressure’ or potential difference as it is often known
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• The unit of potential difference is called the volt, V
• One volt of potential difference exists between two points if
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one joule of work is done by each coulomb of charge in
moving between them
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voltmeter
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Potential difference, current, resistance,
impedance, Ohm’s law
Current
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• Current is the flow of charge
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• The unit of current is the ampere, A
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Current is measured using an ammeter
• Ammeters are connected in series with the part of the
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circuit through which one wishes to measure the current, I,
and they have negligible resistance
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Potential difference, current, resistance,
impedance, Ohm’s law
Resistance
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• For any conductor, the ratio of the potential difference
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across the conductor and the current flowing through it is
constant
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• This constant is called the resistance of the conductor, R:
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V
Resistance (R)
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• The unit of resistance is the Ohm, Ω
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Potential difference, current, resistance,
impedance, Ohm’s law
Impedance
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• As an alternating current passes round a circuit under the
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action of an applied voltage it is impeded in its flow
• This may be due to the presence in the circuit of resistance,
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inductance or capacitance
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• The combined effect of which is called impedance and is
measured in ohms
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Impedance
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Source: G Self.
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Potential difference, current, resistance,
impedance, Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law
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• “For any particular conductor at a constant temperature, the
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current that flows through it is directly proportional to the
potential difference applied across it”
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• There is a simple relationship between electrical pressure
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(volts), current and resistance represented by Ohm's Law:
• Voltage (V) = current (I) multiplied by the circuit resistance (R)
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Basic electrical circuitry
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Voltage
By Ohm’s law: Current
Resistance
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Source: RMS.
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Basic electrical circuitry
• Resistance in a circuit is dependent on many factors
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• Most metals, particularly precious metals, allow current to
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pass very easily
• These have a low resistance and are used as conductors
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• Other materials such as plastics, rubber and textiles have a
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high resistance and are used as insulators
• If the person is on, say, a dry concrete floor, resistance in the
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body will only be about 2,000 ohms and the resistance in
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230 Volts
I 0.04 Amps
R 2000 4000 Ohms
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Earthing principles
• The conductive mass of the Earth helps as a protective
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measure
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• A conductor called an earth wire is connected to the system
• It is connected at one end to a plate buried into the ground
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and the other end connected to the metal casing of the
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equipment
• If for any reason a conducting wire touches the casing so
that the equipment casing becomes ‘live’ the current will
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flow to the point of lowest potential
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• By fitting the earth wire the path to this point is made easier
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Source: G Self.
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Earthed electrical system
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Source: G Self. Note: Harmonisation in Europe has now changed UK mains voltage to 230 Volts.
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NEBOSH International Diploma – Unit IC International workplace and work equipment safety
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Tutor asking questions to whole group and/or
specific individuals to establish learning.
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Small Group exercises: as sections of the material
are covered and as time permits, divide group
into small groups of 2 or 3 – set selected exam-
style questions relevant to topics being discussed.
Outline answers only required – collect whole
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group feedback using flipchart as focus.
The risks associated with the use of work equipment arising from its initial
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integrity, the location where it will be used, and the purpose for which it will
be used
The risks associated with the use of work equipment arising from its: incorrect
installation or re-installation; deterioration; or, of exceptional circumstances
which could affect the safe operation of work equipment
The risk control hierarchy relating to work equipment: eliminating the risks;
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taking 'hardware' (physical) measures (such as the provision of guards); taking
appropriate 'software ' measures (such as following safe systems of work and
the provision of information, instruction and training)
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10.45 Break
11.00 5.3 Maintenance, inspection The hazards and precautions associated with the maintenance of work Slides
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NEBOSH International Diploma – Unit IC International workplace and work equipment safety
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Factors to be considered in developing a planned maintenance programme for
safety-critical components
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The need for the maintenance of work equipment, including hired work
equipment
The factors to be considered in determining inspection regimes having regard
to the type of equipment; where it is used; and how it is used
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The need for functional testing of safety-related parts, including interlocks,
protection devices, controls and emergency controls
12.30 Lunch
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13.30 5.4 Competence, training, The difference between training and competence Slides
information and supervision Tutor asking questions to whole group and/or
specific individuals to establish learning.
Circumstances when training is likely to be required including: induction;
changes in work activities; introduction of new technology or new equipment;
changes in systems of work; refresher training due to declining skills
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Groups of people having specific training needs including supervisors, young
and vulnerable persons
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The relationship between competence and supervision (external and self-
supervision)
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The circumstances where there are specific training needs for certain
hazardous types of work equipment (including chainsaws, woodworking
machines, power presses, abrasive wheels, etc)
14.45 Break
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